scholarly journals A Novel Self-Assembled Graphene-Based Flame Retardant: Synthesis and Flame Retardant Performance in PLA

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4216
Author(s):  
Peixin Yang ◽  
Hanguang Wu ◽  
Feifei Yang ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Nucleation Agent ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Positive Effect

In this study, a novel flame retardant (PMrG) was developed by self-assembling melamine and phytic acid (PA) onto rGO, and then applying it to the improvement of the flame resistance of PLA. PMrG simultaneously decreases the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of the composite during combustion, and enhances the LOI value and the time to ignition (TTI), thus significantly improving the flame retardancy of the composite. The flame retardant mechanism of the PMrG is also investigated. On one hand, the dehydration of PA and the decomposition of melamine in PMrG generate non-flammable volatiles, such as H2O and NH3, which dilute the oxygen concentration around the combustion front of the composite. On the other hand, the rGO, melamine, and PA components in PMrG create a synergistic effect in promoting the formation of a compact char layer during the combustion, which plays a barrier role and effectively suppresses the release of heat and smoke. In addition, the PMrGs in PLA exert a positive effect on the crystallization of the PLA matrix, thus playing the role of nucleation agent.

Synthesis and characterization of flame-retardant-wrapped carbon nanotubes and its flame retardancy in epoxy nanocomposites

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110245
Author(s):  
Jiangbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Pristine Cnts ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ep Matrix ◽  
Better Than

A novel phosphorus-silicon containing flame-retardant DOPO-V-PA was used to wrap carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The results of FTIR, XPS, TEM and TGA measurements exhibited that DOPO-V-PA has been successfully grafted onto the surfaces of CNTs, and the CNTs-DOPO-V-PA was obtained. The CNTs-DOPO-V-PA was subsequently incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) for improving the flame retardancy and dispersion. Compared with pure EP, the addition of 2 wt% CNTs-DOPO-V-PA into the EP matrix could achieve better flame retardancy of EP nanocomposites, such as a 30.5% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and 8.1% reduction in total heat release (THR). Furthermore, DMTA results clearly indicated that the dispersion for CNTs-DOPO-V-PA in EP matrix was better than pristine CNTs.

Epoxy resin/cyanate ester composites containing DOPO and wollastonite with simultaneously improved flame retardancy and thermal resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 710-718
Author(s):  
Zhengzhou Wang ◽  
Xin Gao ◽  
Wenfeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Thermal Studies ◽  
Cyanate Ester ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ul 94

Flame-retardant epoxy (EP) resin/cyanate ester (CE) composites were prepared with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) and wollastonite (Wo). The combustion behavior of the flame-retardant EP/CE composites was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimeter tests. It is found that the EP/CE composite containing 7 wt% DOPO and 3 wt% Wo (sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE) exerts the best flame retardancy (LOI 35.5% and UL-94 V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate and total heat release of sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE increase slightly, while total smoke release decreases about 14% compared with the EP/CE composite containing 10 wt% DOPO (sample 10DO/EP/CE). Thermal studies indicate that the glass transition temperature and temperature at 5% mass loss of sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE are higher than that of sample 10DO/EP/CE. Moreover, the mechanical properties of EP/CE composites were investigated.

Research on the Mechanism of a Novel Si/P Flame Retardant

2012 ◽  
Vol 441 ◽  
pp. 436-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Wang ◽  
Xiao Chun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Tetraethyl Orthosilicate ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate

A novel Si/P flame retardant was prepared using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Cotton fabric treated with the flame retardant was characterized by cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the fabric treated with TEOS/H3PO4 are lower than those of the fabric treated with TEOS or H3PO4 alone. The HRR and THR of the treated fabric decrease from 145.66 kW/m2 and 1.68 MJ/m2 to 70.76 kW/m2 and 0.67 MJ/m2, respectively. Total smoke production decreases from 0.080 to 0.014 m2/m2. TGA revealed that cellulose dehydration increases at low temperatures because of the addition of phosphoric acid and the production of charcoal. The generated charcoal is dense. The P and Si contents markedly increase, and exist in the charcoal in the form of P-O-C and Si-O bonds, respectively. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the main mechanism of TEOS/H3PO4 is that of a condensed-phase flame retardant. Good flame retardant synergism occurs between TEOS and H3PO4.

scholarly journals Synergistic Fire Retardancy of Bis(1-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate and Tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine/Sb2O3 in HIPS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Hongzhi Wu ◽  
Junhong Liu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Mingmei Sun ◽  
Jingwei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Aminyl Radicals ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Effective Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Ul 94

Bis(1-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate (NORSM) was found to perform an exceptional synergistic effect with tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBPC)/Sb2O3 in HIPS. The LOI of fire retardant HIPS (FR-HIPS) with 16 wt% of TTBPC/Sb2O3 increased from 23.8% to 25.2%, the flame retardant rating of FR-HIPS was improved from UL 94 V-2 to UL 94 V-0, and various heat release parameters such as peak heat release rate, total heat release, and mean effective heat of combustion were greatly lowered by combining NORSM of 0.50 wt%. The Py-GC/MS results revealed that NORSM induced the role of synergistic effect; the main mechanisms were as follows: the active radicals such as methoxy radicals and aminyl radicals produced by the pyrolysis of NORSM promote the release of bromine radicals from TTBPC and the formation of HBr and CO2, which improves the flame retardancy of TTBPC/Sb2O3; the above active radicals, together with HBr, quench active free radicals, such as the hydroxyl radical (OH), and decompose the free radical source, which interrupts the chain reaction during combustion and results in a more efficient flame retardant effect in gaseous phase.

