Bisphenol S in Food Causes Hormonal and Obesogenic Effects Comparable to or Worse than Bisphenol A: A Literature Review

In recent years, bisphenol analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS) have come to replace bisphenol A in food packaging and food containers, since bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to leach into food and water, causing numerous negative health effects. Unfortunately, little or no research was done to determine the safety of these BPA-free products before they were marketed to the public as a healthier alternative. The latest studies have shown that some of these bisphenol analogues may be even more harmful than the original BPA in some situations. This article used a literature survey to investigate the bisphenol analogue BPS and compare it to BPA and other analogues with regards to increased obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, and reproductive defects; among others. It was found that BPS works via different pathways than does BPA while causing equivalent obesogenic effects, such as activating preadipocytes, and that BPS was correlated with metabolic disorders, such as gestational diabetes, that BPA was not correlated with. BPS was also shown to be more toxic to the reproductive system than BPA and was shown to hormonally promote certain breast cancers at the same rate as BPA. Therefore, a strong argument may be made to regulate BPS in exactly the same manner as BPA.

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Bisphenol S and bisphenol F are less disruptive to cardiac electrophysiology and potentially safer for use in medical products, as compared to bisphenol A

10.1101/2021.02.16.431039 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tomas Prudencio ◽

Luther Swift ◽

Devon Guerrelli ◽

Blake Cooper ◽

Marissa Reilly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Safety Profile ◽

Intracellular Signaling ◽

Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽

Field Potential ◽

Production Volume ◽

Bisphenol S ◽

Bisphenol F ◽

Bisphenol Analogues ◽

Whole Heart

ABSTRACTBackgroundBisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production volume chemical that is commonly used to manufacture consumer and medical-grade plastic products. Due to its ubiquity, the general population can incur daily environmental exposure to BPA, while heightened BPA exposure has been reported in intensive care patients and industrial workers. Due to health concerns, structural analogues are being explored as replacements for BPA.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the direct nongenomic effects of BPA on cardiac electrophysiology and compare its safety profile to recently developed alternatives, including BPS (bisphenol S) and BPF (bisphenol F).MethodsWhole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on cell lines transfected with Nav1.5, hERG, or Cav1.2. Results of single channel experiments were validated by conducting electrophysiology studies on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) and intact, whole heart preparations.ResultsOf the chemicals tested, BPA was the most potent inhibitor of both fast (INa-P) and late (INa-L) sodium channel (IC50 = 55.3 and 23.6 μM, respectively), L-type calcium channel (IC50 = 30.8 μM) and hERG channel current (IC50 = 127 μM). The inhibitory effects of BPA and BPF on L-type calcium channels were supported by microelectrode array recordings, which revealed shortening of the extracellular field potential (akin to QT interval). Further, BPA and BPF exposure impaired atrioventricular conduction in intact, whole heart experiments. BPS did not alter any of the cardiac electrophysiology parameters tested.DiscussionResults of this study demonstrate that BPA and BPF exert an immediate inhibitory effect on cardiac ion channels, and that BPS may be a safer alternative. Intracellular signaling or genomic effects of bisphenol analogues were not investigated; therefore, additional mechanistic studies are necessary to fully elucidate the safety profile of bisphenol analogues on the heart.

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Bisphenol A and Its Analogues in Chinese Total Diets: Contaminated Levels and Risk Assessment

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2020/8822321 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Kai Yao ◽

Jing Zhang ◽

Jie Yin ◽

Yunfeng Zhao ◽

Jianzhong Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Food Samples ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Bisphenol S ◽

