scholarly journals Early-Life Supplementation of Bovine Milk Osteopontin Supports Neurodevelopment and Influences Exploratory Behavior

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2206
Author(s):  
Sangyun Joung ◽  
Joanne E. Fil ◽  
Anne B. Heckmann ◽  
Anne S. Kvistgaard ◽  
Ryan N. Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Left And Right

Introduction: Osteopontin (OPN) is a whey protein found at high concentration in human milk and is involved in processes such as bone cell proliferation and differentiation. Milk OPN has shown to be involved in various aspects of development, including the immune system and gut health. However, the influence of dietary bovine milk OPN inclusion on brain and cognitive development has not been studied extensively until recently. This research examines whether dietary supplementation of bovine milk OPN supports brain and cognitive development in the translational pig model. Methods: From postnatal day (PND) 2 to 34, twenty-one intact male pigs were provided ad libitum access to one of two dietary treatments, a standard soy protein isolate-based milk replacer to serve as a control diet (n = 11) and the same base diet supplemented with bovine milk OPN to serve as a test diet (n = 10). In addition to growth and health outcomes, recognition memory was tested using the novel object recognition (NOR) task from PND 28 to 32, and magnetic resonance imaging was conducted at PND 34 to evaluate brain development. Results: No dietary effects were observed for growth performance or health indices. For the behavioral analysis, pigs that received the test diet exhibited shorter (p < 0.05) latency to the first object visited compared with pigs fed the control diet. Although the control group exhibited novelty preference, there was no difference in recognition index between dietary groups. Neuroimaging outcomes revealed increased (p < 0.05) relative brain volumes of the corpus callosum, lateral ventricle, left and right internal capsule, left and right putamen-globus pallidus, and right hippocampus, and right cortex in the test group. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed higher (p < 0.05) radial diffusivity in the corpus callosum and lower (p < 0.05) fractional anisotropy in pigs provided the test diet. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of bovine milk OPN increased the relative volume of several brain regions and altered behaviors in the NOR task. Underlying mechanisms of bovine milk OPN influencing the development of brain structures and additional behaviors warrant further investigation.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY OF GRAIN-FED CATTLE.: III. PLASMA THYROID PROFILES WITH NOTES ON INTERFERENCE BY EDDI AND HYPOTHYROID VALUES IN HEREFORDS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. BIDE
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Thyroid Hyperplasia

Linear thyroid profiles consisting of total plasma I (TI), protein-bound iodine (PBI), thyroxine iodine (T4I), tri-iodothyronine uptake (T3U) and the corresponding indices of T7I = T4I* T3U/100 and thyroid binding globulin estimate TBGE = T3U−1 + T4r−0.25 were prepared for 15 grain-fed (test) and 15 hay-fed (control) Hereford steers over a 186-day feeding period. The grain diet, which contained 20 mg/kg of I2 as ethylenediaminedihydriodide (EDDI), consisted of 90% steam-rolled barley, 5% beet pulp pellets and 5% protein–mineral concentrate, supplemented with local alfalfa hay fed at the rate of 0.9 kg/head/day. The control diet was local alfalfa hay given ad libitum. CoI salt blocks containing 0.028% Ca (IO3)2 were available to both groups, free choice. In the test group, TI increased threefold immediately upon introduction of the grain diet, and remained elevated. Plasma PBI increased from 5.0 to 12 μg/dl on day 50 and then fell slowly to 9.0 μg/dl by day 180. T4I, T7I and TBGE decreased during the first 30 days and returned to the original values of 4.6 ± 1.2, 2.3 ± 0.8 and 1.48 ± 0.11 μgI/dl. T3U decreased from 51 to 48% over the feeding period. The PBI and T4I values were not related, probably because EDDI or a metabolite of it interferes with the PBI test. In the control group, the profile values at the beginning and end of the feeding period were in μgI/dl: TI, 7.3 ± 1.5 and 5.6 ± 1.0; PBI, 5.9 ± 1.0 and 5.3 ± 0.7; T4I, 4.2 ± 0.4 and 2.8 ± 0.5; T3U%, 55.8 ± 8.0 and 54.4 ± 6.9. These values provided corresponding index values of T7I, 2.3 ± 0.4 and 1.5 ± 0.4 and TBGE, 1.44 ± 0.04 and 1.31 ± 0.06. The control diet did not provide enough available I2; the thyroid profiles showed a trend towards hypothyroidism, and histologic examination post-mortem revealed thyroid hyperplasia.