SEBS-based thermoplastic elastomers containing aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate: Thermal degradation, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Cheng ◽  
Jianming Wu ◽  
Yulin Li ◽  
Chenguang Yao ◽  
Guisheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Melamine Cyanurate ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Phenylene Oxide ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

Aluminum hypophosphite combined with melamine cyanurate and poly(phenylene oxide) was applied to flame-retard TPE-S system (blends of SEBS and polyolefin). The flame-retardant properties of the TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO were investigated by LOI and vertical burning test (UL-94). The results indicated that TPE-S containing 16 wt% AHP, 20 wt% MCA, and 10 wt% PPO reached a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, and its LOI value was 28.2%. It performed well in the cone calorimeter (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2001 to 494 kW m−2). Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests showed that AHP and MCA acted in gaseous phase, while AHP and PPO helped to form char residue. The SEM graphs demonstrated that continuous and compact films cover bubbles of the char layer in TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO. The proposed flame-retardant mechanisms of such systems were summarized.

scholarly journals The effect of intumescent mat on post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenkai Zhu ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Mandy Clement ◽  
Xiaosu Yi ◽  
Chris Rudd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Composites

This study investigated the effect of intumescent mats (M1 and M2) with different compositions on the post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites. The sandwich structure was designed for composites where M1 (carbon fibre reinforced composite-M1) or M2 (carbon fibre reinforced composite-M2) mats were covered on the composite surface. A significant reduction in the peak heat release rate and total heat release was observed from the cone calorimetric data, and carbon fibre reinforced composite-M1 showed the lowest value of 148 kW/m2 and 29 MJ/m2 for peak heat release rate and total heat release, respectively. In addition, a minor influence on mechanical properties was observed due to the variation of composite thickness and resin volume in the composite. The post-fire properties of composite were characterised, and the M1 mat presented better retention of flexural strength and modulus. The feasibility of two-layer model was confirmed to predict the post-fire performance of composites and reduce the reliance on the large amounts of empirical data.

Combustion properties and pyrolysis kinetics of flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xilei Chen ◽  
Lili Huo ◽  
Jianbo Liu ◽  
Chuanmei Jiao ◽  
Shaoxiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polyurethane Elastomers ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Fwo Method ◽  
Kinetics Of

Flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) have been prepared using trichloroethyl phosphate (TCEP) as flame retardant. The combustion performances and thermal decomposition properties of PUEs were studied using cone calorimetry test and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Kissinger method and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method were adopted to discuss the pyrolysis kinetics of PUEs. The experimental results showed that TCEP has good flame-retardant effect for PUE. With the increase of TCEP, the peak heat release rate and total heat release values decrease. A good diagram of linear regression can be obtained from both Kissinger and FWO methods. The activation energy values of flam- retardant PUE can be calculated from FWO method at different conversion rates.

Synergistic Effects of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphates VSB-1 on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 863-866
Author(s):  
Chao Peng ◽  
Shi Bin Nie ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Qi Lin He ◽  
Yuan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Nickel Phosphates

Nanoporous nickel phosphates (VSB-1) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Then VSB-1 was added to the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol system in polypropylene (PP) matrix.The synergistic effect of VSB-1 with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) was studied by cone calorimetry test. The results of cone calorimetry show that heat release rate peak (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of intumescent flame retardant PP with 2wt% VSB-1 decrease remarkably compared with that of without VSB-1. The pHRR and THR decrease respectively from 1140 to 286.0 kW/m2, and from 96.0 to 63.2 MJ/m2.

scholarly journals Peanut Shell Derived Carbon Combined with Nano Cobalt: An Effective Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6662
Author(s):  
Jing Liang ◽  
Wenhao Yang ◽  
Anthony Chun Yin Yuen ◽  
Hu Long ◽  
Shuilai Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
2D Structure

Biomass-derived carbon has been recognised as a green, economic and promising flame retardant (FR) for polymer matrix. In this paper, it is considered that the two-dimensional (2D) structure of carbonised peanut shells (PS) can lead to a physical barrier effect on polymers. The carbonised sample was prepared by the three facile methods, and firstly adopted as flame retardants for epoxy resin. The results of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter tests indicate that the carbon combined with nano Cobalt provides the most outstanding thermal stability in the current study. With 3 wt.% addition of the FR, both peak heat release rate (pHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) decrease by 37.9% and 33.3%, correspondingly. The flame retardancy mechanisms of the FR are further explored by XPS and TG-FTIR. The effectiveness of carbonised PS can be mainly attributed to the physical barrier effect derived by PS’s 2D structure and the catalysis effect from Cobalt, which contribute to form a dense char layer.

scholarly journals Preparation of Mn2+ Doped Piperazine Phosphate as a Char-Forming Agent for Improving the Fire Safety of Polypropylene/Ammonium Polyphosphate Composites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7589
Author(s):  
Fuqiang Dong ◽  
Zhonglin Luo ◽  
Biaobing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carbon Layer ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Manganese Acetate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
High Degree

A piperazine phosphate doped with Mn2+ (HP-Mn), as a new char-forming agent for intumescent flame retardant systems (IFR), was designed and synthesized using 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, piperazine, and manganese acetate tetrahydrate as raw materials. The effect of HP-Mn and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the fire safety and thermal stability of polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The results showed that the combined incorporation of 25 wt.% APP/HP-Mn at a ratio of 1:1 endowed the flame retardant PP (PP6) composite with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.7% and UL-94 V-0 rating. In comparison with the pure PP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), the total heat release (THR), and the smoke production rate (PSPR) of the PP6 were reduced by 74%, 30%, and 70%, respectively. SEM and Raman analysis of the char residues demonstrated that the Mn2+ displayed a catalytic cross-linking charring ability to form a continuous and compact carbon layer with a high degree of graphitization, which can effectively improve the flame retardancy of PP/APP composites. A possible flame-retardant mechanism was proposed to reveal the synergistic effect between APP and HP-Mn.

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