scholarly journals Electrical Capacitance Versus Minirhizotron Technique: A Study of Root Dynamics in Wheat–Pea Intercrops

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Imre Cseresnyés ◽  
Bettina Kelemen ◽  
Tünde Takács ◽  
Anna Füzy ◽  
Ramóna Kovács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Root Dynamics

This study evaluated the concurrent application and the results of the root electrical capacitance (CR) and minirhizotron (MR) methods in the same plant populations. The container experiment involved three winter wheat cultivars, grown as sole crops or intercropped with winter pea under well-watered or drought-stressed conditions. The wheat root activity (characterized by CR) and the MR-based root length (RL) and root surface area (RSA) were monitored during the vegetation period, the flag leaf chlorophyll content was measured at flowering, and the wheat shoot dry mass (SDM) and grain yield (GY) were determined at maturity. CR, RL and RSA exhibited similar seasonal patterns with peaks around the flowering. The presence of pea reduced the maximum CR, RL and RSA. Drought significantly decreased CR, but increased the MR-based root size. Both intercropping and drought reduced wheat chlorophyll content, SDM and GY. The relative decrease caused by pea or drought in the maximum CR was proportional to the rate of change in SDM or GY. Significant linear correlations (R2: 0.77–0.97) were found between CR and RSA, with significantly smaller specific root capacitance (per unit RSA) for the drought-stress treatments. CR measurements tend to predict root function and the accompanying effect on above-ground production and grain yield. The parallel application of the two in situ methods improves the evaluation of root dynamics and plant responses.

scholarly journals Association of leaf chlorophyll content with the stay-green trait and grain yield in wheat grown under heat stress conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandan Roy ◽  
Tirthartha Chattopadhyay ◽  
Rakesh Deo Ranjan ◽  
Wahid Ul Hasan ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Breeding Programmes

Heat stress is a major production constraint of wheat in South Asia, particularly in the Gangetic plains of India and Bangladesh. The leaf chlorophyll status is a key determinant for a high rate of photosynthesis under stress. The present experiments included 238 genotypes in 2016–2017 and 321 genotypes in 2017–2018 under optimum and under heat stress conditions. Subsequently, a set of 100 genotypes selected on basis of the heat susceptibility index was evaluated in 2018–2019 under heat stress conditions to study the relationship between important physiological traits and yield under stress. A significant correlation of soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value of the two upper leaves with stay-green trait and grain yield indicates the importance of chlorophyll content, both in flag and penultimate leaf, in maintaining leaf areas under greenness (LAUG) and grain yield under heat stress. The SPAD in the flag and penultimate leaf was responsible for 8.8% and 10.9%, respectively, of the variation in grain yield. For the stay-green trait, 8.4% and 7.2 % of the variation was governed by the SPAD value in the flag and penultimate leaf, respectively. These results suggest that, in addition to the flag leaf, the chlorophyll status of the penultimate leaf can be an important criterion for the selection of superior wheat genotypes under heat stress. The genotypes SW-139; SW 108; DWR-F8-35-9-1; NHP-F8-130; DWR-F8-3-1 that maintained a high chlorophyll content in the flag and penultimate leaf can be used further in breeding programmes addressing heat resistance in wheat.

Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Gene Identification for Chlorophyll Content in RIL Rice Population under Drought Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Yheni Dwiningsih ◽  
Anuj Kumar ◽  
Julie Thomas ◽  
Charlez Ruiz ◽  
Jawaher Alkahtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Drought Condition ◽  
Ril Population ◽  
Trait Loci

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for more than half of the world population. Rice needs 2-3 times more water compared to other crops. Drought condition is one of the limited factor in rice production. Recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between rice genotype tropical japonica Kaybonnet and indica ZHE733 named K/Z RIL population was used to identify candidate genes for chlorophyll content related to grain yield under drought condition. Chlorophyll content in the flag leaf of the rice plant is related to the grain yield since chlorophyll plays an important role in the photosynthesis. The K/Z RIL population was screened in the field at Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA by controlled drought stress treatment at the reproductive stage (R3), and the effect of drought stress was quantify by measuring chlorophyll content, flag leaf characteristics, and grain yield. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed with a set of 4133 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers by using QTL IciMapping software version 4.2.53. Candidate genes within the QTL regions were identified by using the MSU Rice Genome Annotation Project database release 7.0 as the reference. A total of eleven QTLs and forty-three candidate genes were identified for chlorophyll content related to the grain yield under drought condition. Most of the candidate genes involve in biological processes, molecular functions, and cell components. By understanding the genetic complexity of the chlorophyll content, this research provides information to develop drought-resistant rice varieties with greater productivity under drought stress condition.

