scholarly journals Physiological Integration Increases Sexual Reproductive Performance of the Rhizomatous Grass Hierochloe glabra

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1608
Author(s):  
Jian Guo ◽  
Haiyan Li ◽  
Yunfei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Physiological Integration ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
15N Labeling

Clonal plants usually reproduce asexually through vegetative propagation and sexually by producing seeds. Physiological integration, the translocation of essential resources between ramets, usually improves vegetative reproduction. However, how physiological integration affects sexual reproduction has been less studied in clonal grasses. Here, we chose Hierochloe glabra, a major early spring forage of the eastern Eurasian steppe, and conducted a series of field experiments, including sampling reproductive ramets connected by tillering nodes to different numbers of vegetative ramets and 15N leaf labeling of ramet pairs at the seed-filling stage. In the natural populations of H. glabra, vegetative ramets were taller, had more and larger leaves, and greater biomass than reproductive ramets. Except for reproductive ramet biomass, sexual reproductive characteristics significantly increased with an increase in the number and biomass of vegetative ramets connected to tillering nodes. 15N labeling showed that vegetative ramets supplied nutrients to reproductive ramets through tillering nodes. Overall, our results indicate that significant differences in morphological characteristics and biomass allocation underlie resources translocation from vegetative ramets towards reproductive ramets. Physiological integration between different functional ramets can increase sexual reproductive performance, which will be beneficial to population persistence in H. glabra.

Differences in physiological integration between invasive and noninvasive introduced clonal species of Carpobrotus

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 972-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio R Roiloa ◽  
Peter Alpert ◽  
Rodolfo Barreiro
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Physiological Integration ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Clonal Species

Abstract Aims Clonal growth is associated with invasiveness in introduced plant species, but few studies have compared invasive and noninvasive introduced clonal species to investigate which clonal traits may underlie invasiveness. To test the hypothesis that greater capacity to increase clonal growth via physiological integration of connected ramets increases invasiveness in clonal plants, we compared the effects of severing connections on accumulation of mass in the two species of the creeping, succulent, perennial, herbaceous genus Carpobrotus that have been introduced on sand dunes along the Pacific Coast of northern California, the highly invasive species Carpobrotus edulis and the co-occurring, noninvasive species Carpobrotus chilensis. Methods Pairs of ramets from four mixed populations of the species from California were grown in a common garden for 3 months with and without severing the stem connecting the ramets. To simulate the effect of clones on soils in natural populations, the older ramet was grown in sand amended with potting compost and the younger in sand alone. Important Findings Severance decreased net growth in mass by ~60% in C. edulis and ~100% in C. chilensis, due mainly to the negative effect of severance on the shoot mass of the younger ramet within a pair. Contrary to the hypothesis, this suggests that physiological integration increases growth more in the less invasive species. However, severance also decreased allocation of mass to roots in the older ramet and increased it in the younger ramet in a pair, and the effect on the younger ramet was about twice as great in C. edulis as in C. chilensis. This indicates that the more invasive species shows greater phenotypic plasticity in response to physiological integration, in particular greater capacity for division of labor. This could contribute to greater long-term growth and suggests that the division of labor may be a trait that underlies the association between clonal growth and invasiveness in plants.

Flat-cutting loosening in the system of fallow cultivation of chernozem soil and weediness of crops

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (92) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
G. Koval ◽  
M. Kaliyevskiy ◽  
V. Yeshchenko ◽  
I. Martyniuk ◽  
N. Martyniuk
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Spring Crop ◽  
White Campion ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Top Soil

The article presents the results of field experiments, where on the basis of podsolized heavy loamy chernozem the influence of replacement of mouldboard ploughing with nonmouldboard cultivation over top soil weediness, weediness at the beginning and end of spring crop vegetation and weed species composition before harve sting were studied. Investigation methods of main fall ploughing under spring crops of five-course rotation: soybeans–rape–wheat–flax–barley at the depths of 15-17, 20-22, 25-27 cm were conducted after post-harvest field tillage. Analysis of data on contamination of the top soil with weed seeds have shown that with the replacement of fall main mouldboard ploughing gwith nonmouldboard cultivation the figure before sowing of all crops withdifferent tillage depthat crop rotation average increased by 131-132%. It caused the increase of actual weed infestation of all crops and at the beginning and end of spring crop vegetationafter different depths of fall nonmouldboard cultivation compared with ploughing at crop rotation average it was 120–132 and 123-138%respectively. Species composition of weeds afterthe replacement of main fall mouldboard ploughing with nonmouldboard cultivation remained mainlyunchanged; although in rape plantings the proportion of white campion and early spring weed sincreased, in wheat plantings– wild mustard andscentless mayweed, insoybean plantings– late spring weeds, in flax plantings– white campion, and in barley plantings– scarlet pimpernel.

