scholarly journals Calorie Restriction Modulates Reproductive Development and Energy Balance in Pre-Pubertal Male Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Rizzoto ◽  
Deepa Sekhar ◽  
Jacob C. Thundathil ◽  
Prasanth K. Chelikani ◽  
John P. Kastelic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Ad Libitum

The objective was to determine effects of feed restriction and refeeding on reproductive development and energy balance in pre-pubertal male rats. Sprague Dawley rats (n = 32, 24 days old, ~65 g), were randomly allocated into four treatments (n = 8/treatment): (1) Control (CON, ad libitum feed; (2) Mild Restriction (MR, rats fed 75% of CON consumption); (3) Profound Restriction (PR, 50% of CON consumption); or (4) Refeeding (RF, 50% restriction for 14 days, and then ad libitum for 7 days). Feed restriction delayed reproductive development and decreased energy balance and tissue accretion, with degree of reproductive and metabolic dysfunctions related to restriction severity. In RF rats, refeeding largely restored testis weight, sperm production (per gram and total), plasma IGF-1, leptin and insulin concentrations and energy expenditure, although body composition did not completely recover. On Day 50, more CON and RF rats than PR rats were pubertal (5/6, 4/5 and 1/6, respectively; plasma testosterone >1 ng/mL) with the MR group (4/6) not different. Our hypothesis was supported: nutrient restriction of pre-pubertal rats delayed reproductive development, induced negative energy balance and decreased metabolic hormone concentrations (commensurate with restriction), whereas short-term refeeding after profound restriction largely restored reproductive end points and plasma hormone concentrations, but not body composition.

Effects of meal frequency on energy utilization in rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (4) ◽  
pp. R616-R621 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Hill ◽  
J. C. Anderson ◽  
D. Lin ◽  
F. Yakubu
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Ad Libitum

The effects of differences in meal frequency on body weight, body composition, and energy expenditure were studied in mildly food-restricted male rats. Two groups were fed approximately 80% of usual food intake (as periodically determined in a group of ad libitum fed controls) for 131 days. One group received all of its food in 2 meals/day and the other received all of its food in 10-12 meals/day. The two groups did not differ in food intake, body weight, body composition, food efficiency (carcass energy gain per amount of food eaten), or energy expenditure at any time during the study. Both food-restricted groups had a lower food intake, body weight gain, and energy expenditure than a group of ad libitum-fed controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that amount of food eaten, but not the pattern with which it is ingested, has a major influence on energy balance during mild food restriction.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue remodeling in late-lactation dairy cows during feed-restriction-induced negative energy balance

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 10009-10021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Andres Contreras ◽  
Kyan Thelen ◽  
Sarah E. Schmidt ◽  
Clarissa Strieder-Barboza ◽  
Courtney L. Preseault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Tissue Remodeling ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Adipose Tissue Remodeling

Body fat loss and compensatory mechanisms in response to different doses of aerobic exercise—a randomized controlled trial in overweight sedentary males

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (6) ◽  
pp. R571-R579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Rosenkilde ◽  
Pernille Auerbach ◽  
Michala Holm Reichkendler ◽  
Thorkil Ploug ◽  
Bente Merete Stallknecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Exercise Induced

