scholarly journals Effect of Physical and Chemical Activation on Arsenic Sorption Separation by Grape Seeds-Derived Biochar

Separations ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Frišták ◽  
Eduardo Moreno-Jimenéz ◽  
Teresa Fresno ◽  
Elena Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Activated Biochar ◽  
Iron Impregnation ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Sorption Potential

The utilization of carbon-rich pyrolysis materials in the separation processes of metalloids plays a crucial role in analytes pre-concentration techniques and opens a burning issue in new sorbents development. This study characterized the effect of physical and chemical activation with subsequent iron impregnation of grape seed-derived biochar on sorption removal of As from model aqueous solutions. Sorbents that were produced in slow pyrolysis process at 600 °C were characterized by SEM, elemental, and specific surface area analysis. Sorption separation of As by the studied materials was characterized as on contact time and an initial concentration dependent process reaching sorption equilibrium in 1440 min. Air activated biochar (A1GSBC) showed about 7.7 times and HNO3 activated biochar (A2GSBC) about 6.8 times higher values of Qmax as compared to control (GSBC). A1GSBC and A2GSBC can be easily and effectively regenerated by alkali agent in several cycles. All of these results showed the practical use of the activation process to produce effective sorption materials with increased surface area and improved sorption potential for anionic forms separation from liquid wastes.

scholarly journals Influence of chemical agents on the surface area and porosity of active carbon hollow fibers

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1283-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Kljajevic ◽  
Vladislava Jovanovic ◽  
Sanja Stevanovic ◽  
Zarko Bogdanov ◽  
Branka Kaludjerovic
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Hollow Fibers ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
X Ray

Active carbon hollow fibers were prepared from regenerated polysulfone hollow fibers by chemical activation using: disodium hydrogen phosphate 2-hydrate, disodium tetraborate 10-hydrate, hydrogen peroxide, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. After chemical activation fibers were carbonized in an inert atmosphere. The specific surface area and porosity of obtained carbons were studied by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K, while the structures were examined with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The activation process increases these adsorption properties of fibers being more pronounced for active carbon fibers obtained with disodium tetraborate 10-hydrate and hydrogen peroxide as activator. The obtained active hollow carbons are microporous with different pore size distribution. Chemical activation with phosphates produces active carbon material with small surface area with but with both mesopores and micropores. X-ray diffraction shows that besides turbostratic structure typical for carbon materials, there are some peaks which indicate some intermediate reaction products when sodium salts were used as activating agent. Based on data from the electrochemical measurements the activity and porosity of the active fibers depend strongly on the oxidizing agent applied.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Waste Rubber Tires: A Comparison between Physical and Chemical Activation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin Glen Joseph ◽  
Duduku Krishniah ◽  
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap ◽  
Masnah Massuanna ◽  
Jessica William
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Waste tires, which are an abundant waste product of the automobile industry, were used to prepare activated carbon by means of physical and chemical activation. A two-stage process was used, with a semi-carbonization stage as the first stage, followed by an activation stage as the second stage.All experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale muffle furnace under static conditions in a self-generated atmosphere. During this process, the effects of the parametric variables of semi-carbonization time (for the physical activation process), activation time and temperature and impregnation ratios (for the chemical activation process) on the percentage yield were studied and compared. Varying these parametric variables yielded interesting results, which in turn affected the adsorption process of 2,4-DCP, which was the simulated pollutant in aqueous form. The optimized percentage yields of activated carbon that were obtained were 41.55% and 44.88% ofthe physical and chemical activation treatment processes respectively.Keywords: Physical activation, chemical activation, waste rubber tires, 2,4-dichlorophenol, activated carbon.

AKTIVASI KIMIA-FISIK LIMBAH SERUTAN ROTAN MENJADI KARBON AKTIF

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-98
Author(s):  
Andy Mizwar
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Limbah rotan dari industri kerajinan dan mebel berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan karbon aktif karena memiliki kandungan holoselulosa dan kadar karbon yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas dari aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan natrium klorida (NaCl) yang dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi fisik dalam pembuatan karbon aktif berbahan dasar  limbah serutan rotan. Pembuatan karbon aktif diawali dengan proses karbonisasi pada suhu 250°C selama 1 jam. Selanjutnya aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan NaCl dengan variasi konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20% serta waktu perendaman selama 10, 15 dan 20 jam. Aktivasi fisik dilakukan dengan pembakaran pada suhu 700°C selama 30 menit. Analisis karakteristik fisik-kimia karbon aktif mengacu pada SNI 06-3730-95, meliputi kadar air, fixed carbon, dan iodine number, sedangkan perhitungan luas permukaan spesifik karbon aktif dilakukan dengan Metode Sears. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum aktivasi kimia terjadi pada konsentrasi NaCl 10% dan lama perendaman 10 jam dengan hasil analisis kadar air 2.90%, fixed carbon 72.70%, iodine number 994.59 mg/g dan luas permukaan 1587.67 m²/g. Peningkatan fixed carbon, iodine number dan luas permukaan karbon aktif berbanding terbalik dengan peningkatan konsentrasi NaCl dan lama waktu perendaman, sedangkan peningkatan kadar air pada karbon aktif berlaku sebaliknya. Rattan waste from handicraft and furniture industry could potentially be used as raw material of activated carbon due to high content of holoselulosa and carbon. This paper investigates the effectiveness of chemical activation using sodium chloride (NaCl) followed by physical activation in the making of activated carbon-based on rattan shavings waste. Preparation of the activated carbon began with the carbonization process at 250°C for 1 hour. Furthermore chemical activation using a variation of NaCl concentrations 10%, 15% and 20% as well as the time of immersion 10, 15 and 20 hours. Physical activation was done by burning at 700°C for 30 minutes. Analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the activated carbon was referred to the SNI 06-3730-95, including of moisture content, fixed carbon and iodine number, while the calculation of the specific surface area was done by the Sears’s method. The results of this study showed that the optimum conditions of chemical activation occurred in impregnation by NaCl 10% for 10 hours. The water content, fixed carbon, iodine number and surface area of activated carbon was 2.90%, 72.70%, 994.59 mg/g and 1587.67 m²/g  respectively. The increase values of fixed carbon, iodine number, and surface area was inversely proportional to the increase of NaCl concentration and the length of impregnation time, while the increase of water content applied vice versa.