scholarly journals 14. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Profile and Oxidative Status in Growing Rabbits

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Alagawany ◽  
Elwy Ali Ashour ◽  
Fayez Mohamed Reda
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Blood Profile

Abstract This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with garlic and turmeric powder as growth promoter agents on performance, carcass traits, serum biochemistry, and antioxidant enzyme activities of growing rabbits. A total of 112 New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) at 5 weeks of age were randomly assigned to seven treatments with four replicates. The dietary treatments consisted of 7 groups as follows; the basal diet as control, phytogenic additives groups were supplemented with 2, 4, and 6 g/kg garlic or turmeric powder added to the basal diet. There were no linear and quadratic differences (P<0.05) in growth performance after garlic or turmeric supplementation at all studied ages. Compared with the control group, supplementation of diets with garlic or turmeric linearly and quadratically elevated immunity biomarkers such as total protein (TP), albumin (AL) and immunoglobulin (IgG) levels and decreased (linearly and quadratically, P<0.05) aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT ), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels in rabbit serum. However, TP, AL, globulin (GL), IgG and IgM levels were linearly and quadratically enhanced with increasing turmeric levels versus the control diet. Hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT ) and glutathione peroxidase GSH-Px activities as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations were linearly and quadratically (P<0.05) improved in garlic or turmeric additives fed groups. While MDA concentration was statistically (linearly, P= 0.022) reduced in comparison with the control group. It could be concluded that garlic or turmeric supplementation (2, 4 and 6 g/kg) did not linearly and quadratically affect growth performance but improved the immunity responses and lowered the lipid profile in blood and lipid peroxidation in liver and increased hepatic antioxidant activity in treated rabbits.

scholarly journals Preservation of electrophysiological functional connectivity after partial corpus callosotomy: case report

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Casimo ◽  
Fabio Grassia ◽  
Sandra L. Poliachik ◽  
Edward Novotny ◽  
Andrew Poliakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Seizure Activity ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Corpus Callosotomy ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Phase Locking Value ◽  
Anatomical Mri ◽  
Electrophysiological Methods

Prior studies of functional connectivity following callosotomy have disagreed in the observed effects on interhemispheric functional connectivity. These connectivity studies, in multiple electrophysiological methods and functional MRI, have found conflicting reductions in connectivity or patterns resembling typical individuals. The authors examined a case of partial anterior corpus callosum connection, where pairs of bilateral electrocorticographic electrodes had been placed over homologous regions in the left and right hemispheres. They sorted electrode pairs by whether their direct corpus callosum connection had been disconnected or preserved using diffusion tensor imaging and native anatomical MRI, and they estimated functional connectivity between pairs of electrodes over homologous regions using phase-locking value. They found no significant differences in any frequency band between pairs of electrodes that had their corpus callosum connection disconnected and those that had an intact connection. The authors’ results may imply that the corpus callosum is not an obligatory mediator of connectivity between homologous sites in opposite hemispheres. This interhemispheric synchronization may also be linked to disruption of seizure activity.

scholarly journals Haematological, serum and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken fed `graded levels of Garcinia kola (Bitter kola) used as phytobiotic

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
R. A. Sobayo ◽  
O. A. Adeyemi ◽  
A. O. Oso ◽  
A. O. Fafiolu ◽  
J. O. Daramola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Mean Values

