scholarly journals Repression of Carotenoid Accumulation by Nitrogen and NH4+ Supply in Carrot Callus Cells In Vitro

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1813
Author(s):  
Tomasz Oleszkiewicz ◽  
Michał Kruczek ◽  
Rafal Baranski
Keyword(s):  
Callus Growth ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Carotenoid Accumulation ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Dark Orange ◽  
Modified Media ◽  
Orange Color

The effect of mineral nutrition on the accumulation of the main health beneficial compounds in carrots, the carotenoid pigments, remains ambiguous; here, a model-based approach was applied to reveal which compounds are responsible for the variation in carotenoid content in carrot cells in vitro. For this purpose, carotenoid-rich callus was cultured on either BI (modified Gamborg B5) or R (modified Murashige and Skoog MS) mineral media or on modified media obtained by exchanging compounds between BI and R. Callus growing on the BI medium had abundant carotene crystals in the cells and a dark orange color in contrast to pale orange callus with sparse crystals on the R medium. The carotenoid content, determined by HPLC and spectrophotometrically after two months of culture, was 5.3 higher on the BI medium. The replacement of media components revealed that only the N concentration and the NO3:NH4 ratio affected carotenoid accumulation. Either the increase of N amount above 27 mM or decrease of NO3:NH4 ratio below 12 resulted in the repression of carotenoid accumulation. An adverse effect of the increased NH4+ level on callus growth was additionally found. Somatic embryos were formed regardless of the level of N supplied. Changes to other media components, i.e., macroelements other than N, microelements, vitamins, growth regulators, and sucrose had no effect on callus growth and carotenoid accumulation. The results obtained from this model system expand the range of factors, such as N availability, composition of N salts, and ratio of nitrate to ammonium N form, that may affect the regulation of carotenoid metabolism.

scholarly journals Illumina® Sequencing Reveals Candidate Genes of Carotenoid Metabolism in Three Pummelo Cultivars (Citrus Maxima) with Different Pulp Color

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui-Cui Jiang ◽  
Yan-Fang Zhang ◽  
Yan-Jin Lin ◽  
Yuan Chen ◽  
Xin-Kun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Aldehyde Oxidase ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Carotenoid Accumulation ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Citrus Maxima

Pummelo (Citrus maxima) is one of important fruit trees, which belongs to Citrus species. The fruits of different pummelo cultivars have different colors and differ in the contents of carotenoid. Our results clearly showed that ‘Huangjinmiyou’ (HJMY) has the highest content of β-carotene, followed by ‘Hongroumiyou’ (HRMY) and ‘Guanximiyou’ (GXMY). Lycopene is dominantly accumulated in HRMY. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the carotenoid accumulation in pummelo flesh is not fully understood. In this study, we used the RNA-Seq technique to investigate the candidate genes of carotenoid metabolism in the flesh of pummelo cv. GXMY and its mutants HRMY and HJMY in three development periods of fruit. After data assembly and bioinformatic analysis, a total of 357 genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were isolated, of which 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Among these 12 DEGs, phytoene synthase (PSY2), lycopene β-cyclase (LYCB2), lycopene Ɛ-cyclase (LYCE), carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCD4), 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED2), aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3), and ABA 8′-hydroxylases (CYP707A1) are the most distinct DEGs in three pummelo cultivars. The co-expression analysis revealed that the expression patterns of several transcription factors such as bHLH, MYB, ERF, NAC and WRKY are highly correlated with DEGs, which are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. In addition, the expression patterns of 22 DEGs were validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and the results are highly concordant with the RNA-Seq results. Our results provide a global vision of transcriptomic profile among three pummelo cultivars with different pulp colors. These results would be beneficial to further study the molecular mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in pummelo flesh and help the breeding of citrus with high carotenoid content.

scholarly journals Chloroplast Sec14-like 1 (CPSFL1) is essential for normal chloroplast development and affects carotenoid accumulation inChlamydomonas

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (22) ◽  
pp. 12452-12463 ◽  
Author(s):  
José G. García-Cerdán ◽  
Eva M. Schmid ◽  
Tomomi Takeuchi ◽  
Ian McRae ◽  
Kent L. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Oxygenic Photosynthesis ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Carotenoid Accumulation ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Hydrophobic Ligand ◽  
Β Carotene