Physical and Chemical Activation Effect on Activated Carbon Prepared from Local Pineapple Waste

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahim Yacob ◽  
Adlina Azmi ◽  
Mohd Khairul Asyraf Amat Mustajab
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Effect ◽  
Pineapple Waste ◽  
Pineapple Peel ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The characteristics and quality of activated carbons prepared depending on the chemical and physical properties of the starting materials and the activation method used. In this study, activated carbon prepared using pineapple waste. Three parts of pineapple waste which comprises of peel, crown and leaf were studied. For comparison activated carbon were prepared by both physical and chemical activation respectively. Three types of chemicals were used, phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The preparation includes carbonization at 200°C and activation at the 400°C using muffle furnace. The chemical characterization of the activated carbon was carried out using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Nitrogen gas adsorption analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The highest BET surface area was achieved when the pineapple peel soaked in 20% phosphoric acid with a surface area of 1115 m2g-1. FTIR analysis indicates that the reacted pineapple waste successfully converted into activated carbons.

scholarly journals Activated Carbon Produced by Pyrolysis of Waste Wood and Straw for Potential Wastewater Adsorption

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽  
Paweł Kazimierski ◽  
Maciej Klein ◽  
Dariusz Kardaś ◽  
Justyna Łuczak
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
Carbon Production

Pyrolysis of straw pellets and wood strips was performed in a fixed bed reactor. The chars, solid products of thermal degradation, were used as potential materials for activated carbon production. Chemical and physical activation processes were used to compare properties of the products. The chemical activation agent KOH was chosen and the physical activation was conducted with steam and carbon dioxide as oxidising gases. The effect of the activation process on the surface area, pore volume, structure and composition of the biochar was examined. The samples with the highest surface area (1349.6 and 1194.4 m2/g for straw and wood activated carbons, respectively) were obtained when the chemical activation with KOH solution was applied. The sample with the highest surface area was used as an adsorbent for model wastewater contamination removal.

scholarly journals Jute-derived microporous/mesoporous carbon with ultra-high surface area using a chemical activation process

2019 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junayet Hossain Khan ◽  
Freddy Marpaung ◽  
Christine Young ◽  
Jianjian Lin ◽  
Md Tofazzal Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Mesoporous Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process

Production and characterization of lignocellulosic biomass-derived activated carbon

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2637-2646 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Namazi ◽  
C. Q. Jia ◽  
D. G. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Biomass Ratio

The goal of this work is to establish the technical feasibility of producing activated carbon from pulp mill sludges. KOH chemical activation of four lignocellulosic biomass materials, two sludges from pulp mills, one sludge for a linerboard mill, and cow manure, were investigated experimentally, with a focus on the effects of KOH/biomass ratio (1/1, 1.5/1 and 2/1), activation temperature (400–600°C) and activation time (1 to 2 h) on the development of porosity. The activation products were characterized for their physical and chemical properties using a surface area analyzer, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Experiments were carried out to establish the effectiveness of the lignocellulosic biomass-derived activated carbon in removing methylene blue (MB), a surrogate of large organic molecules. The results show that the activated carbon are highly porous with specific surface area greater than 500 m2/g. The yield of activated carbon was greater than the percent of fixed carbon in the dry sludge, suggesting that the activation process was able to capture a substantial amount of carbon from the organic matter in the sludge. While 400°C was too low, 600°C was high enough to sustain a substantial rate of activation for linerboard sludge. The KOH/biomass ratio, activation temperature and time all play important roles in pore development and yield control, allowing optimization of the activation process. MB adsorption followed a Langmuir isotherm for all four activated carbon, although the adsorption capacity of NK-primary sludge-derived activated carbon was considerably lower than the rest, consistent with its lower specific surface area.

