scholarly journals Bovine Babesiosis in Turkey: Impact, Current Gaps, and Opportunities for Intervention

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1041
Author(s):  
Sezayi Ozubek ◽  
Reginaldo G. Bastos ◽  
Heba F. Alzan ◽  
Abdullah Inci ◽  
Munir Aktas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Bovine Babesiosis ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
The Impact

Bovine babesiosis is a global tick-borne disease that causes important cattle losses and has potential zoonotic implications. The impact of bovine babesiosis in Turkey remains poorly characterized, but several Babesia spp., including B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. divergens, among others and competent tick vectors, except Rhipicephalus microplus, have been recently identified in the country. Bovine babesiosis has been reported in all provinces but is more prevalent in central and highly humid areas in low and medium altitude regions of the country housing approximately 70% of the cattle population. Current control measures include acaricides and babesicidal drugs, but not live vaccines. Despite the perceived relevant impact of bovine babesiosis in Turkey, basic research programs focused on developing in vitro cultures of parasites, point-of-care diagnostic methods, vaccine development, “omics” analysis, and gene manipulation techniques of local Babesia strains are scarce. Additionally, no effective and coordinated control efforts managed by a central animal health authority have been established to date. Development of state-of-the-art research programs in bovine babesiosis to address current gaps in knowledge and implementation of long-term plans to control the disease will surely result in important economic, nutritional, and public health benefits for the country and the region.

scholarly journals Translational studies of electrophoretic mobility and phase picture of erythrocytes with consideration of development of stress response during a pathological process

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 765-771
Author(s):  
A. V. Deryugina ◽  
M. N. Ivashchenko ◽  
P. S. Ignat'ev ◽  
A. G. Samodelkin
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
The Impact

Rationale:Modern cell diagnostic methods are in high demand during the development of new approaches in personalized medicine. Coherent phase interferometry and cell microelectrophoresis are among such methods that are being actively introduced into the diagnostic process in medical institutions.Aim:To substantiate the potential use of biophysical and morphodensitometrical erythrocytes parameters as criteria of treatment efcacy and course of adaptation process in patients with gastrointestinal tract disorders.Materials and methods:The study included 25 patients aged from 40 to 54 years (11 males and 14 females), among them 9 (36%) with gastric peptic ulcer, 3 (12%) with duodenal ulcer, 8 (32%) with acute gastritis, and 5 (20%) with acute pancreatitis. Biophysical and morphological particulars of peripheral blood erythrocytes were assessed before and after treatment using cell diagnostic techniques, such as microelectrophoresis and laser modulation interference microscopy. Also, we evaluated changes over time in routine clinical laboratory tests, such as red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and differential leukocyte counts. The control group included 10 healthy donors aged from 36 to 52 years.In vitroexperiments were performed to assess the erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (EEPM) and morphology of erythrocytes treated with epinephrine or cortisol.Results:After the treatment, the patients demonstrated a decrease in their leukocyte counts (by 27%), a 2-fold increase in monocyte counts and an ESR decrease (by 10%), compared to the corresponding baseline values before treatment (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). EEPM increased by 12% (1.37 vs. 1.22 mcm × cm/V × s, p < 0.05). The erythrocyte pool of the patients before treatment, had a decreased proportion of discocytes, compared to that in the control group (85.2 vs. 95.4%, р < 0.05), increased proportions of echinocytes, stomatocytes and degenerative forms (11, 2.8 and 1%, respectively, р < 0.05). After the treatment, the discocytes counts increased virtually up to their physiological normal range (91.3%). However, the surface of the discoid cells remained heterogeneous with multiple microspicules; this resulted in changes of electrokinetic and morphological properties of erythrocyte response to stress reaction occurring in the body. The impact of the stress effectors was confrmed inin vitroexperiments assessing the effects of epinephrine (1 × 10-9 g/mL) and cortisol (5 × 10-7 g/mL) on erythrocytes. At 120 minutes of the experiment, epinephrine decreased EEPM (1.14 vs. 1.24 mcm × cm/V × s at baseline, р < 0.05) and increased cell sphericity. On the contrary, cortisol increased EEPM (1.72 vs. 1.36 mcm × cm/V × s, р < 0.05), with non-signifcant echinocytic transformation.Conclusion:Biophysical and morphodensitometric parameters of red blood cells obtained with the use of current express methods of cell microelectrophoresis and coherent interference microscopy help to objectivize the intensity of stress response during a pathological process and activation of adaptation mechanisms during the treatment.

