Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Asian Fawn Lily (Erythronium japonicum) Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice

Neuroinflammation is associated with an increased risk of depression. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment is known to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and a depressive-like phenotype in mice. Although Erythronium japonicum exhibits various health benefits, the role of E. japonicum extract (EJE) in inflammation-associated depression is unknown. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of EJE on LPS-induced depressive symptoms in mice using the open field test (OFT), passive avoidance test (PAT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swim test (FST). LPS-treated mice had significantly increased immobility time in the TST and FST, decreased step-through latency time in the PAT, and decreased locomotor activity in the OFT. However, administration of 100 and 300 mg/kg of EJE significantly improved these depressive-like behaviors. EJE also prevented the increase in mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and the decrease in IL-10 levels by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit p65 phosphorylation. Additionally, LPS-treated mice showed markedly decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt, while EJE treatment significantly increased these levels in the hippocampus. These results suggest that EJE ameliorated LPS-induced depressive-like behavior by reducing LPS-induced neuroinflammation and activating the BDNF-PI3K/Akt pathway.

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Rice Protein Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Growing and Adult Rats via Suppressing NF-κB Pathway

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20246164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (24) ◽

pp. 6164

Author(s):

Zhengxuan Wang ◽

Mingcai Liang ◽

Hui Li ◽

Liang Cai ◽

Lin Yang

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Factor Κb ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Nuclear Factor ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽

Rice Protein ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Effect

To elucidate the effect of rice protein (RP) on the depression of inflammation, growing and adult rats were fed with caseins and RP for 2 weeks. Compared with casein, RP reduced hepatic accumulations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitro oxide (NO), and plasma activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in growing and adult rats. Intake of RP led to increased mRNA levels, and protein expressions of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor-κB 1 (NF-αB1), reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RelA), tumor necrotic factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were decreased, whereas hepatic expressions of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were increased by RP. The activation of NF-κB was suppressed by RP through upregulation of inhibitory κB α (IκBα), resulting in decreased translocation of nuclear factor-κB 1 (p50) and RelA (p65) to the nucleus in RP groups. The present study demonstrates that RP exerts an anti-inflammatory effect to inhibit ROS-derived inflammation through suppression of the NF-κB pathway in growing and adult rats. Results suggest that the anti-inflammatory capacity of RP is independent of age.

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Astaxanthin, the Natural Antioxidant, Reduces Reserpine Induced Depression in Mice

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407216666200203142722 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 1319-1327

Author(s):

Ferdous Khan ◽

Syed A. Kuddus ◽

Md. H. Shohag ◽

Hasan M. Reza ◽

Murad Hossain

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Nitric Oxide ◽

Reduced Glutathione ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Glutathione Depletion ◽

Swim Test ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Biochemical Level

Background: An imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants determines the level of oxidative stress which is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders including depression. Therefore, treatment with antioxidants could potentially improve the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of astaxanthin, a potential antioxidant, to reduce reserpine-induced depression in BALB/c mice (Mus musculus). Methods: On the behavioral level, antidepressant property of astaxanthin (50 mg/kg, orally) on reserpine (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously) induced depressed mice was evaluated by Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). In the biochemical level, the ability of astaxanthin to mitigate reserpine-induced oxidative stress was evaluated by the measurement of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in brain, liver and plasma samples. On the other hand, the efficiency of astaxanthin to replenish glutathione depletion and antioxidant enzyme activity augmentation in the same samples were also investigated. Results: Astaxanthin was able to lower reserpine induced immobility time significantly (p<0.05) in FST and TST. Mice treated with astaxanthin showed significantly (p<0.05) low level of oxidative stress markers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO). Consistently, the level of reduced Glutathione (GSH), and the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and catalase were augmented due to the oral administration of astaxanthin. Conclusion: This study suggests that astaxanthin reduces reserpine-induced oxidative stress and therefore might be effective in treating oxidative stress associated depression.

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The Effect of Fluoxetine and Ibuprofen on BCG-Induced Alteration in Pain Sensitivity in Mice

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab114.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Heba H El-Morsy ◽

Wesam El-Bakly ◽

Amany H Hasanin ◽

May Hamza ◽

M Abdel-Bary

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Mechanical Allodynia ◽

Formalin Test ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Base Line ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Long Time ◽

Incisional Pain

Abstract Clinical observations recognized the co-existence and interactions of pain and depression a long time, ago. The aim of this work was to study the effect of ibuprofen and fluoxetine on BCGinduced depressive-like behaviour, on formalin-induced pain, as well as on mechanical allodynia after planter incision in mice. BCG induced a depressive behaviour that was seen in the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). It also induced a decrease in pain-related behaviour in the formalin test, and an increase in the baseline in mechanical allodynia test compared to the control group. Fluoxetine (80 mg/L of drinking water) showed a significant decrease in the immobility time in the FST and TST and enhanced pain related behaviour in formalin test in the BCG-inoculated group. However, it did not affect the increase in the pain threshold in the planter incision allodynia model. Adding ibuprofen to drinking water (0.2 g/L of drinking water), reversed the depressive like behaviour induced by BCG and enhanced pain-related behaviour in formalin test, in both the total pain-related behaviour and phase 2. It also prevented the increase in the base line induced by BCG. On the other hand, the incisional pain model was not affected by BCG inoculation except at the 2-hour time point, where it showed hypoalgesia, as well.