scholarly journals Effect of Activator Type on Activated Carbon Characters from Teak Wood and The Bleaching Test for Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Sriatun Sriatun ◽  
Shabrina Herawati ◽  
Icha Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Cooking Oil

The starting material for activated carbon was biomass from teak woodcutting, which consists of 47.5% cellulose, 14.4% hemicellulose, and 29.9% lignin. The surface area and iodine number of activated carbons are the factors determining the adsorption ability. This study aims to determine the effect of the activator type on activated carbon characters and test the absorption ability for waste cooking oil. The synthesis stages include carbonization, chemical activation, and then physics activation. The activation process consists of two steps. Firstly, the chemical activation via adding H2SO4, and H3PO4 at room temperature for 24 hours, the second, physical activation by heating at various temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C for two hours. The characterizations of activated carbon include water content, ash content, iodine number, functional groups, and surface area. Furthermore, the activated carbon was used as an adsorbent for waste cooking oil for 60 minutes at 100 °C with a stirring of 500 rpm. The results were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 403 nm. The iodine numbers of activated carbon ranged 481.1-1211.4 mg/g and 494.8-1204 mg/g for H3PO4 and H2SO4, respectively.Activated carbon with H3PO4 of 15% and an activation temperature of 400 °C has the highest surface area of 445.30 m2/g.  The H2SO4 dan H3PO4 activators can be used to improve the quality of activated carbon in absorbing dyes in waste cooking oil, where the optimum concentration is 10-15% (v/v). The H3PO4 activator tends to produce a higher bleaching percentage than H2SO4. 

scholarly journals Preparation of Activated Carbon from Tea Waste by NaOH Activation as A Supercapacitor Material

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldya Mossfika ◽  
Syukri Syukri ◽  
Hermansyah Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Scan Rate ◽  
Tea Waste

Karbon aktif dari ampas teh telah disintesis dan telah diuji sebagai elektroda superkapasitor. Pembuatan karbon aktif berdasarkan variasi rasio massa karbon dan aktivator NaOH yaitu 1:4, 1;5 % b/b yang diberi kode AC-4 dan AC-5. Sintesis elektroda karbon aktif di awali dengan proses pra-karbonisasi dan dilanjutkan dengan proses aktivasi kimia. Sampel di karbonisasi pada suhu 800 oC dengan laju kenaikan 50C/menit dalam kondisi gas inert (N2). Karbon aktif ampas teh dikarakterisasi dengan SAA (Surface Area Assessment). Sifat elektrokimia dan kinerja elektroda karbon aktif yang disintesis diukur menggunakan metode voltametri siklik dalam larutan elektrolit H2SO4 1M. Elektroda karbon aktif menunjukkan kapasitansi spesifik tertinggi pada sampel AC-4 yaitu 67 F/g dengan scan rate 1 mV/s dan luas permukaan spesifik 473 m2/g. Mengingat sifat elekrokimia yang menarik tersebut, dan banyaknya ampas teh yang mudah ditemukan disekitar kita maka elektroda karbon aktif ini berpotensi untuk bahan pembuatan superkapasitor elektrokimia skala besar di masa depan.Activated carbon from tea waste has been synthesized and has been tested as a supercapacitor electrode. Making activated carbon based on variations in the ratio of carbon mass and activator NaOH that is 1: 4, 1; 5%wt coded AC-4 and AC-5. Synthesis of activated carbon electrodes begins with the pre-carbonization process and is followed by a chemical activation process. Samples are carbonized at 800 oC with a rate of increase of 50C / min under inert gas (N2) conditions. Activated carbon of tea waste is characterized by SAA (Surface Area Assessment). The electrochemical properties and performance of the activated carbon electrode were measured using the cyclic voltammetry method in a H2SO41 M electrolyte solution. The activated carbon electrode showed the highspecific capacitance in the AC-4 sample of 67 F / g with a scan rate of 1 mV / s and surface area Specifically 473 m2 / g. Considering these interesting electrochemical properties, and the abundance of tea dregs that are easily found around us, this activated carbon electrode has the potential to be a material for making large-scale electrochemical supercapacitors in the future.Keywords:Limbah ampas teh, Aktivator, Kapasitansi spesifik, NaOH, Supekapasitor

scholarly journals Chestnut-Derived Activated Carbon as a Prospective Material for Energy Storage

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽  
Anita Cymann-Sachajdak ◽  
Paweł Kazimierski ◽  
Marek Klein ◽  
Justyna Łuczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Porous Carbons ◽  
Subsequent Activation

In this work, we present the preparation and characterization of biomass-derived activated carbon (AC) in view of its application as electrode material for electrochemical capacitors. Porous carbons are prepared by pyrolysis of chestnut seeds and subsequent activation of the obtained biochar. We investigate here two activation methods, namely, physical by CO2 and chemical using KOH. Morphology, structure and specific surface area (SSA) of synthesized activated carbons are investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical studies show a clear dependence between the activation method (influencing porosity and SSA of AC) and electric capacitance values as well as rate capability of investigated electrodes. It is shown that well-developed porosity and high surface area, achieved by the chemical activation process, result in outstanding electrochemical performance of the chestnut-derived porous carbons.

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