Plastid isoprenoid-derived carotenoids serve essential roles in chloroplast development and photosynthesis. Although nearly all enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants have been identified, the complement of auxiliary proteins that regulate synthesis, transport, sequestration, and degradation of these molecules and their isoprenoid precursors have not been fully described. To identify such proteins that are necessary for the optimal functioning of oxygenic photosynthesis, we screened a large collection of nonphotosynthetic (acetate-requiring) DNA insertional mutants ofChlamydomonas reinhardtiiand isolatedcpsfl1. Thecpsfl1mutant is extremely light-sensitive and susceptible to photoinhibition and photobleaching. TheCPSFL1gene encodes a CRAL-TRIO hydrophobic ligand-binding (Sec14) domain protein. Proteins containing this domain are limited to eukaryotes, but some may have been retargeted to function in organelles of endosymbiotic origin. Thecpsfl1mutant showed decreased accumulation of plastidial isoprenoid-derived pigments, especially carotenoids, and whole-cell focused ion-beam scanning-electron microscopy revealed a deficiency of carotenoid-rich chloroplast structures (e.g., eyespot and plastoglobules). The low carotenoid content resulted from impaired biosynthesis at a step prior to phytoene, the committed precursor to carotenoids. The CPSFL1 protein bound phytoene and β-carotene when expressed inEscherichia coliand phosphatidic acid in vitro. We suggest that CPSFL1 is involved in the regulation of phytoene synthesis and carotenoid transport and thereby modulates carotenoid accumulation in the chloroplast.

scholarly journals Carotenoid Accumulation and the Expression of Carotenoid Metabolic Genes in Mango during Fruit Development and Ripening

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4249
Author(s):  
Witchulada Yungyuen ◽  
Thi Thuong Vo ◽  
Apiradee Uthairatanakij ◽  
Gang Ma ◽  
Lancui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Carotenoid Accumulation ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Catabolic Genes ◽  
Fruit Development And Ripening

Carotenoids are considered to be important components in mango fruits. However, there is a lack of understanding about the regulation of carotenoids in mango. To gain an insight into the carotenoid metabolism pathway, carotenoid content and the expression of carotenoid metabolic genes were investigated in the peel and pulp of mango during fruit development and ripening in three cultivars, ‘Kaituk’, ‘Nam Dok Mai No.4′, and ‘Nam Dok Mai Sithong’, which are different in color. The highest carotenoid content was observed in ‘Kaituk’, followed by ‘Nam Dok Mai No.4′ and ‘Nam Dok Mai Sithong’, with the major carotenoid being β-carotene. The gene expression analysis found that carotenoid metabolism in mango fruit was primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. The changing patterns of carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression (MiPSY, MiPDS, MiZDS, MiCRTISO, MiLCYb, MiLCYe, MiHYb, and MiZEP) were similar to carotenoid accumulation, and ‘Kaituk’ exhibited a higher expression level than the other two cultivars. In addition, the differential regulation of carotenoid catabolic genes was found to be a mechanism responsible for variability in carotenoid content among the three mango cultivars. The expression of carotenoid catabolic genes (MiCCD1, MiNCED2, and MiNCED3) more rapidly decreased in ‘Kaituk’, resulting in a larger amount of carotenoids in ‘Kaituk’ than the other two cultivars.

ВПЛИВ ДЖЕРЕЛ АЗОТНОГО ЖИВЛЕННЯ НА СИНТЕЗ КАРОТИНОЇДІВ ДЕЯКИМИ ШТАМАМИ БАЗИДІОМІЦЕТІВ

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
A. K. Veligodska ◽  
O. V. Fedotov ◽  
A. S. Petreeva
Keyword(s):  
Culture Filtrate ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Total Carotenoid ◽  
Carotenoid Accumulation ◽  
Total Carotenoid Content ◽  
Peptone Medium ◽  
Acetone Extracts

<p>The influence of certain nitrogen compounds - components of glucose-peptone medium (GPM) on the accumulation of carotenoids by some strains was investigated by surface cultivating basidiomycetes. The total carotenoid content was set in acetone extracts of mycological material spectrophotometrically and calculated using the Vetshteyn formula.</p> <p>As the nitrogen-containing components used GPM with 9 compounds, such as peptone, DL-valine, L-asparagine, DL-serine, DL-tyrosine, L-proline, L-alanine, urea, NaNO<sub>3</sub>. The effect on the accumulation of specific compounds both in the mycelium and in the culture fluid of carotenoids by culturing certain strains of Basidiomycetes was identified.</p> <p>Adding to standard glucose-peptone medium peptone at 5 g/l causes an increase of carotenoid accumulation by strain <em>L. sulphureus</em> Ls-08, and in a concentration of 4 g/l by strains of <em>F. hepatica </em>Fh-18 and <em>F. fomentarius</em> Ff-1201.</p> <p>In order to increase the accumulation of carotenoids in the mycelium  we suggested to make a standard glucose-peptone medium with proline or valine for cultivating of <em>L. sulphureus</em> Ls- 08 strain; alanine for <em>F. fomentarius</em> Ff-1201 strain; proline, asparagine and serine - for strain Fh-18 of <em>F. hepatica</em>. The results can be implemented in further optimization of the composition of the nutrient medium for culturing strains of Basidiomycetes wich producing carotenoids.</p> <p><em>Keywords: nitrogen-containing substances, Basidiomycetes, mycelium</em><em>,</em><em> culture filtrate, carotenoids</em></p>

scholarly journals Effect of Photosensitization Mediated by Curcumin on Carotenoid and Aflatoxin Content in Different Maize Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5902
Author(s):  
Rafael Nguenha ◽  
Maral Seidi Damyeh ◽  
Anh D. T. Phan ◽  
Hung T. Hong ◽  
Mridusmita Chaliha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Preservation Technique ◽  
Scanning Electron