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Evaluation of antidepressant activity of tramadol in comparison with imipramine in Swiss albino mice

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170839 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 695

Author(s):

Chiranjeevi Bonda ◽

Sudhir Pawar ◽

Jaisen Lokhande

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Tail Suspension ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Group I ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Suspension Test

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antidepressant effect of opioid analgesic tramadol using forced swim test and tail suspension test models.Methods: The antidepressant effect was assessed by recording the immobility time in Forced swim test (FST) and Tail suspension test (TST). The mice were randomly divided into five groups. Mice belonging to group I was given normal saline (0.1ml/kg) which acted as control. Group II received imipramine (15mg/kg) considered as the standard drug tramadol was given in graded dose (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) to mice of groups III, IV, V respectively. All drugs were administered intraperitoneally for seven successive days; test was done on 7th day.Results: Tramadol and Imipramine showed antidepressant activity when compared to control. There is dose dependent increase in antidepressant activity of tramadol. The antidepressant activity of imipramine was significantly (P<0.05) more than tramadol at dose 10 and 20 mg/kg but antidepressant activity with tramadol 40mg/kg was comparable to imipramine treated mice.Conclusions: The results of this study indicated the presence of antidepressant activity of tramadol at 40mg/kg.

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Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidepressant-Like Effect of Genistein and Its Combination with Amitriptyline: An Acute and Chronic Study

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences ◽

10.1155/2015/164943 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gaurav Gupta ◽

Tay Jia Jia ◽

Lim Yee Woon ◽

Dinesh Kumar Chellappan ◽

Mayuren Candasamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effects ◽

Standard Dose ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Swim Test ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Chronic Study

The present study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic antidepressant effect of genistein in combination with amitriptyline in mice. Animals were divided into six groups (n=6) for treatment with water, genistein, or amitriptyline, either alone or in combination for ten days. Animals were subjected to locomotor activity testing; tail suspension test (TST); and forced swim test (FST) and immobility time was recorded on day one and day ten. Acute treatment of all treatment groups did not significantly reduce the immobility time (p>0.05). Chronic treatment of combination of genistein (10 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time as compared to control group (p<0.001) and was comparable to amitriptyline alone (10 mg/kg). However, no changes in anti-immobility activity in combination of subeffective doses of genistein (5 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) were observed. Genistein at its standard dose (10 mg/kg) rendered synergistic effects in combination with subeffective dose of amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) and additive effects in combination with therapeutic dose of amitriptyline (10 mg/kg).

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Potentials of Mangifera indica in the treatment of depressive-anxiety disorders: possible mechanisms of action

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2015-0047 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ismail O. Ishola ◽

Olufunsho Awodele ◽

Chinedum O. Eluogu

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Tail Suspension ◽

Swim Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Therapeutic Doses

Abstract:: HeMI (12.5–100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 1 h before subjecting the animal to the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and elevated plus maze tests (EPM).: HeMI (12.5–100 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment produced significant reduction in immobility time [F(6.56)=8.35, p<0.001], [F(6,56)=7.55, p<0.001] in the FST and TST, respectively. Moreover, co-administration of sub-therapeutic doses of imipramine or fluoxetine with HeMI (3.125 mg/kg) elicited significant reduction in time spent immobile in the FST. However, pretreatment of mice with parachlorophenylalanine, metergoline, yohimbine or sulpiride abolished the antidepressant-like effect elicited by HeMI. In the EPM, HeMI produced significant [F(5,42)=8.91, p<0.001] increase in open arms exploration by 75.55 % and this effect was blocked by pretreatment of mice with flumazenil or metergoline.: Findings from this study showed antidepressant-like effect of

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Involvement of the Cerebral Monoamine Neurotransmitters System in Antidepressant-Like Effects of a Chinese Herbal Decoction, Baihe Dihuang Tang, in Mice Model

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2012/419257 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Meng-Li Chen ◽

Jie Gao ◽

Xin-Rong He ◽

Qian Chen

Keyword(s):

Depressive Disorders ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Mice Model ◽

Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽

Chinese Herbal ◽

Thought Disorders ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Monoaminergic Neurotransmitter

Baihe Dihuang Tang (BDT) is a renowned Chinese herbal formula which is commonly used for treating patients with mental instability, absentmindedness, insomnia, deficient dysphoria, and other psychological diseases. These major symptoms closely associated with the depressive disorders. BDT was widely popular use for treating emotion-thought disorders for many years in China. In the present study, the antidepressant-like effect of BDT in mice was investigated by using the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). The underlying mechanism was explored by determining the effect of BDT on the level of cerebral monoamine neurotransmitters. BDT (9 and 18 g/kg, p.o. for 14 days) administration significantly reduced the immobility time in both the FST and the TST without changing locomotion in the open field-test (OFT). Moreover, BDT treatment at the dose of 18 g/kg inhibited reserpine-induced ptosis. Meanwhile, BDT enhanced 5-HT and NA levels in mouse cerebrum as well as decreased the ratio of 5-HT compared to its metabolite, 5-HIAA, (turnover, 5-HIAA/5-HT) after TST. The results demonstrated that the antidepressant-like effect of BDT is mediated, at least partially, via the central monoaminergic neurotransmitter system.