scholarly journals POPULATION GENETICS OF ALLOZYME VARIATION IN NEUROSPORA INTERMEDIA

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-805
Author(s):  
P T Spieth
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Regular Feature ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Neurospora Intermedia ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Electrophoretically detectable variation in the fungus Neurospora intermedia has been surveyed among isolates from natural populations in Malaya, Papua, Australia and Florida. The principal result is a pattern of genetic variation within and between populations that is qualitatively no different than the well documented patterns for Drosophila and humans. In particular, there is a high level of genetic variation, the majority of which occurs at the level of local populations. Evidence is presented which argues that N. intermedia has a population structure analogous to that of an annual vascular plant with a high level of vegetative reproduction. Sexual reproduction appears to be a regular feature in the biology of the species. Substantial heterokaryon function seems unlikely in natural populations of N. intermedia. Theoretical considerations concerning the mechanisms underlying the observed pattern of variation most likely should be consistent with haploid selection theory. The implications of this constraint upon the theory are discussed in detail, leading to the presentation of a model based upon the concept of environmental heterogeneity. The essence of the model, which is equally applicable to haploid and diploid situations, is a shifting distribution of multiple adaptive niches among local populations such that a given population has a small net selective pressure in favor of one allele or another, depending upon its particular distribution of niches. Gene flow among neighboring populations with differing net selective pressures is postulated as the principal factor underlying intrapopulational allozyme variation.

Improved growth and yield of Faba beans (Vicia faba cv. Fiord) by inoculation with strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae in acid soils in south west Victoria

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Carter ◽  
WK Gardner ◽  
AH Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Commercial Strain ◽  
South West ◽  
Faba Beans

The response of faba beans (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord) to seed inoculation with eight strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae was examined in field experiments at six sites on acid soils in south-west Victoria. At two of the sites, two additional strains were examined, and in 1988, 14 strains were examined at one site. Very low natural populations of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae were found at the experimental sites. Most strains resulted in improved early nodulation and increased grain yield at all sites, when compared to inoculation with the commercial strain of rhizobia (SU391). Plant dry matter production and nitrogen accumulation in the plant shoot tissue was also increased at one site during the flowering period by some strains. Large visual differences between plots inoculated with SU391 and other strains were evident at most sites. Most uninoculated treatments were not nodulated and yielded very poorly. Treatments inoculated with the strain SU391 performed similarly to the uninoculated treatments.

scholarly journals Hybridisation of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. with Malus × domestica Borkh. and Implications for the Production of Forest Reproductive Material

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Mateja Kišek ◽  
Kristjan Jarni ◽  
Robert Brus
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Forest Reproductive Material ◽  
Reproductive Material ◽  
Crab Apple

This study focuses on the morphological and genetic characteristics of European crab apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the occurrence of hybrids in its populations. We analyzed a total of 107 putative European crab apple trees in Slovenia: 92 from nine natural populations, five from a seed stand and 10 from a stand of unnatural origin. We also included 18 domesticated apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and two Japanese flowering crab apple trees (Malusfloribunda van Houtte) as outliers. The trees were classified into groups of European crab apples, hybrids and domesticated apples according to their morphological and genetic characteristics. Classification based on morphological traits produced different results (58.75% European crab apple, 37.11% hybrids and 4.14% domesticated apple) compared to those based on genetic analysis (70.10% European crab apple, 21.64% hybrids and 8.26% domesticated apple). When genetic and morphological characteristics were combined, only 40.20% of the trees were classified as European crab apple, and an additional group of feral cultivars of domesticated apples (6.18%) was identified. The analysis revealed that hybridization with domesticated apple is taking place in all studied natural European crab apple populations; however, hybrids and feral cultivars only occur to a limited extent. When introducing European crab apple into forests in the future, only genetically verified forest reproductive material obtained exclusively from suitable seed stands should be used.