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Garcinia Kola (Bitter Kola) used as phytobiotic or herbal natural additives on biochemical and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Five diets with different levels of inclusion of the kola were fed to a total of 150 Marshal day- old broilers. There were three replicates of ten birds per replicate. The five diets were made of control diet; diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 had 500ppm, 1000ppm, 1500ppm and 2000ppm of G. Kola respectively. The feeding trial lasted for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using completely randomized design. The results of haematological parameters examined show that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in all the haematological indices measured, the values however, did not follow any particular pattern. Highest haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cells (RBC) values were recorded for birds on 1500ppm compared to other birds with values ranging between 8.40-10.00, 25.00-29.50 and 2.47- 2.77 for Hb, PCV and RBC respectively. The least haemoglobin and PCV values were recorded in diet containing 2000ppm. Dietary supplementation of G. kola revealed significant (P<0.05) effects in the values of albumin and serum aspartate aminotransferase (SAST) with fluctuating values. The albumin level increased from 0ppm to 1500ppm G. kola inclusion levels and later dropped at 2000ppm inclusion level. Birds fed bitter kola had higher values SAST than the control group. Results of carcass analysis study revealed significant (P<0.05) differences in the values obtained for live weight, dressed weight and dressing percentage. Birds fed with 0ppm of Garcinia kola had the highest live weight (2066.70g) while those on 1500ppm had the lowest. The same trend was observed in the mean values obtained for dressed weight. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) for all the organ weights observed except kidney which was found to show improvement with increased bitter kola level. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of broiler chicken with bitter kola produced haematological and carcass results that did not follow any definite pattern.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary supplementation with rocket salad (Eruca sativa) seeds powder on certain seminal plasma traits of Hy – line laying breeder roosters subjected to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (0A) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Hazim J. Al – Daraji
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Total Antioxidant

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of rocket salad seeds powder to the diet on seminal plasma traits of roosters subjected to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. A total of 60 Hy – line laying breeder roosters 57 weeks old were used in this study. Roosters were randomly distributed into 5 treatments with 3 replicates each. Each replicate constituted of 4 roosters (12 roosters for each treatment). Experimental treatments were as following: T1: Males fed control diet and normal water, T2: Males fed diet supplemented with 3 gm rocket salad powder / kg of diet + 0.25 ml hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) / litter of water, T3: Males fed diet supplemented with 3 gm rocket salad powder / kg of diet + 0.5 ml hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) / litter of water, T4: Males fed diet supplemented with 3 gm rocket salad powder / kg of diet + 1 ml hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) / litter of water, and T5: Males fed control diet and drink tap water supplemented with 1 ml hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) / litter of water. Males were treated with hydrogen peroxide (6%) and rocket salad for 12 weeks starting from 59 week of male ages. Results revealed that treated the roosters with hydrogen peroxide without adding rocket salad powder to the diet of these roosters (T5) resulted in highly significant (p< 0.01) decrease as regards concentrations of phospholipids, cholesterol, glutathione, the activity of superoxide desmutase and catalase, and total antioxidant activity in seminal plasma and highly significant (p< 0.01) increase concerning concentrations of tyrosine and malondialdehyde as compared with control group (T1) and rocket salad powder treatments (T2, T3, T4) after 12 weeks of experiment. However, supplementing diet of roosters with rocket salad powder (T2, T3, T4) resulted in highly significant (p< 0.01) increase with relation to concentrations of phospholipids, cholesterol, glutathione, the activity of superoxide desmutase and catalase, and total antioxidant activity in seminal plasma and highly significant (p< 0.01) decrease respecting concentrations of tyrosine and malondialdehyde as compared with (T5) In conclusion adding rocket salad powder to the diet of roosters had important role in limiting the negative effect of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide on seminal plasma quality of roosters. Therefore, dietary supplementation with rocket salad powder could be used as one of important tools for improving semen quality of roosters.

scholarly journals Effects of Purified Jatropha curcas Seed Oil-Based Diet on Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters of Albino Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Maiyaki-Musa
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Test Diet