The role of the mussel Mytilus spp. in the transmission of ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (8) ◽  
pp. 1095-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. O’ Reilly ◽  
C. Laide ◽  
A Maloy ◽  
S. Hutton ◽  
B. Bookelaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas contributes significantly to global aquaculture; however, C. gigas culture has been affected by ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) and variants. The dynamics of how the virus maintains itself at culture sites is unclear and the role of carriers, reservoirs or hosts is unknown. Both wild and cultured mussels Mytilus spp. (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis and hybrids) are commonly found at C. gigas culture sites. The objective of this study was to investigate if Mytilus spp. can harbour the virus and if viral transmission can occur between mussels and oysters. Mytilus spp. living at oyster trestles, 400–500 m higher up the shore from the trestles and up to 26 km at non-culture sites were screened for OsHV-1 and variants by all the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommended diagnostic methods including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), histology, in situ hybridization and confirmation using direct sequencing. The particular primers that target OsHV-1 and variants, including OsHV-1 microVar (μVar), were used in the PCR and qPCR. OsHV-1 μVar was detected in wild Mytilus spp. at C. gigas culture sites and more significantly the virus was detected in mussels at non-culture sites. Cohabitation of exposed wild mussels and naïve C. gigas resulted in viral transmission after 14 days, under an elevated temperature regime. These results indicate that mussels can harbour OsHV-1 μVar; however, the impact of OsHV-1 μVar on Mytilus spp. requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Natural Variation Can Significantly Alter the Sensitivity of Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses to Oseltamivir

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 3809-3815 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Rameix-Welti ◽  
F. Agou ◽  
P. Buchy ◽  
S. Mardy ◽  
J. T. Aubin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Inhibition Assay ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Geographic spread of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses may give rise to an influenza pandemic. During the first months of a pandemic, control measures would rely mainly on antiviral drugs, such as the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. In this study, we compare the sensitivities to oseltamivir of the NAs of several highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses isolated in Asia from 1997 to 2005. The corresponding 50% inhibitory concentrations were determined using a standard in vitro NA inhibition assay. The Km for the substrate and the affinity for the inhibitor (Ki ) of NA were determined for a 1997 and a 2005 virus, using an NA inhibition assay on cells transiently expressing the viral enzyme. Our data show that the sensitivities of the NAs of H5N1 viruses isolated in 2004 and 2005 to oseltamivir are about 10-fold higher than those of earlier H5N1 viruses or currently circulating H1N1 viruses. Three-dimensional modeling of the N1 protein predicted that Glu248Gly and Tyr252His changes could account for increased sensitivity. Our data indicate that genetic variation in the absence of any drug-selective pressure may result in significant variations in sensitivity to anti-NA drugs. Although the clinical relevance of a 10-fold increase in the sensitivity of NA to oseltamivir needs to be investigated further, the possibility that sensitivity to anti-NA drugs could increase (or possibly decrease) significantly, even in the absence of treatment, underscores the need for continuous evaluation of the impact of genetic drift on this parameter, especially for influenza viruses with pandemic potential.

scholarly journals Survey of protozoan vector-borne diseases in dogs from Atlantic Rainforest fragment around Billings Dam, São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Carvalho de Freitas e Azevedo ◽  
Giovanna Stefani Nosberto Castelli ◽  
Ryan Emiliano da Silva ◽  
Jaciara de Oliveira Jorge Costa ◽  
Renata Tonhosolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Babesia Vogeli ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT: Vector-borne diseases are currently one of the biggest public health concerns worldwide. Dogs, being the closest companion animals to humans, are considered the main reservoir of some of these diseases in the urban environment. Therefore, the study of the disease behavior in dogs can help to understand the disease affecting human health. Serological and molecular diagnoses of Babesia vogeli, Rangelia vitalli, Leishmania infantum, and other trypanosomatids, were performed by immunochromatographic and PCR assays, respectively, on dogs in a dog shelter located in an Atlantic Forest fragment near the Billings Dam, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo-Brazil. Our molecular diagnostic results showed a high prevalence of Babesia vogeli, at 20.9% (17/81). No other protozoan was detected in any of the tests. Determining the prevalence of major vector-borne diseases is essential to establish preventive and control measures for zoonotic diseases in animals kept in shelters, in order to minimize the impact of vector-borne diseases on animal health.

scholarly journals HoBi-Like Pestivirus and Reproductive Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Decaro
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
Cattle Reproduction ◽  
The Impact

HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) is an emerging group of pestiviruses that has been detected in cattle and other ruminants in South America, Europe, and Asia. Analogous to other bovine pestiviruses, namely bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) 1 and 2, HoBiPeV is able to cause a variety of clinical forms that range from asymptomatic infections to fatal disease, having a great impact on cattle productions and causing substantial economic losses, mainly as a consequence of the occurrence of reproductive failures. The manuscript aims to provide an updated review of the currently available literature about the impact of HoBiPeV infection on cattle reproduction. The reproductive disorders observed in cattle due to natural and experimental infections caused by this virus are reported along with the few available in-vitro studies involving the reproductive tract. HoBiPeV should be considered among the bovine pathogens that impact on reproduction, but there is a need for more specific and sensitive diagnostic methods, while the cross-protection elicited by commercially available BVDV vaccines should be better investigated.