Endocrine Disrupting ◽

Exposure Levels

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues (BPs) are suspected posing potential endocrine disrupting properties. They might migrate into foodstuffs through food packaging materials or contaminated water and soil. Dietary exposure is of paramount importance way for human health. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) lowered the value of tolerable daily intake (TDI) from 50 μg/kg bw/day (d) to a temporary (t) TDI (t-TDI) of 4 μg/kg bw/d. In this study, the Chinese total dietary samples were analyzed for assessing the exposure risk of BPs by diets. BPA, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) were found in 12 kinds of food samples except for bisphenol B (BPB). A deterministic approach was used to calculate the dietary intakes of 4 kinds of compounds. For different age and gender groups, the exposure levels of BPA (178.440-403.672 ng/kg bw/d) was the highest, followed by BPS (21.372-52.112 ng/kg bw/d), BPF (20.641-50.507 ng/kg bw/d), and BPAF (0.434-1.210 ng/kg bw/d). Based on the t-TDI set by EFSA (4 μg/kg bw/d for BPA), the BPs through dietary intake pose low risks on the Chinese general population even summarization exposure levels of different BPs. However, human can be exposed to multiple endocrine disrupting chemicals rather than BPs alone; combined exposure risks should be further considered.

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Actions of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S on the Reproductive Neuroendocrine System During Early Development in Zebrafish

Endocrinology ◽

10.1210/en.2015-1785 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 157 (2) ◽

pp. 636-647 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

Wenhui Qiu ◽

Yali Zhao ◽

Ming Yang ◽

Matthew Farajzadeh ◽

Chenyuan Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Thyroid Hormone Receptor ◽

Neuroendocrine System ◽

Bisphenol S ◽

Receptor System ◽

Free Products ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Chemical ◽

Hatching Time ◽

Low Levels ◽

The Impact

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known environmental, endocrine-disrupting chemical, and bisphenol S (BPS) has been considered a safer alternative for BPA-free products. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of BPA and BPS on the reproductive neuroendocrine system during zebrafish embryonic and larval development and to explore potential mechanisms of action associated with estrogen receptor (ER), thyroid hormone receptor (THR), and enzyme aromatase (AROM) pathways. Environmentally relevant, low levels of BPA exposure during development led to advanced hatching time, increased numbers of GnRH3 neurons in both terminal nerve and hypothalamus, increased expression of reproduction-related genes (kiss1, kiss1r, gnrh3, lhβ, fshβ, and erα), and a marker for synaptic transmission (sv2). Low levels of BPS exposure led to similar effects: increased numbers of hypothalamic GnRH3 neurons and increased expression of kiss1, gnrh3, and erα. Antagonists of ER, THRs, and AROM blocked many of the effects of BPA and BPS on reproduction-related gene expression, providing evidence that those three pathways mediate the actions of BPA and BPS on the reproductive neuroendocrine system. This study demonstrates that alternatives to BPA used in the manufacture of BPA-free products are not necessarily safer. Furthermore, this is the first study to describe the impact of low-level BPA and BPS exposure on the Kiss/Kiss receptor system during development. It is also the first report of multiple cellular pathways (ERα, THRs, and AROM) mediating the effects of BPA and BPS during embryonic development in any species.

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Characterization of Estrogenic and Androgenic Activities for Bisphenol A-like Chemicals (BPs): In Vitro Estrogen and Androgen Receptors Transcriptional Activation, Gene Regulation, and Binding Profiles

Toxicological Sciences ◽

10.1093/toxsci/kfz173 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 172 (1) ◽

pp. 23-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Katherine E Pelch ◽

Yin Li ◽

Lalith Perera ◽

Kristina A Thayer ◽

Kenneth S Korach

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Transcriptional Activation ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Production Volume ◽

