scholarly journals Skin Temperatures in Females Wearing a 2 mm Wetsuit during Surfing

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie E. Warner ◽  
Jeff A. Nessler ◽  
Sean C. Newcomer
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Temperature Decrease ◽  
Thermal Sensors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Skin Temperatures

The aim of this investigation was to examine regional skin temperatures in recreational female surfers’ wearing a 2 mm thick neoprene wetsuit while surfing and to compare these results to previously published data collected in males participating in an identical study. Female surfers (n = 27) engaged in surfing for at least 40 min while wearing a commercially available 2 mm full wetsuit. Skin temperature of eight different anatomical locations were measured with wireless iButton thermal sensors. Regional skin temperatures significantly differed (p < 0.001) across almost all anatomical regions. Furthermore, regional skin temperatures significantly decreased across time at all skin regions throughout an average surfing session (p < 0.001). The greatest reduction in skin temperature was observed in the lower leg (−5.4 °C). Females in the current study exhibited a significantly greater skin temperature decrease in the lower back (−15.2% vs. −10.8%, p = 0.022) and lower arm (−13.6% vs. −10.8%, p < 0.001) when compared to previous data published in males. Overall, results of the current study are consistent with data previously published on male recreational surfers. However, the current study provides preliminary evidence that the magnitude of change in skin temperature may differ between male and female recreational surfers at some anatomical locations.

Extremity skin temperature in British and Zebu cross cattle

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Johnson ◽  
M. E. D. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Environments ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Trunk Skin

1. Extremity skin temperature changes in British and Zebu cross cattle examined in moderate thermal environments followed a thermoregulatory pattern similar to that describedby Whittow (1962). At low environmental temperatures, ear and lower leg skin temperatures were usually only slightly above air temperature. At a variable time after air temperatures began to rise or the animals were fed, extremity skin temperatures increased suddenly to near trunk skin temperature.2. In eight of the ten pairs of animals studied in rising ambient temperatures and during feeding after fasting for 36–72 hr, increases in ear temperature were measured in the British animal before similar changes occurred in its Zebu counterpart. Changes in lower leg skin temperature followed a similar pattern.Trunk skin temperatures and respiratory frequencies were significant higher in British cross animals than in Zebu cross animals of similar thermal history. The mean rectal temperature of both British and Zebu cattle was 38·5 °C.

scholarly journals Facultative Rest-Phase Hypothermia in Free-Ranging White-Throated Sparrows

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Dolby ◽  
John G. Temple ◽  
Laura E. Williams ◽  
Emily K. Dilger ◽  
Katrina M. Stechler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Zonotrichia Albicollis ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Abstract Shallow facultative rest-phase hypothermia has been reported in a number of passerine families, but few published data exist about its use by free- ranging birds. We used temperature-sensitive radio- transmitters to determine whether White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) employ nocturnal hypothermia during winter. We measured skin temperatures of 24 free-ranging sparrows between 13:00 and 14:00 and between 02:00 and 03:00 for each of three days and nights per subject. The average nightly skin- temperature reduction per individual was 3.4 ± 1.0°C (SD). Skin temperature reductions ranged from 0.2°C to 7.0°C among all individuals. There was a significant negative correlation between the magnitude of skin temperature decline and nighttime ambient temperature. Additionally, we found a negative trend between depth of hypothermia and a body density index. Fase de Reposo Hipotérmica Facultativa en Individuos de Zonotrichia albicollis que se Desplazan Libremente Resumen. La fase de reposo facultativa somera ha sido mencionada para un número de familias de paseriformes, pero existen pocos datos publicados sobre su uso por parte de aves que se desplazan libremente. Usamos radio transmisores sensibles a la temperatura para determinar si Zonotrichia albicollis emplea hipotermia nocturna durante el invierno. Medimos la temperatura de la piel de 24 individuos que se desplazan libremente entre las 13:00 y 14:00 y entre las 02:00 y 03:00 durante tres días y tres noches por individuo. La reducción nocturna promedio de la temperatura de la piel por individuo fue 3.4 ± 1.0°C (DE). Las reducciones de la temperatura de la piel variaron entre 0.2°C y 7.0°C considerando todos los individuos. Hubo una correlación negativa significativa entre la disminución de la magnitud de la temperatura de la piel y la temperatura ambiental nocturna. Adicionalmente, encontramos una tendencia negativa entre la profundidad de la hipotermia y el índice de densidad corporal.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of the Candida haemulonii Complex to Echinocandins: Focus on Both Planktonic and Biofilm Life Styles and a Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Lívia S. Ramos ◽  
Laura N. Silva ◽  
Marta H. Branquinha ◽  
André L. S. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Candida Haemulonii ◽  
Almost All