The effect of inclusion of Jatropha curcas seed oil, as a source of oil in the feed of animal, on growth performance, hematological parameters and histology was investigated. Feed intake, average body weight gain and mortality were also monitored. Milled Jatropha curcas seeds were subjected to oil extraction using batch method. Hematological parameters were determined using standard operating procedures. Twenty weanling albino rats with mean weights ranging from 41.57± 7.90 g, were divided into two groups. The first group was placed on soybean oil-based (control) diet (4% oil) while the second group was placed on Jatropha curcas seed oil-based diet (4% oil), for four weeks. There was a significant higher difference (P<0.05) in the growth performance of rats fed the control diet when compared with the test group. The animals placed on the control diet showed significantly higher (P<0.05) body weight when compared with the test diet during the last week of experimentation and this might be due to the low digestibility of the Jatropha curcas seed oil-based diet. The result also shows a higher percentage mortality in the group fed the test diet when compared with those fed the control diet. Hematological parameters did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in both the control and test diets respectively but a significantly higher difference in neutrophils of those fed the control diet when compared with those fed test diet. This may signify that continuous ingestion of Jatropha curcas seed oil may reduce the body’s immunity against infections. The histological assessment of liver, kidney, heart and small intestine revealed no visible lesion. Overall, the result showed that Jatropha curcas seed oil has the potential of been a source of oil in animal diet if complete detoxification can be achieved.

scholarly journals Effects of probiotic dietary supplementation on diarrhoea patterns, faecal microbiota and performance of early weaned calves

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 494-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jatkauskas ◽  
V. Vrotniakiene
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Probiotic Product

Twenty Lithuanian Black-and-White calves (10 bulls, 10 heifers) were used to evaluate the effects of the supplemental probiotic product, Enterococcus faecium M74 (2.4 g/day/calve), added to fresh milk and skimmed milk in a 56 day-study. The probiotic was administered by dietary supplementation to first group of calves and their respective pens (probiotic group), whereas the second group (control group) received no probiotic supplementation. The results of this trial indicate positive effects of the probiotic product Enterococcus faecium M74. The actual percentage of calves with diarrhoea was reduced from 50 % to 20% among the calves fed the pre-and probiotic diet. Probiotic supplementation reduced the faecal count of clostridia and enterococci. The calves fed Enterococcus faecium M74 weighed more at 20, 40 and 62 days of age by 4.9%, by 9.7% (P &lt; 0.05) and by 9.4% (P &lt; 0.01), respectively, than the control calves. The calves fed Enterococcus faecium M74 had increased daily weight gains compared with the calves not fed a probiotic product. The average weight gain and the daily weight gain of the probiotic-supplemented calves were by 7.8 kg (P &lt; 0.01) and by 0.14 kg higher (P &lt; 0.01) compared with the control calves. The calves given the Enterococcus faecium M74 also had forage and total DM intakes that were numerically higher than those fed the control diet, without any additive. During the 56 days experimental period, the average feed conversion rate was improved by 12.9% in the probiotic-treated group.

scholarly journals Effect of Maternal Supplementation of Lutein on Brain Functional Organization of Offspring in a Piglet Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 105-105
Author(s):  
Xi Fang ◽  
Wenwu Sun ◽  
Julie Jeon ◽  
Srujana Rayalam ◽  
Qun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Maternal Supplementation