Inbreeding effects among inbred and outbred laboratory colonies of Peromyscus maniculatus

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 820-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
David O. Ribble ◽  
John S. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measures ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Peromyscus Maniculatus ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Outbreeding Depression ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Laboratory Colonies ◽  
And Control

We examined the effects of sibling matings upon reproductive performance among inbred and outbred laboratory colonies of Peromyscus maniculatus. The inbred colony was founded by 12 females collected from one locality in Alberta and bred for 20 generations, with 35–45 pairs each generation. The outbred colony consisted of first-generation mice born of wild-caught females from diverse areas in Alberta. Consistent with theoretical expectations, there were no differences in reproductive performance between sibling and control (outbred) pairs within the inbred colony of mice. In contrast, sibling pairs had significantly fewer young per litter than control pairs within the outbred colony. Reproductive performance measures (proportion breeding, days from pairing to first litter, number of litters, and total number of offspring produced) were also significantly lower among sibling pairs from the outbred colony than among sibling pairs from the inbred colony. Lastly, we predicted that reproductive performance of the control pairs from the outbred colony would be less than that of control pairs from the inbred colony, due to outbreeding depression. Contrary to our predictions, average litter survival rates were greatest among the outbred colony control pairs. We suggest that the benefits of inbreeding or outbreeding extend broadly across the inbreeding–outbreeding continuum in natural populations of northern Peromyscus.

Trap response of cutworm moths (Abagrotis orbis) to a sex-attractant lure in grape vineyards

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Landolt ◽  
D. Thomas Lowery ◽  
Lawrence C. Wright ◽  
Constance Smithhisler ◽  
Christelle Gúedot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sex Attractant ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
South Central ◽  
Tetradecenyl Acetate ◽  
Feltia Jaculifera ◽  
Multiple Field ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractLarvae of Abagrotis orbis (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are climbing cutworms and can damage grapevines, Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae), in early spring by consuming expanding buds. A sex attractant would be useful for monitoring this insect in commercial vineyards. (Z)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate were found in extracts of female abdominal tips. In multiple field experiments, male A. orbis were captured in traps baited with a combination of these two chemicals but not in traps baited with either chemical alone. Males were trapped from mid-September to early October in south-central Washington and south-central British Columbia. Other noctuid moths (Mamestra configurata Walker, Xestia c-nigrum (L.), and Feltia jaculifera (Guenée)) were also captured in traps baited with the A. orbis pheromone and may complicate the use of this lure to monitor A. orbis. Abagrotis discoidalis (Grote) was captured in traps baited with (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate but not in traps baited with the two chemicals together.

scholarly journals Fall and spring seeding date effects on herbicide-tolerant canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
L. M. Dosdall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Herbicide Tolerant ◽  
Root Maggot ◽  
Crops Yield

More flexible and effective weed control with herbicide-tolerant B. napus canola allows for additional seeding management options, such as fall (dormant) and early spring (ES) seeding. Field experiments were conducted at Lacombe and Beaverlodge (1999–2001), Didsbury (1999–2000), and Lethbridge (2000–2001), Alberta, Canada, primarily to evaluate the effect of fall (late October-November), ES (late April-early May), and normal spring (NS) (ca. mid-May) seeding dates on glufosinate-, glyphosate-, and imidazolinone-tolerant canola development and yield. Fall seeding resulted in 46% lower plant density and nearly double the dockage than spring seeding. ES-seeded canola had 19% higher seed yield and 2.1% higher oil content than fall-seeded canola. ES seeding significantly increased yield compared to fall-seeded canola for 8 of 10 site -years or compared to NS seeding for 4 of 10 site-years; ES-seeded canola equalled the yield of NS-seeded canola for 6 of 10 site-years. Yield response to seeding date did not differ among herbicide-tolerant cultivars. Seeding date did not influence root maggot damage. Seeding canola as soon as possible in spring increases the likelihood of optimizing canola yield and quality compared to fall seeding and traditional spring seeding dates. Key words: Dormant seeding, seeding management, root maggot, herbicide-resistant crops, yield components, operational diversity

Spinetoram Is Compatible with the Key Natural Enemy of Frankliniella Species Thrips in Pepper

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrittunjai Srivastava ◽  
Lara Bosco ◽  
Joe Funderburk ◽  
Anthony Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Natural Predator ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Risk

Feeding by the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, causes damage to the fruits of pepper, and the species is the key vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus. Effective management integrates conservation of populations of the natural predator, Orius insidiosus, with the use of reduced-risk insecticides, namely spinosad. We conducted field experiments in northern Florida in 2005 and 2006 and in central Florida in 2006 to evaluate the new reduced-risk insecticide spinetoram for control of thrips and to determine the impact on natural populations of O. insidiosus. Spinetoram at 61 g ai/ha was as effective as spinosad at 140 g ai/ha against the western flower thrips and the other common thrips in Florida, Frankliniella tritici and Frankliniella bispinosa. The mean numbers of the predator were very high in all treatments in each experiment, and their numbers relative to the numbers of thrips indicated that predation was sufficient to suppress thrips populations in all treatments. Broad-spectrum insecticides when included in the experiments provided little or no control; sometimes, they flared thrips numbers compared to untreated pepper. Accepted for publication 25 October 2007. Published 18 January 2008.

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