Changes in the angle and curvature of the uppermost leaves of winter wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Ledent
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Leaf Movement ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Angle Change

SummaryEach of the three uppermost leaves of wheat canopies studied in 1975 and 1976 showed a downward movement after its emergence. The variations with time of leaf angle were greatest in the flag leaf. Genotypes differed markedly in the rate of change with age in flag-leaf angle. Leaf curvature did not vary with age. There were differences between years in the rate of leaf movement, but cultivars ranked roughly the same in terms of leaf angle in each year. Grain yield per hectare was not related to leaf angle change. Most of the higher-yielding genotypes included in the study had straight leaves, the correlation between curvature and yield being —0·30 in 1975 and —0·60 in 1976.

scholarly journals Comparing Relationships among Yield and Its Related Traits in Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Inoculated Wheat Cultivars under Different Water Regimes Using Multivariate Statistics

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Saed-Moucheshi ◽  
Mohammad Pessarakli ◽  
Bahram Heidari
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
The Relationship

Multivariate statistical techniques were used to compare the relationship between yield and its related traits under noninoculated and inoculated cultivars with mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices); each one consisted of three wheat cultivars and four water regimes. Results showed that, under inoculation conditions, spike weight per plant and total chlorophyll content of the flag leaf were the most important variables contributing to wheat grain yield variation, while, under noninoculated condition, in addition to two mentioned traits, grain weight per spike and leaf area were also important variables accounting for wheat grain yield variation. Therefore, spike weight per plant and chlorophyll content of flag leaf can be used as selection criteria in breeding programs for both inoculated and noninoculated wheat cultivars under different water regimes, and also grain weight per spike and leaf area can be considered for noninoculated condition. Furthermore, inoculation of wheat cultivars showed higher value in the most measured traits, and the results indicated that inoculation treatment could change the relationship among morphological traits of wheat cultivars under drought stress. Also, it seems that the results of stepwise regression as a selecting method together with principal component and factor analysis are stronger methods to be applied in breeding programs for screening important traits.

scholarly journals Morpho-physiological Basis of Yield Performance of Early Maturing Rice Varieties in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Md. Babul Akter ◽  
Md. Tariqul Islam ◽  
Md. Monjurul Alam Mondal ◽  
Md. Imdadul Hoque ◽  
Md. Kamruzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Photosynthesis Rate ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Physiological Attributes

A considerable progress in plant breeding for higher yield is attained mainly through selection of morpho-physiological attributes in rice. The field experiments were conducted at three different locations under sub-tropical conditions with four early maturing rice varieties viz., Binadhan-7, Binadhan-17, BRRI dhan33, and BRRI dhan39 during kharif-2 rice season (Aman; July-October) of 2016 to find out the natural variation in the morpho-physiological attributes contributing to  higher grain yield in rice. Morphological parameters on plant height, root structure, tillering ontogeny, internode elongation pattern, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, flag leaf angle, number of primary & secondary rachis, branches and also physiological traits on chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, total dry mass, growth rate, number of vascular bundles,  harvest index with yield and yield contributing characters were studied. Results indicated that plants having rapid growth and development at early growth stages showed  higher chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, long flag leaf, number of vascular bundles in 1st internode and also exhibited the increase in the number of grains per panicle resulting higher grain yield. Among the test varieties, Binadhan-17 showed superiority in the most morpho-physiological criteria and higher number of vascular bundles manifesting in higher grain yield. This information may help breeders to identity and develop high yielding rice variety.

scholarly journals Genetic Analysis of Cadmium Tolerance And Exploring Its Inheritance Nature In Bread Wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan A. Awaad ◽  
Ahmed M. Alzohairy ◽  
Amgad M. Morsy ◽  
Ehab S.A. Moustafa ◽  
Elsayed Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Cd Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential and extremely toxic element that destructively impacts agricultural production. Accordingly, developing tolerant-Cd as well as low-grain Cd genotypes is considered a promising approach to cope with the pollution problem. The current study aimed at understanding inheritance nature of Cd tolerance and detect Cd-tolerant and low-grain Cd genotypes in bread wheat. Six parents were selected based on their Cd tolerance and were genotyped using triple-RAPD and ISSR markers to investigate their genetic diversity. The selected parents were crossed and the realized F1s were selfed to produce F2 populations and were backcrossed with their own parents to produce BC1 and BC2 populations. Six populations for each cross comprised P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 were evaluated in two adjacent experiments under non-Cd stressed and Cd-stressed conditions. Significant positive relative and standard heterosis were detected for flag leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, proline content, Cd concentration and grain yield/plant under Cd-stressed condition. Dominance gene effect was more pronounced in controlling the evaluated traits in most cases. F values coupled with F/√H×D ratio were positive for Cd concentration and Cd sensitivity index in the three crosses under both conditions. Heritability estimates from offspring regression were high (< 50%) for flag leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, proline content, Cd concentration while, moderately low for grain yield/plant and Cd sensitivity index. Prediction results revealed to high transgressive segregates and exceeding F1 with best-inbred line (P max) that have all favorable alleles were obtained from 3rd cross for flag leaf area, low Cd concentration and Cd sensitivity index under Cd-stressed conditions.