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain types of fungi that contaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to human and livestock. This study evaluated the combination of blue light with curcumin to inactivate Aspergillus flavus spores, its effect on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production and maintaining carotenoid content in three maize varieties. The study was first conducted in vitro, and the spore suspensions (104 CFU·mL−1) were treated with four curcumin concentrations (25 and 50 µM in ethanol, 1000 and 1250 µM in propylene glycol) and illuminated at different light doses from 0 to 130.3 J·cm−2. The photoinactivation efficiency was light-dose dependent with the highest photoinactivation of 2.3 log CFU·mL−1 achieved using 1000 µM curcumin at 104.2 J·cm−2. Scanning electron microscopy revealed cell wall deformations as well as less density in photosensitized cells. Photosensitization of maize kernels gave rise to a complete reduction in the viability of A. flavus and therefore inhibition of AFB1 production, while no significant (p > 0.05) effect was observed using either light or curcumin. Moreover, photosensitization did not affect the carotenoids in all the studied maize varieties. The results suggest that photosensitization is a green alternative preservation technique to decontaminate maize kernels and reduce consumer exposure to AFB1 without any effect on carotenoid content.

scholarly journals In vitro Flowering of Shoots Regenerated from Cultured Nodal Explants

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kantamaht KANCHANAPOOM ◽  
Suttinee JINGJIT ◽  
Kamnoon KANCHANAPOOM
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Shoots ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
In Vitro Flowering ◽  
Nodal Explants ◽  
Callus Growth ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Gypsophila Paniculata ◽  
Initial Culture

A protocol for the regeneration of Gypsophila paniculata L. using nodal explants from 2-month-old field grown plants was established. The induction of multiple shoots was best obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 13.3 μM BA. Callus growth was observed on MS medium containing 44.3 μM BA. Calluses were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (4.5, 13.5, 22.6 μM), NAA (5.3, 16.1, 26.8 μM) or BA (4.4, 13.3, 22.1 μM) for 2 months to induce shoot formation. After 6 weeks of initial culture, multiple shoots were regenerated from calluses cultured on MS medium supplemented with 13.3 μM BA. All regenerated shoots produced roots on 16.1 μM NAA containing MS medium within 4 weeks. Rooted plantlets were hardened and established in pots at 100% survival. For induction of in vitro flowering, regenerated shoots could be induced to flower efficiently when cultured on MS medium containing 13.3 μM BA and 50 g/l sucrose.

scholarly journals Introduction to in vitro culture and callus initiation in Salvia hispanica L. (chia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
A. Z. Revutskaya ◽  
A. V. Holubenko ◽  
N. V. Nuzhyna ◽  
H. O. Rudik ◽  
N. Yu. Taran
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Callus Growth ◽  
Basic Medium ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Salvia Hispanica ◽  
Callus Initiation ◽  
Salvia Hispanica L

Aim. Preparation of aseptic seedlings Salvia hispanica L., callus initiation in vitro and establishment of primary explants suitable for the callus production. Methods. Seeds are sprouted on our own modification of conventional methods. The non-hormonal Murashige-Skoog agarized nutrient medium was used as basic medium for the experiments. Parts of one-month seedlings (roots, hypocotyl, cotyledon leaves) were used as explants for the use of the colza. We added growth regulators (BAP, 2,4-D) in different concentration combinations into the nutrient medium for callus initiation. Statistical processing was performed in Microsoft Office Excel. Results. Aseptic S. hispanica seedlings have been obtained. The callus growth was initiated on all types of explants, the dependence of the callus intensity on the type of explants and the growth regulators content in the nutrient medium was established. Morphogenic callus and root-regenerants have been obtained. Conclusions. Hypocotyl was the most suitable primary explant for callus growth. Seedlings, leaves and roots showed low morphogenetic capacity. The nutrient medium with an elevated 2,4-D content was the most effective for initiation of callus genesis and proliferation of non-morphogenous callus. A high concentration of 2,4-D in the medium improves S. hispanica callus growth but suppresses its morphogenic ability.Keywords: Salvia hispanica (Chia), in vitro culture, callus.