The amount of weight loss induced by exercise is often disappointing. A diet-induced negative energy balance triggers compensatory mechanisms, e.g., lower metabolic rate and increased appetite. However, knowledge about potential compensatory mechanisms triggered by increased aerobic exercise is limited. A randomized controlled trial was performed in healthy, sedentary, moderately overweight young men to examine the effects of increasing doses of aerobic exercise on body composition, accumulated energy balance, and the degree of compensation. Eighteen participants were randomized to a continuous sedentary control group, 21 to a moderate-exercise (MOD; 300 kcal/day), and 22 to a high-exercise (HIGH; 600 kcal/day) group for 13 wk, corresponding to ∼30 and 60 min of daily aerobic exercise, respectively. Body weight (MOD: −3.6 kg, P < 0.001; HIGH: −2.7 kg, P = 0.01) and fat mass (MOD: −4.0 kg, P < 0.001 and HIGH: −3.8 kg, P < 0.001) decreased similarly in both exercise groups. Although the exercise-induced energy expenditure in HIGH was twice that of MOD, the resulting accumulated energy balance, calculated from changes in body composition, was not different (MOD: −39.6 Mcal, HIGH: −34.3 Mcal, not significant). Energy balance was 83% more negative than expected in MOD, while it was 20% less negative than expected in HIGH. No statistically significant changes were found in energy intake or nonexercise physical activity that could explain the different compensatory responses associated with 30 vs. 60 min of daily aerobic exercise. In conclusion, a similar body fat loss was obtained regardless of exercise dose. A moderate dose of exercise induced a markedly greater than expected negative energy balance, while a higher dose induced a small but quantifiable degree of compensation.

Energy balance and body composition during US Army special forces training

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee M. Margolis ◽  
Jennifer Rood ◽  
Catherine Champagne ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
John W. Castellani
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Special Forces ◽  
Small Unit

Small Unit Tactics (SUT) is a 64-day phase of the Special Forces Qualification Course designed to simulate real-world combat operations. Assessing the metabolic and physiological responses of such intense training allows greater insights into nutritional requirements of soldiers during combat. The purpose of this study was to examine energy balance around specific training events, as well as changes in body mass and composition. Data were collected from 4 groups of soldiers (n = 36) across 10-day periods. Participants were 28 ± 5 years old, 177 ± 6 cm tall, and weighed 83 ± 7 kg. Doubly labeled water (D218O) was used to assess energy expenditure. Energy intake was calculated by subtracting energy in uneaten foods from known energy in distributed foods in individually packaged combat rations or in the dining facility. Body composition was estimated from skinfold thickness measurements on days 0 and 64 of the course. Simulated urban combat elicited that largest energy deficit (11.3 ± 2.3 MJ·day−1 (2700 ± 550 kcal·day−1); p < 0.05), and reduction in body mass (3.3 ± 1.9 kg; p < 0.05), during SUT, while energy balance was maintained during weapons familiarization training and platoon size raids. Over the entire course body mass decreased by 4.2 ± 3.7 kg (p < 0.01), with fat mass decreasing by 2.8 ± 2.0 kg (p < 0.01) and fat-free mass decreasing by 1.4 ± 2.8 kg (p < 0.05). The overall reduction in body mass suggests that soldiers were in a negative energy balance during SUT, with high energy deficit being observed during strenuous field training.

1154 Feed restriction-induced negative energy balance alters the fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue and milk fat of dairy cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. 553-554
Author(s):  
S. E. Schmidt ◽  
K. M. Thelen ◽  
C. L. Preseault ◽  
G. A. Contreras ◽  
A. L. Lock
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles

STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF TESTOSTERONE IN THE RAT

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 614-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kniewald ◽  
M. Zanisi ◽  
L. Martini
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Unilateral Adrenalectomy ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure

ABSTRACT Plasma levels of testosterone have been measured in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats using a gas-chromatographic procedure. Immediately after castration, the concentrations of testosterone in the plasma increase to reach a maximum one hour after orchidectomy; after this time a progressive decrease in plasma testosterone is observed. The concentration of testosterone then returns to levels close to those found before the operation two hours after castration; four hours after orchidectomy plasma testosterone begins to decrease to values lower than in the intact controls. Adrenalectomized animals with their testes in situ show a sharp decrease in plasma testosterone which begins immediately after the operation; the plasma testosterone reaches levels significantly lower than those in the intact control one hour after adrenalectomy; a greater decrease is observed four hours after the operation. Twenty-four hours after unilateral adrenalectomy the remaining gland significantly increases in weight; at this time, the plasma corticosterone and plasma testosterone levels of unilaterally adrenalectomized rats are normal. These results are interpreted as indicating that the adrenal gland of normal male rats is capable of producing testosterone, and that the synthesis of testosterone at the adrenal level is increased immediately after castration. Moreover it is suggested that the adrenal gland also contributes to the biosynthesis of testosterone in an indirect fashion, i. e. by providing the testes with an essential precursor. It has been tentatively proposed that progesterone might be such a precursor.

