Repression of Carotenoid Accumulation by Nitrogen and NH4+ Supply in Carrot Callus Cells In Vitro

The effect of mineral nutrition on the accumulation of the main health beneficial compounds in carrots, the carotenoid pigments, remains ambiguous; here, a model-based approach was applied to reveal which compounds are responsible for the variation in carotenoid content in carrot cells in vitro. For this purpose, carotenoid-rich callus was cultured on either BI (modified Gamborg B5) or R (modified Murashige and Skoog MS) mineral media or on modified media obtained by exchanging compounds between BI and R. Callus growing on the BI medium had abundant carotene crystals in the cells and a dark orange color in contrast to pale orange callus with sparse crystals on the R medium. The carotenoid content, determined by HPLC and spectrophotometrically after two months of culture, was 5.3 higher on the BI medium. The replacement of media components revealed that only the N concentration and the NO3:NH4 ratio affected carotenoid accumulation. Either the increase of N amount above 27 mM or decrease of NO3:NH4 ratio below 12 resulted in the repression of carotenoid accumulation. An adverse effect of the increased NH4+ level on callus growth was additionally found. Somatic embryos were formed regardless of the level of N supplied. Changes to other media components, i.e., macroelements other than N, microelements, vitamins, growth regulators, and sucrose had no effect on callus growth and carotenoid accumulation. The results obtained from this model system expand the range of factors, such as N availability, composition of N salts, and ratio of nitrate to ammonium N form, that may affect the regulation of carotenoid metabolism.

Improved Mycology Media Formula of Corn and Cow’s Hair For Accelerate Superficial Mycosis Growth

Potato Dextrose Agar is growth and identification media of fungi that cause superficial mycoses, including Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes with 10–14 days growth period. Modification media is needed to accelerate the growth of the fungus. Zea mays saccharata has a high carbohydrate, and cow’s hair contains high keratin, which can be used as a nutrient to replace fungal growth media. The study aimed to obtain a modified media formula containing Zea mays saccharata as a substitute for dextrose and cow's hair as a source of keratin to accelerate the growth of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes fungi. The modified media formula is mixing of Zea mays saccharata 15% to 25%, and cow's hair 20mg to 35mg. Acceleration of growth time based of when found microconidia and macroconidia, diameter measurements, and observations of texture and colonies color of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The study results are Zea mays saccharata media with the addition of cow hair for Trichophyton rubrum grew 11 days with 10%+20mg formula and grew only seven days with 25%+35mg formula. Modified media for Trichophyton mentagrophytes grew seven days for 10%+20mg formula, while it was only three days with 25%+35mg formula. The media formula with the fastest growth rate for Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was at a concentration of 25%+35mg. The Advanced Modified Media can become a patent medium for faster growth of superficial fungi at a lower cost. Further research needs to be done on how long this media can be stored for long-term use.

Effect of Beverages on Release of Paracetamol Tablet by In-vitro Dissolution Method Using Modified Media

Oral route of drug delivery is one of the most preferred route of drug administration. People often consume oral solids, especially OTC drugs, at any time before or after breakfast with water or any other available hot or cold beverages. Crocin is one of the popular OTC brands of paracetamol, which is preferred in large number. Patient consumes this OTC tablet with available beverages which may be hot or cold. However, beverages interact with paracetamol, affecting the release of drug. In view of this, work was focused on study of the effect of various beverages such as coffee, tea, milk, carbonated drink and buttermilk on release of paracetamol (Crocin tablet) tablet using USP type II dissolution apparatus. Dissolution media used was modified phosphate buffer (pH 5.8) which was further added with beverages and was analyzed by UV spectrophotometrically. Dissolution profile revealed the maximum drug release 97.03 ± 1.29% in plain water was while minimum with tea 23.64 ± 2.00%. In conclusion, beverages consumed while administering with paracetamol tablet affects the release of drug and therefore should be cautiously used or avoided with dosage forms.