scholarly journals Effect of Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid on Growth and Biochemical Composition of In-Vitro-Propagated Lavandula angustifolia Mill

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1722
Author(s):  
Ileana Miclea ◽  
Andreea Suhani ◽  
Marius Zahan ◽  
Andrea Bunea
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Lavandula Angustifolia ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
Free Media

This study assessed the effect of jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) on the in vitro development and production of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. plant material, and the accumulation of polyphenols, chlorophylls, and carotenoids in explants. Results were compared with explants grown in control media and with in-vivo-grown mature and young L. angustifolia plants. After 21 days of incubation, all explants propagated on low-SA-concentration or elicitor-free media produced a greater number of shoots than explants cultivated on media with higher elicitor concentrations. Shoots grew taller when activated charcoal (AC) was added to the elicitor-supplemented media, while AC negatively affected or had no effect on the phytochemical composition of plants. Explants grown in the presence of elicitors had higher polyphenolic and chlorophyll content than the controls, demonstrating the beneficial impact of elicitors on the secretion of secondary metabolites. Lutein and β-carotene were the dominating carotenoids in all samples. Culture media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L JA and 1.5 mg/L SA + AC proved the most suitable to produce plant material with high polyphenol and carotenoid content, comparable with in-vivo-grown plants.

scholarly journals In Vitro Assessment of Kurdish Rice Genotypes in Response to PEG-Induced Drought Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4471
Author(s):  
Didar Rahim ◽  
Petr Kalousek ◽  
Nawroz Tahir ◽  
Tomáš Vyhnánek ◽  
Petr Tarkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Callus Growth ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Rice Genotypes

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is productively affected by different environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic stress. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the genetic distinction among Kurdish rice genotypes using the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) molecular markers and to perform in vitro tests to characterize the drought tolerance of six local rice genotypes. The polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.38 to 0.84 with an average of 0.56. The genetic distance ranged from 0.33 to 0.88. Drought stress had a significant impact (p ≤ 0.05) on callus growth parameters. Enzymatic antioxidant systems were predicted and exhibited a significant variation. The findings revealed that proline levels increase in proportion to polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations. Kalar and Gwll Swr genotypes showed the worst performances in phenotypic and biochemical traits, while Choman and Shawre exhibited the best phenotypic and biochemical performances. A positive and substantial relationship between callus fresh weight (CFW) and callus dry weight (CDW) was found under stressful and optimized conditions. Callus induction (CI) was positively and significantly associated with the catalase activity (CAT) in all stressed treatments. Based on the results for callus growth and the biochemical parameters under stress conditions, a remarkable genotype distinction, based on the tolerance reaction, was noted as follows: PEG resistant > susceptible, Choman > Shawre > White Bazyan > Red Bazyan > Gwll Swr > Kalar. The CI and CAT characteristics were considered as reliable predictors of drought tolerance in rice genotypes.

Quality and Intensity of Light in the In Vitro Development of Microstumps of Eucalyptus urophylla in a Photoautotrophic System

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 754-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natane A Miranda ◽  
Aloisio Xavier ◽  
Wagner C Otoni ◽  
Ricardo Gallo ◽  
Kellen C Gatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Number Of Shoots

Abstract The quality and quantity of light are important factors in controlling in vitro plant growth in photoautotrophic systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of light quality (fluorescent, white, red, blue, red/blue, and distant red) on microstumps of a Eucalyptus urophylla clone in an in vitro photoautotrophic system, as well as the intensity of fluorescent light (60, 85, 100, and 140 μmol m–2 s–1) in the growth and production of microcutting. The number of shoots and microcutting, the size of the largest shoot, the stomatal density, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content were analyzed. Light quality altered plant growth, and fluorescent light intensity did not affect the microstumps’ production during the evaluation period. In white light-emitting diode (LED) light, there was higher production of carotenoids, with a lower initial production of microcuttings. A smaller number of shoots were obtained in blue LED. In general, the different qualities and light intensities tested allowed for the growth of the Eucalyptus urophylla clone grown in vitro, making it possible to obtain microcuttings under photoautotrophic cultivation. Study Implications In vitro propagation is a stressful process for plants and has limitations for commercial-scale Eucalyptus production. Fluorescent lamps, closed containers, and high sucrose concentrations are traditionally used. To reduce costs and improve production, the use of efficient light sources and photoautotrophic cultivation systems become alternatives. This study investigated the influence of light on the in vitro growth of a Eucalyptus clone in a photoautotrophic system. The quality was more important than the intensity of light. Foresters will be able to indicate the use of LEDs (light-emitting diodes) as a replacement for fluorescent lamps. This approach is useful in enhancing micropropagation techniques.

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