scholarly journals Diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A review of current methods and novel approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie Bateman ◽  
Rita Oladele ◽  
Jay K Kolls
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Pneumocystis jirovecii can cause life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Traditional diagnostic testing has relied on staining and direct visualization of the life-forms in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This method has proven insensitive, and invasive procedures may be needed to obtain adequate samples. Molecular methods of detection such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and antibody-antigen assays have been developed in an effort to solve these problems. These techniques are very sensitive and have the potential to detect Pneumocystis life-forms in noninvasive samples such as sputum, oral washes, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and serum. This review evaluates 100 studies that compare use of various diagnostic tests for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in patient samples. Novel diagnostic methods have been widely used in the research setting but have faced barriers to clinical implementation including: interpretation of low fungal burdens, standardization of techniques, integration into resource-poor settings, poor understanding of the impact of host factors, geographic variations in the organism, heterogeneity of studies, and limited clinician recognition of PCP. Addressing these barriers will require identification of phenotypes that progress to PCP and diagnostic cut-offs for colonization, generation of life-form specific markers, comparison of commercial PCR assays, investigation of cost-effective point of care options, evaluation of host factors such as HIV status that may impact diagnosis, and identification of markers of genetic diversity that may be useful in diagnostic panels. Performing high-quality studies and educating physicians will be crucial to improve the rates of diagnosis of PCP and ultimately to improve patient outcomes.

Current Overviews on COVID-19 Management Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar Rai ◽  
Zeba Mueed ◽  
Abhiroop Chowdhury ◽  
Ravi Deval ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Prospective Control ◽  
Wide Range

The coronavirus pandemic has hit the world lately and caused acute respiratory syndrome in humans. The causative agent of the disease was soon brought to focus by scientists as SARS-CoV-2 and later called a novel coronavirus by the general public. Due to the severity and rapid spread of the disease, WHO classifies the COVID-19 pandemic as the 6th public health emergency even after taking efforts like worldwide quarantine and restrictions. Since only symptomatic treatment is available, the best way to control the spread of the virus is by taking preventive measures. Various types of antigen/antibody detection kits and diagnostic methods are available for the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In recent years, various phytochemicals and repurposing drugs are showing a broad range of anti-viral activities with different modes of action have been identified. Repurposing drugs such as arbidol, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, favipiravir, remdesivir, hexamethylene amiloride, and dexamethasone, tocilizumab, interferon-β, neutralizing antibodies exhibit in vitro anti-coronaviral properties by inhibiting multiple processes in the virus life cycle. Various research groups are involved in drug trials and vaccine development. Plant-based anti-viral compounds such as baicalin, calanolides, curcumin, oxymatrine, matrine, and resveratrol exhibit different modes of action against a wide range of positive/negative sense-RNA/DNA virus, and future researches need to be conducted to ascertain their role, use in managing SARS-CoV-2. Thus, this article is an attempt to review the current understanding of COVID-19 acute respiratory disease and summarize its clinical features with their prospective control and various aspects of the therapeutic approach.

Animal and Human Health Implications of Avian Influenza Infections

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Capua ◽  
Dennis J. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Human Health ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
The Impact

Avian influenza (AI) is a listed disease of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) that has become a disease of great importance both for animal and human health. Until recent times, AI was considered a disease of birds with zoonotic implications of limited significance. The emergence and spread of the Asian lineage highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 virus has dramatically changed this perspective; not only has it been responsible of the death or culling of millions of birds, but this virus has also been able to infect a variety of non-avian hosts including human beings. The implications of such a panzootic reflect themselves in animal health issues, notably in the reduction of a protein source for developing countries and in the management of the pandemic potential. Retrospective studies have shown that avian progenitors play an important role in the generation of pandemic viruses for humans, and therefore these infections in the avian reservoir should be subjected to control measures aiming at eradication of the Asian H5N1 virus from all sectors rather than just eliminating or reducing the impact of the disease in poultry.

scholarly journals Estimation of Rift Valley fever virus spillover to humans during the Mayotte 2018–2019 epidemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (39) ◽  
pp. 24567-24574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaëlle Métras ◽  
W. John Edmunds ◽  
Chouanibou Youssouffi ◽  
Laure Dommergues ◽  
Guillaume Fournié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
The Impact

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging, zoonotic, arboviral hemorrhagic fever threatening livestock and humans mainly in Africa. RVF is of global concern, having expanded its geographical range over the last decades. The impact of control measures on epidemic dynamics using empirical data has not been assessed. Here, we fitted a mathematical model to seroprevalence livestock and human RVF case data from the 2018–2019 epidemic in Mayotte to estimate viral transmission among livestock, and spillover from livestock to humans through both direct contact and vector-mediated routes. Model simulations were used to assess the impact of vaccination on reducing the epidemic size. The rate of spillover by direct contact was about twice as high as vector transmission. Assuming 30% of the population were farmers, each transmission route contributed to 45% and 55% of the number of human infections, respectively. Reactive vaccination immunizing 20% of the livestock population reduced the number of human cases by 30%. Vaccinating 1 mo later required using 50% more vaccine doses for a similar reduction. Vaccinating only farmers required 10 times as more vaccine doses for a similar reduction in human cases. Finally, with 52.0% (95% credible interval [CrI] [42.9–59.4]) of livestock immune at the end of the epidemic wave, viral reemergence in the next rainy season (2019–2020) is unlikely. Coordinated human and animal health surveillance, and timely livestock vaccination appear to be key to controlling RVF in this setting. We furthermore demonstrate the value of a One Health quantitative approach to surveillance and control of zoonotic infectious diseases.

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