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Lay Up Shoot Pada Permainan Bola Basket Melalui Pembelajaran Yang Dimodifikasi Menggunakan Bola Plastik Pada Siswa Sma Negeri 2 Makassar

This study aims to determine the increase in lay ap shoot learning outcomes through the use of modified media in class XI students of SMA Negeri 2 Makassar in 2019/2020. From the results of the preliminary data (pre-test) that has been done, it shows that the students' ability in performing the lay-up movement technique is still low and this has an impact on student learning outcomes.This study uses the action research (PTK) method which can be analyzed. In this case the researcher analyzes the data by reducing the data and presenting the data in tabular form, so that the average value and percentage of learning completeness can be found. The subjects of this study were 20 students of class XI IPA at SMA Negeri 2 Makassar in 2019/2020, including 12 male students and 8 female students.The results of the research in the first cycle showed that the learning outcomes of the lay-up shoot were (41%) students who completed their studies, and (59%) students who did not complete their studies. The overall student learning outcomes in doing the lay-up shoot technique in the first cycle reached (58.82%). In cycle II shows that the learning outcomes of the lay-up shot, namely (88%) students who complete their learning, and (12%) students who do not complete their learning and overall student learning outcomes in doing the lay-up shoot technique in cycle II reach (88 , 23%).This study concludes that the use of plastic ball modification media can provide a very large and significant contribution to the learning outcomes of shoot lay-up in class XI class students of SMA Negeri 2 Makassar in 2019/2020.

Synthesis and Biological Activity of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus IMV B-7241 Surfactants Depending on Monovalent Cations Content in Cultivation Medium

Microbial surfactants (biosurfactants) are multifunctional preparations due to a combination of physicochemical (reduction of surface and interfacial tension, emulsifying activity) and biological (antimicrobial and antiadhesive activity, the ability to destroy biofilms) properties. However, the disadvantage of biosurfactants synthesized as a complex of compounds is the possibility of changing the biological activity depending on the conditions of producer cultivation. Aim. To study the effect of potassium and sodium cations on the NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity of cell-free extract of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ІМV B-7241 with subsequent appropriate modification of the nutrient medium composition and determination of antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activity of surfactant synthesized. Methods. A. calcoaceticus ІМV B-7241 strain was grown in media containing 2% of sunflower oil waste as a carbon source, as well as various concentrations of potassium and sodium chloride (basal – 1.0 g/l NaCl, medium #1 that did not contains NaCl, medium #2 in which the concentration of NaCl was 2.0 g/l, medium #3 in which the concentration of NaCl and KCl was 1.0 g/l each). The surfactants were extracted from the supernatant liquid culture with a modified Folch mixture. Antiadhesive activity and the degree of biofilms degradation were determined by spectrophotometric method, antimicrobial activity − by the indicator of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Activity of enzymes of surface-active aminolipids biosynthesis (NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase) and glycolipids (phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, PEP-synthetase, PEP-carboxykinase, trehalose phosphate synthase) were analyzed in cell-free extracts obtained after the destruction of cells by ultrasound. Results. It was found that potassium and sodium cations in concentrations of 50 and 100 mM are inhibitors of NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, and in lower concentrations (5–20 mM) – activators of this enzyme, as well as PEP-carboxykinase and PEP-synthetase. The increase in the biosurfactant concentration to 6.1−7.7 g/l during cultivation of A. calcoaceticus ІМV B-7241 in medium #1 and #3 was due to the predominant synthesis of glycolipids under such conditions, which was evidenced by the increase in 1.8−6.5 times in the activity of PEP-carboxylase, PEP-carboxykinase, PEP-synthetase and trehalose phosphate synthetase compared to the indicators on the basal medium. The concentration of surfactants synthesized in the basal medium was 3.6 g/l, but such surfactants were characterized by the highest antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activity. Their MIC against the test-cultures of studied bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. MI-2, Bacillus subtilis BT-2, Escherichia coli IEM-1, Staphylococcus aureus BMS-1, Enterobacter cloaceae C-8) and fungi (Candida albicans D-6, Rhizopus nigricans P1, Aspergillus niger P-3, Fusarium culmorum T-7) were 0.88−56 μg/ml and were by 2−3 orders of magnitude lower compared to established for surfactants synthesized in modified media #1–3. In the case of treatment of abiotic materials with surfactant solutions obtained on the basal medium, the adhesion of bacteria and fungi was on average 10–20% lower than after surface treatment by the surfactant synthesized in modified media. In the presence of 148−296 μg/ml of surfactants obtained in the basal medium, destruction of S. aureus BMS-1 and B. subtilis BT-2 biofilms was 45−66%, and C. albicans D-6 yeast – 39−44%. Under the action of similar concentrations of surfactants synthesized in modified media, the destruction of bacterial and yeast biofilms was lower: 6-52 and 20–46%, respectively. Conclusions. The obtained results are consistent with the data of our previous studies on the possibility of regulating the antimicrobial and antiadhesive activity of surfactants in the process of producer cultivation by changing the content of cations in the medium, which are inhibitors/activators of enzymes responsible for the synthesis of components of the surfactants complex, which have certain biological properties.