Bisphenol S ◽

Androgenic Activity ◽

Data Gap

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical widely used in plastics, food packaging, and many other products. It is well known that endocrine-disrupting chemicals might be harmful to human health due to interference with normal hormone actions. Recent studies report widespread usage and exposure to many BPA-like chemicals (BPs) that are structurally or functionally similar to BPA. However, the biological actions and toxicity of those BPs are still relatively unknown. To address this data gap, we used in vitro cell models to evaluate the ability of 22 BPs to induce or inhibit estrogenic and androgenic activity. BPA, Bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol C (BPC), tetramethyl bisphenol A (TMBPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol E (BPE), 4,4-bisphenol F (4,4-BPF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol B (BPB), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), and benzylparaben (PHBB) induced estrogen receptor (ER)α and/or ERβ-mediated activity. With the exception of BPS, TCBPA, and PHBB, these same BPs were also androgen receptor (AR) antagonists. Only 3 BPs were found to be ER antagonists. Bisphenol P (BPP) selectively inhibited ERβ-mediated activity and 4-(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol (BPS-MPE) and 2,4-bisphenol S (2,4-BPS) selectively inhibited ERα-mediated activity. None of the BPs induced AR-mediated activity. In addition, we identify that the BPs can bind to ER or AR with varying degrees by a molecular modeling analysis. Taken together, these findings help us to understand the molecular mechanism of BPs and further consideration of their usage in consumer products.

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Low-dose exposure to bisphenol A and replacement bisphenol S induces precocious hypothalamic neurogenesis in embryonic zebrafish

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1417731112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 (5) ◽

pp. 1475-1480 ◽

Cited By ~ 264

Author(s):

Cassandra D. Kinch ◽

Kingsley Ibhazehiebo ◽

Joo-Hyun Jeong ◽

Hamid R. Habibi ◽

Deborah M. Kurrasch

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Low Dose ◽

Bisphenol S ◽

Behavioral Disturbances ◽

Free Products ◽

Disease Etiology ◽

Household Products ◽

Early Brain Development ◽

Window Of Vulnerability

Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous endocrine disruptor that is present in many household products, has been linked to obesity, cancer, and, most relevant here, childhood neurological disorders such as anxiety and hyperactivity. However, how BPA exposure translates into these neurodevelopmental disorders remains poorly understood. Here, we used zebrafish to link BPA mechanistically to disease etiology. Strikingly, treatment of embryonic zebrafish with very low-dose BPA (0.0068 μM, 1,000-fold lower than the accepted human daily exposure) and bisphenol S (BPS), a common analog used in BPA-free products, resulted in 180% and 240% increases, respectively, in neuronal birth (neurogenesis) within the hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in hyperactivity. Furthermore, restricted BPA/BPS exposure specifically during the neurogenic window caused later hyperactive behaviors in zebrafish larvae. Unexpectedly, we show that BPA-mediated precocious neurogenesis and the concomitant behavioral phenotype were not dependent on predicted estrogen receptors but relied on androgen receptor-mediated up-regulation of aromatase. Although human epidemiological results are still emerging, an association between high maternal urinary BPA during gestation and hyperactivity and other behavioral disturbances in the child has been suggested. Our studies here provide mechanistic support that the neurogenic period indeed may be a window of vulnerability and uncovers previously unexplored avenues of research into how endocrine disruptors might perturb early brain development. Furthermore, our results show that BPA-free products are not necessarily safer and support the removal of all bisphenols from consumer merchandise.

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Simultaneous Determination of Nonylphenol, Octylphenol and Bisphenol A in Textiles and Food Packaging Materials by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (CHINESE VERSION) ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1096.2010.00197 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 197-201

Author(s):

Qiang MA ◽

Hua BAI ◽

Chao WANG ◽

Qing ZHANG ◽

Xin ZHOU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Bisphenol A ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass

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A fluorescent aptasensor based on berberine for ultrasensitive detection of bisphenol A in tap water

Analytical Methods ◽

10.1039/d1ay00180a ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuxin Wei ◽

Yangyang Zhou ◽

Yanli Wei ◽

Chuan Dong ◽

Li Wang

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Human Health ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Systems ◽

Ultrasensitive Detection ◽

Its Analysis ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Fluorescent Aptasensor

The residues of bisphenol A (BPA) in food packaging and water systems have potential impact on human health, therefore, its analysis and detection has drawn people's attention. In this work,...

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