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NMDA receptors and L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway contribute to the antidepressant-like effect of Yueju pill in mice

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20190524 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Wei Wang ◽

Tong Zhou ◽

Rong Jia ◽

Hailou Zhang ◽

Yi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Specific Inhibitor ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽

No Synthase ◽

Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Cgmp Signaling

Abstract The present study aims to evaluate the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) system in antidepressant-like effects of Yueju pill (YJ), a Chinese herbal medicine. The immobility time in tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) was used to assess the antidepressant effects. Prior administration of L-arginine (750 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]), a NO synthase substrate that enhances NO signaling or sildenafil (5 mg/kg, i.p.), a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor that enhances cGMP, blunted the antidepressant-like activity of YJ (2.7 g/kg, i.g.). Co-treatment of ineffective dose of YJ (1.35 g/kg, i.g.) with one of the reagents that suppress the NO/cGMP signaling, including methylene blue (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of NO synthase; 7-NI (7-nitroinidazole, 30 mg/kg, i.p.), an nNOS specific inhibitor; L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a non-specific inhibitor of NO synthase; and MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.), an NMDA receptor antagonist, reduced the immobility time in TST and FST, compared with those in vehicle or single drug treatment groups. Neither above drugs alone or co-administrated with YJ affected locomotor activity or anxiety behavior in open field test. Thus, our results suggest that the antidepressant-like action of YJ may depend on the inhibition of NMDA/NO/cGMP pathway.

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PERUBAHAN PERILAKU GROOMING DAN IMOBILITAS MENCIT BALB/C TERINDUKSI DEPRESI YANG DISUPLEMENTASI TEMPE SEBAGAI SUMBER PARAPROBIOTIK

JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI ◽

10.19184/j-agt.v14i01.14030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (01) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Vanessa Ardianty ◽

Brian Saputra Manurung

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

Chronic Mild Stress ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Depression Symptom ◽

Mild Stress ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Depression Level ◽

The Common ◽

Probiotic Food

Depression, a mental disorder marked by sadness, anhedonia and increased fatigability, is becoming more common in this industry 4.0 era. Nowadays, depression affects approximately 322 million people around the world (more than 14 million in Indonesia) and gives major contribution to the rise of global burden of disease. Although antidepressant is considered the common treatment for depression, recent studies show a possibility to treat depression by altering gut microbiome of the patient, by giving them probiotic food. Tempeh is a globally well-known Indonesian paraprobiotic food which already proven to modulate gut microbiota. This research aimed to find out the effect of tempeh to depression symptom as expressed in Balb/c mice behaviors. The methods used was to feed tempeh or tempeh starter to mice which were depressed-induced by Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) procedure. Parameter measured were depression level of the Balb/c mice based on immobility times and grooming durations acquired from tail suspension test, forced swim test, sucrose splash test and coat state score. The result showed that tempeh supplementation did not affect coat states and grooming durations but tend to improve immobility times of the Balb/c mice. Meanwhile, tempeh starter supplementation tends to improve the immobility time and kept coat state clean/tidy, but lowered grooming duration. In conclusion, supplementation of paraprobiotic tempeh, especially in starter form, tend to improve depression symptoms. Keywords: depression, mice, paraprobiotic, tempeh

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Antidepressant and nootropic activity of aqueous extract of Bougainvillea glabra

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.1.0163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 334-339

Author(s):

Parikshit V. Choudhari ◽

Vanita G. Kanse ◽

A. Venkatachalam ◽

Punam R. Pal

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Nootropic Activity ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Antidepressant Efficacy ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Dose Dependent Decrease ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Bougainvillea Glabra

The aim of this analysis was to assess antidepressant & nootropic capacity of Bougainvillea Glabra aqueous extract (BGAE). Forced swim test, tail suspension test, & tetrabenazine mediated catalepsy & ptosis models were used to assess BGAE's antidepressant efficacy in mice at doses of 250 & 500 mg/kg orally. Morris water maze with elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to test nootropic behaviour. Normal medications for antidepressant & nootropic function were imipramine (25 mg/kg) & piracetam (300 mg/kg), respectively. Antioxidant assays such as DPPH & TBARS were used to validate antidepressant & nootropic function. When comparison to car, pre-treatment with BGAE resulted in substantial dose-dependent decrease in immobility time in both FST & TST. (P0.005) Tetrabenazine-induced catalepsy & ptosis were both decreased dramatically. Furthermore, in MWM & EPM, BGAE demonstrated dose-dependent cognitive enhancing behaviour. In DPPH assay, BGAE had IC50 of 17.39 g/ ml, & in TBARS assay, it had IC50 of 398.71 gm/ ml. BGAE has antidepressant & nootropic activities that are equivalent to imipramine & piracetam at doses of 250 & 500 mg/kg, respectively, which may be due to its effect on neurotransmitters & antioxidant function.

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