Optimization of Polyhydroxybutyrate Production by Amazonian Microalga Stigeoclonium sp. B23

The present work established the optimization and production of biodegradable thermoplastic polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from Amazonian microalga Stigeoclonium sp. B23. The optimization was performed in eight different growth media conditions of Stigeoclonium sp. B23, supplemented with sodium acetate and sodium bicarbonate and total deprivation of sodium nitrate. B23 was stained with Nile Red, and PHB was extracted and quantified by correlating the amount of fluorescence and biopolymer concentration through spectrofluorimetry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Our results detected the production of PHB in Stigeoclonium sp. B23 and in all modified media. Treatment with increased acetate and bicarbonate and without nitrate gave the highest concentration of PHB, while the treatment with only acetate gave the lowest among supplemented media. Our results showed a great potential of Stigeoclonium sp. B23, the first Amazonian microalga reported on PHB production. The microalga was isolated from a poorly explored and investigated region and proved to be productive when compared to other cyanobacterial and bacterial species. Additionally, microalga biomass changes due to the nutritional conditions and, reversely, biopolymer is well-synthetized. This great potential could lead to the pursuit of new Amazonian microalgae species in the search for alternative polyesters.

EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE LEARNING RESULTS OF REJECTED BULLETS THROUGH THE MODIFICATION OF LEARNING MEDIA IN VII GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP NEGERI 3 PERCUT SEI TUAN, 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR

Based on the results of research on improving learning outcomes through modified learning media for grade VII students of SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan in the 2011/20012 academic year. The description of the pre-test results obtained by students can be seen in the attachment. Based on the table of descriptions of the results of the pre-test shot above, it can be seen that the student's ability to learn to shoot a shot is still low. Of the 38 students who were sampled in this study, it turned out that only 13 students (34.21%) had complete learning, while the remaining 26 students (65.79%) did not have complete learning. The value of the increase in yield (PPH) for the class average obtained only reached 49.60. Based on the research results after being given various forms of learning variations using modified tools in the first cycle the average value of the learning outcomes test was 70.92 with a learning completeness level of 52.63%. This increase occurred after being given various forms of learning variations with modified learning media designed in cycle II based on reflection and experience in cycle I. The increase in the average value of student learning outcomes was 12.8 and the increase in classical completeness was 34.21 %. From the observation, the learning activities carried out in cycle I and cycle II were included in the good category with an average value of 70.92 and 83.72, an increase of 12.8 cycles per cycle. Judging from these results, it can be concluded that the use of modified learning media can improve the learning outcomes of class VII students of SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan for the 2011/2012 academic year. From the data analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that using modified learning media can improve student learning outcomes, from the I learning outcomes test which is still low, with an average value of 70.92 with completeness 52%, 63. Henceforth, it is necessary to do corrective actions in cycle II. In the first cycle, the researcher found the difficulties experienced by students in learning to shoot bullets, including: Learning using modified learning media in cycle I was not as expected and student learning outcomes were still low. This is because the students are still awkward using the modified media and the students are still not serious about the movement of the bullet-repelling technique because they have never used the modified bullets in the form of plastic balls filled with sand and cement. The increase in the average value of student learning outcomes was 12.8 and the increase in classical completeness was 34.21%. From the observations, the learning activities carried out in cycle I and cycle II were included in the good category with an average value of 70.92 and 83.72, an increase of 12.8 cycles per cycle. Judging from these results, it can be concluded that through the application of learning using modified tools it can improve learning outcomes to shoot bullets in class VII SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan 2011/2012 Academic Year.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE LAY UP SHOOT LEARNING RESULTS IN BASKETBALL GAME THROUGH MODIFIED LEARNING USING PLASTIC BALLS IN XI CLASS STUDENTS PRIVATE VOCATIONAL SCHOOL OF PAB 6 MEDAN YEAR 2018/2019 AJARAN