Abstract Objectives Lutein preferentially accumulates in human eyes and brains across the lifespan and is associated with visual and cognitive function. Dietary lutein intake during gestation and lactation may influence the development of neuronal networks of the infants. This study aims to provide preliminary data on the effect of maternal lutein supplementation during perinatal period on brain functional organization of the offspring. Methods Pregnant sows (n = 6) were fed a corn-based control diet (CON) or CON supplemented with lutein (LUT, 2 mg/kg BW/day) from late gestation to lactation for 60 days. Piglets (n = 7 in each group) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to acquire anatomical, diffusion tensor imaging, and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data at weaning (21d old). Using a sparse dictionary learning approach, six resting-state networks were examined that resembles that of humans. Results Piglets from LUT-fed sows showed a 7.7% decreased functional connectivity in executive control network and 13.2% decrease in cerebellum network compared to that of CON piglets, suggesting perinatal LUT supplementation may suppress the activation of executive and motor function at resting state in infants. In addition, piglets from LUT-fed sows had a 10.3% decrease in functional connectivity in the visual network encompassing primary, secondary, and associative visual cortex and an 8% lower connectivity within auditory network encompassing superior temporal gyrus and auditory cortex in comparison to that of CON piglets, indicating maternal LUT supplementation may lead to a lower functional activation of the intrinsic visual and auditory networks of offspring at weaning. Slight changes in sensorimotor and default mode networks were also observed. Moreover, perinatal lutein supplementation did not change mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, and fiber length in hippocampus, the key component of memory formation and cognitive development. Conclusions Maternal supplementation of lutein may alter the functional organization of the offspring within multiple intrinsic networks at resting state that may underlie the functional outcomes of cognitive development of the offspring at weaning. Funding Sources Georgia Experimental Agricultural Station, Faculty research grant from Office or Research at the UGA, and Division of Research at PCOM.

scholarly journals Digestibility and fecal characteristics of dogs fed with Bacillus subtilis in diet

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 2169-2173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Portella Félix ◽  
Marina Volanski Teixeira Netto ◽  
Fabiane Yukiko Murakami ◽  
Cleusa Bernardete Marcon de Brito ◽  
Simone Gisele de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Fecal Score

Considering the benefice demonstrated by the modulating action of probiotics on the host intestinal microbiota, this study aimed to evaluate diet digestibility and fecal characteristics of dogs fed with diets supplemented with Bacillus subtilis (C-3102). Twelve young Beagle dogs were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design consisting of two treatments: diet with no addition or with the addition of 0.01% Bacillus subtilis (C-3102). Dogs passed through 25 days of adaptation to the diets, and five days of total feces collection. The following fecal characteristics were evaluated: pH, fecal score (1 - watery feces; 5: dry and hard feces), and ammonia content. Diet mean digestibility was compared by the Tukey test, and fecal characteristics by the Tukey-Kramer test. Diet digestibility was not different between treatments, but dogs supplemented with the tested probiotic presented dryer feces (39.1% vs. 36.5% dry matter), higher fecal score (3.4 vs. 3.0) and lower fecal ammonia content (0.45% vs. 0.56%), than dogs fed with the control diet. The dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis (C-3102) improves fecal texture and odor in dogs.

scholarly journals 6-month aerobic walking training increases T1w/T2w signal in the white matter of healthy older adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Mendez Colmenares ◽  
Michelle W Voss ◽  
Jason Fanning ◽  
Elizabeth A Salerno ◽  
Neha P Gothe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Active Control ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Positive Change ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Exercise Interventions

AbstractWhite matter (WM) deterioration is an important mechanism of cognitive decline in healthy aging and dementia. Engaging in aerobic exercise to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is considered one of the most promising ways to improve cognitive and brain health in aging. Yet, no randomized controlled trials have reported benefits of aerobic exercise interventions on WM microstructure measured with diffusion tensor imaging. Here, we studied the effects of a 6-month exercise intervention (clinical trial NCT01472744) on WM of 180 cognitively healthy older adults (60–79 years) using the ratio of calibrated T1-weighted image to T2-weighted images (T1w/T2w). Participants were randomized to one of four groups including a low intensity activity with complex cognitive demands (Dance), Walking, Walking + nutritional supplement or an active control. Results showed that a 6-month aerobic walking and dance intervention produced positive changes in the T1w/T2w with significant time-by-group interactions in the total WM, the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, forceps minor, cingulum, relative to an active control condition. In contrast, we observed a decline in T1w/T2w in the majority of WM regions in the active control group. Lastly, a positive change in the T1w/T2w in the genu of the corpus callosum correlated with a positive change in episodic memory in the Walking but not in the control group; however, there were no associations between change in the T1w/T2w and change in CRF. Together, our findings suggest that the T1w/T2w may be a sensitive metric to detect short-term within-person changes in the WM and intervention-induced WM plasticity in the adult human brain.

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