scholarly journals Utilization Efficiency of Growth Regulators in Wheat under Drought Stress and Sandy Soil Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fathy M. A. El-Saadony ◽  
Yasser S. A. Mazrou ◽  
Ahmed E. A. Khalaf ◽  
Ahmed M. A. El-Sherif ◽  
Hany S. Osman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Total Chlorophyll Content ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Drought stress and nutrient status are highly important for plant growth and productivity. Two field experiments were conducted during two consecutive seasons (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) at El-Molak, Abo-Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt. This work was conducted under sandy soil conditions to evaluate the effects of foliar application with growth regulators (PGRs) such as cycocel (CCC), applied at 0, 500, or 1000 mg L−1, and/or salicylic acid (SA), applied at 0, 0.05, or 0.1 mM on the productivity as well as improving drought tolerance of three wheat cultivars, i.e., Gemmeiza 11, Misr 1, and Giza 171 under three irrigation intervals, i.e., 10, 15, and 20 days. Foliar spray was given at 35 and 50 days after planting (DAP). The obtained results showed that mean squares as a result of the main effect and first- and second-order interactions were significant (p ≤ 0.01) for all studied traits. The application of SA increased total chlorophyll content and flag leaf area (cm2) while the number of days to 50% heading was decreased; however, the number of spikes m−2, protein and proline contents were increased with the application of CCC. The cultivar Misr 1 outperformed the other cultivars in the most studied traits. Estimates of heritability in the broad sense (h2b) were, on average, higher in five physiological traits than other agronomic traits, and the highest estimate of h2b (95.1%) was shown by the number of days to 50% heading followed by protein content (91.90%). Among the interactions between irrigation and growth regulators, the I(10) × SA(0.1) recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t ha−1). Among the interactions between irrigation and cultivars, the I(10) × Misr 1 recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), SPAD value, number of grains spike−1, and grain yield (t ha−1). Among the interactions among irrigation, growth regulators and cultivars, the I(10) × SA(0.1) × Misr 1 recorded the highest flag leaf area (cm2), number of grains spike−1, 1000-grain weight (g), and grain yield (t ha−1). Correlation coefficient between grain yield (t ha−1) and each of the number of days to 50% heading, flag leaf area, total chlorophyll content, number of spikes m−2, number of grains spike−1, and 1000-grain weight was positive and significant. Three main factors for the studied variables were created from the application of the factor analysis technique. Grain yield ha−1 (Y) can be predicted by the method of forwarding stepwise through applying the automatic linear regression analysis. Besides, the best prediction equation of grain yield ha−1 (Y) was formulated as: Ỷ = −14.36 + 0.11 number of grains spike−1 (NGS) + 0.09 1000-grain weight (THW) + 0.04 number of spike m−2 (NSm) + 0.03 days to 50% heading (DF) + 0.02 total chlorophyll content (TC) with adjusted-R2 (87.33%).

Agronomic Performance of Wheat Cultivars under Different Sowing Densities in Southern Brazil

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Magaiver Gindri Pinheiro ◽  
Clovis Arruda Souza ◽  
Samuel Luiz Fioreze ◽  
João Francisco Costa Carneiro Junior ◽  
Maira Maier Bisato
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Relative Chlorophyll Content

Sowing density is one of the management techniques that most influence wheat crops. This management practice may affect the plant productive behavior, leading to changes in tillers growth, and also interferes with the plant architecture by influencing solar radiation uptake by the plant canopy, the production components and grain yield. This work aimed to assess the agronomic performance of two wheat cultivars (low tillering and high tillering) under influence of four sowing densities. The experiment was conducted in field conditions from July to November 2017. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with split-plots and five replicates. The factors consisted of two wheat cultivars in main plot (TBIO Sossego and TBIO Toruk), subjected to four different sowing densities as sub-plots (208; 312; 416 and 500 viable seeds m-2). Morphological  characteristics, relative chlorophyll content, NDVI, production components and grain yield were evaluated. Among the assessed traits, only the stem diameter was affected by sowing density. The highest plant height, peduncle length and flag leaf length were found in cultivar Sossego, whereas the largest stem diameter was observed in cultivar Toruk. Relative chlorophyll content and NDVI were higher in cultivar Sossego. The agronomic performance of the cultivar Sossego was higher and exceeded the grain yield of Toruk at 673 kg ha-1. Suboptimal sowing densities promote a decrease in the productive performance of wheat and under conditions of rainfall limitation and genetic potential of reduced tillering while sowing densities above the recommended ones are more efficient.

Photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity in relation to yield in wheat genotypes

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Murthy ◽  
M. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Enzymic Activity ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Ribulose Diphosphate Carboxylase

SummaryPhotosynthetic rates, chlorophyll content and activity of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (RuDPC) were determined for 18 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in pot culture. Measurements were made at various growth stages. Correlation studies between physiological characteristics and seed yield were made at each stage separately.Genotypic variations were observed at different growth and developmental stages in photosynthetic rates (1·8–2·7-fold), chlorophyll contents (1·2-fold) and enzyme activities (2-fold). Chlorophyll content and enzymic activity increased in plant leaves with advancing age while apparent rates of photosynthesis decreased.RuDPC activity in flag leaf at anthesis showed significant positive correlation with grain yield (r = 0·55). Other attributes did not show significant association with grain yield.

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