This study aims to determine the increase in lay ap shoot learning outcomes through the use of modified media in class XI students of PAB 6 Medan Private High School in 2018/2019. From the results of the preliminary data (pre-test) that has been done, it shows that the students' ability to do the lay-up technique is still low and this has an impact on student learning outcomes. This research uses Classroom Action Research (CAR) which can be analyzed. In this case the researcher analyzes the data by reducing the data and presenting the data in table form, so that the average grade and the percentage of learning completeness can be found. The samples in this study were students of class XI IPS SMA Private PAB 6 Medan in 2018/2019, totaling 17 people. , consisting of 3 male students and 14 female students. The results of the research in the first cycle showed that the learning outcomes of the lay-up shoot were (41%) students who completed their studies, and (59%) students who did not complete their studies. Overall student learning outcomes in doing the lay-up shoot technique in the first cycle reached (58.82%). In cycle II shows that the learning outcomes of the lay-up shot, namely (88%) students who complete their learning, and (12%) students who do not complete their learning and overall student learning outcomes in doing the lay-up shoot technique in cycle II reach (88 , 23%). This study concludes that the use of plastic ball modification media can provide a very large and significant contribution to the learning outcomes of shoot lay-ups in class XI IPS class students of PAB 6 Medan Private High School in 2018/2019.

Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans DSM 26636: An Alternative for the Bioleaching of Metallic Burrs

Metallic wastes from the metal-mechanic industry represent a serious environmental problem. The possible strategies to reduce the metal content of these industrial wastes is their biotreatment by means of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Acidithioobacillus thiooxidans DSM 26636, which has been reported as an excellent metal-leaching microorganism by its capability to oxide sublimed sulfur and produce sulfuric acid in the presence of metallic burrs, and leach metals. The metallic composition of burrs was determined by ICP-OES before and after its exposure to biological treatment. The bioleaching process was kept for 21 days at 30 °C at an orbital shaking of 150 rev/min by using Erlenmeyer flasks of 125 mL containing 30 mL of Starkey-modified media added with 0.33 g (1% w/v) of sublimed sulfur and 0.33 g (1% w/v) of metal burrs, and 3 mL of inoculum at logarithmic phase. Results showed that A. thiooxidans was able to grow at these conditions with a maximum sulfate production of 11,028 mg/L, sulfuric acid corresponded to 0.16 M, but no statistical difference was observed for days 14 and 21. A reduction in pH was observed from 2.5 to 1.3 units. Metal bioleaching in mg/kg corresponded Fe (4658.5 ± 291), Cr (237 ± 46), Al (185 ± 12), Si (71 ± 10.3), Mo (63 ± 3.6), Mn (46 ± 3.3), V (18 ± 0.94), Mg (22.2 ± 3.7), Ni (15.8 ± 1.5), and Cu (5.7 ± 1.9). Results showed that A. thiooxidans DSM 26636 was able to grow in the presence of metal-containing wastes, and although metal removal was feasible, more studies are needed to enhance metal removal.