scholarly journals Hepatic Metabolic Profile Reveals the Adaptive Mechanisms of Ewes to Severe Undernutrition during Late Gestation

Metabolites ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfeng Xue ◽  
Changzheng Guo ◽  
Fan Hu ◽  
Junhua Liu ◽  
Shengyong Mao
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Metabolic Pattern ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms

The mechanisms underlying the adaption of liver metabolism to the undernutrition in ewes during late gestation remain unclear. This research aimed to explore the adaptive mechanisms of liver metabolism by hepatic metabolome analysis in pregnant ewes to the negative energy balance induced by severe feed restriction. Twenty ewes carrying multiple fetuses and gestating for 115 days were fed normally or restricted to a 30% feed level (10 ewes in each group) for 15 days. All ewes were sacrificed and hepatic samples were collected and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both the principal components analysis and partial least squares of discriminant analysis of hepatic metabolites showed the clear separation between ewes in the control and severely feed-restricted groups. The metabolic profile demonstrated that the proportions of differential metabolites between the two groups in fatty acids and lipids, organic acids, and amino acids and derivatives were 61.11%, 16.67%, and 11.11%, respectively. Enriched pathways of differential metabolites were mainly involved in fatty acids and amino acids metabolism and biosynthesis. Correlation networks of differential metabolites revealed that general metabolic pattern was changed apparently and mainly based on fatty acids and lipids in the livers of feed-restricted ewes. The accumulation and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids were intensified in the livers of feed-restricted ewes, while those of medium-chain fatty acids were the opposite. In general, severe feed restriction significantly affected the levels of hepatic metabolites and altered the overall metabolic pattern. Furthermore, fatty acids oxidation as well as the utilization of amino acids and organic acids were intensified to adapt to the negative energy balance during late gestation.

scholarly journals Central Sirt1 Regulates Body Weight and Energy Expenditure Along With the POMC-Derived Peptide α-MSH and the Processing Enzyme CPE Production in Diet-Induced Obese Male Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Cyr ◽  
Jennifer S. Steger ◽  
Anika M. Toorie ◽  
Jonathan Z. Yang ◽  
Ronald Stuart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Obese Individual ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Phosphorylated Akt ◽  
Central Inhibition

Abstract In the periphery, the nutrient-sensing enzyme Sirtuin 1 (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 [Sirt1]) reduces body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents. However, the role of hypothalamic Sirt1 in body weight and energy balance regulation is debated. The first studies to reveal that central Sirt1 regulates body weight came from experiments in our laboratory using Sprague-Dawley rats. Central inhibition of Sirt1 decreased body weight and food intake as a result of a forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1)-mediated increase in the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and decrease in the orexigenic Agouti-related peptide in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Here, we demonstrate that central inhibition of Sirt1 in DIO decreased body weight and increased energy expenditure at higher levels as compared with the lean counterpart. Brain Sirt1 inhibition in DIO increased acetylated FoxO1, which in turn increased phosphorylated FoxO1 via improved insulin/phosphorylated AKT signaling. Elevated acetylated FoxO1 and phosphorylated FoxO1 increased POMC along with the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) maturation enzyme carboxypeptidase E, which resulted in more of the bioactive POMC product α-MSH released into the paraventricular nucleus. Increased in α-MSH led to augmented TRH levels and circulating T3 levels (triiodothyronine, thyroid hormone). These results indicate that inhibiting hypothalamic Sirt1 in DIO enhances the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, which stimulates energy expenditure. Because we show that blocking central Sirt1 causes physiological changes that promote a negative energy balance in an obese individual, our results support brain Sirt1 as a significant target for weight loss therapeutics.

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