Candida haemulonii complex (C. haemulonii, C. duobushaemulonii and C. haemulonii var. vulnera) is well-known for its resistance profile to different available antifungal drugs. Although echinocandins are the most effective class of antifungal compounds against the C. haemulonii species complex, clinical isolates resistant to caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin have already been reported. In this work, we present a literature review regarding the effects of echinocandins on this emergent fungal complex. Published data has revealed that micafungin and anidulafungin were more effective than caspofungin against the species forming the C. haemulonii complex. Subsequently, we investigated the susceptibilities of both planktonic and biofilm forms of 12 Brazilian clinical isolates of the C. haemulonii complex towards caspofungin and micafungin (anidulafungin was unavailable). The planktonic cells of all the fungal isolates were susceptible to both of the test echinocandins. Interestingly, echinocandins caused a significant reduction in the biofilm metabolic activity (viability) of almost all fungal isolates (11/12, 91.7%). Generally, the biofilm biomasses were also affected (reduction range 20–60%) upon exposure to caspofungin and micafungin. This is the first report of the anti-biofilm action of echinocandins against the multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens comprising the C. haemulonii complex, and unveils the therapeutic potential of these compounds.

Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Maron ◽  
J. A. Wagner ◽  
S. M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Marked Disparity ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Cool Conditions

To assess thermoregulatory responses occuring under actual marathon racing conditions, rectal (Tre) and five skin temperatures were measured in two runners approximately every 9 min of a competitive marathon run under cool conditions. Race times and total water losses were: runner 1 = 162.7 min, 3.02 kg; runner 2 = 164.6 min, 2.43 kg. Mean skin temperature was similar throughout the race in the two runners, although they exhibited a marked disparity in temperature at individual skin sites. Tre plateaued after 35--45 min (runner 1 = 40.0--40.1, runner 2 = 38.9--39.2 degrees C). While runner 2 maintained a relatively constant level for the remainder of the race, runner 1 exhibited a secondary increase in Tre. Between 113 and 119 min there was a precipitous rise in Tre from 40.9 to 41.9 degrees C. Partitional calorimetric calculations suggested that a decrease in sweating was responsible for this increment. However, runner 1's ability to maintain his high Tre and running pace for the remaining 44 min of the race and exhibit no signs of heat illness indicated thermoregulation was intact.

Sex difference in the cytosolic and nuclear distribution of androgen receptor in mouse submandibular gland

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kyakumoto ◽  
R. Kurokawa ◽  
Y. Ohara-Nemoto ◽  
M. Ota
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Androgen Receptors ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Scatchard Analysis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Androgen Binding

ABSTRACT Cytosol and nuclear androgen receptors in submandibular glands of male and female mice were measured by an exchange assay at 0 °C. The binding of [3H]methyltrienolone to cytosol receptors in females was mostly saturated within a short period of incubation (3 h), whereas the saturation was much slower in males; suggesting that almost all of the cytosol receptors were unoccupied in females and the receptors were partially occupied in males. Nuclear receptors were extracted with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (5 mmol/l) from nuclear fractions with 93–95% efficiency. The exchange of the bound steroids occurred by 24–48 h at 0 °C, suggesting that most of the nuclear androgen receptor was occupied. The binding was low at higher temperatures, probably due to inactivation of the receptor. Scatchard analysis showed that the apparent dissociation constants of cytosol and nuclear receptors were similar (0·8 and 0·9 nmol/l respectively) in both sexes. On the other hand, the number of androgen-binding sites in the nucleus was much higher in males than in females (1052 fmol/mg DNA and 32 fmol/mg DNA respectively), while the number in the cytosol was higher in females than in males (512 fmol/mg DNA and 368 fmol/mg DNA respectively). These observations show that androgen receptors exist mainly (74%) in the nuclei of males, while they exist mostly (94%) in the cytosol of females. J. Endocr. (1986) 108, 267–273

Specificity in the familial aggregation of overt and covert conduct disorder symptoms in a referred attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder sample

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. MONUTEAUX ◽  
G. FITZMAURICE ◽  
D. BLACKER ◽  
S. L. BUKA ◽  
J. BIEDERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Modeling Methodology ◽  
Diagnostic Interviews ◽  
Conduct Disorder Symptoms

Background. To examine the familial associations of overt and covert antisocial behavior within the diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) in families ascertained by referred children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to test if these familial associations differed between male and female probands.Method. Subjects were clinically-referred male and female ADHD children (n=273) and their first-degree biological relatives (n=807). Scores for overt and covert conduct problems were calculated by summing the DSM-III-R conduct disorder symptoms, as derived from structured diagnostic interviews. Familial aggregation analyses were conducted with multivariate regression modeling methodology.Results. Proband overt scores significantly predicted the overt scores of their relatives, and proband covert scores significantly predicted the covert scores of their relatives. There was no evidence of covert symptom scores predicting overt scores or vice versa. There was some evidence that the aggregation of covert symptoms was stronger in the families of female probands.Conclusions. These results provide preliminary evidence that overt and covert conduct disorder symptoms are independently transmitted through families and may represent distinct familial syndromes.

Comparative Efficacy of Physiological Responses and Skin Temperatures in Indigenous and Crossbred Cattle Supplemented with Chlorophytum borivilianum in Summer Season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Devi ◽  
Mahendra Singh ◽  
Yallappa M. Somagond ◽  
A.K. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Chlorophytum Borivilianum ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Background: Heat stress causes oxidative stress and declines milk production potential of cows. The physiological responses and skin temperature of heat stressed animals are good indices for deterring the heat stress. The efficacy of medicinal herb Chlorophytum borivilianum (CB) was tested in lowering the rise in values of physiological responses and skin temperature in crossbred vis a vis Indigenous cows. Methods: Eighteen Tharparkar (TP) and Crossbred KF cows in mid-lactation were given; No supplement (control), a low (T1, n=6) and a high dose (T2, n=6) of CB @ 40 and 80 mg/kg BW/day, respectively for 90 days during hot-humid season. Respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) was recorded at the site of forehead, neck, rear body, and udder surface in the morning and afternoon at weekly intervals. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated to assess the degree of thermal stress in animals. Result: Physiological responses and skin temperatures were higher (p less than 0.01) in the afternoon than morning intervals in TP and KF cows. CB feeding significantly lowered physiological responses and ST (p less than 0.01) in high dose as compared to low dose. It was concluded that CB feeding @ 80 mg/kg BW/day effectively alleviates the heat stress. Indigenous cows were found more heat tolerant in comparison to crossbred cows.

Quantifying Occupational Stress in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: An Applied Naturalistic Study of Correlations Among Stress, Heart Rate, Electrodermal Activity, and Skin Temperature

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110408
Author(s):  
Nima Ahmadi ◽  
Farzan Sasangohar ◽  
Tariq Nisar ◽  
Valerie Danesh ◽  
Ethan Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
High Level ◽  
Intensive Care Unit Nurses ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Objective To identify physiological correlates to stress in intensive care unit nurses. Background Most research on stress correlates are done in laboratory environments; naturalistic investigation of stress remains a general gap. Method Electrodermal activity, heart rate, and skin temperatures were recorded continuously for 12-hr nursing shifts (23 participants) using a wrist-worn wearable technology (Empatica E4). Results Positive correlations included stress and heart rate (ρ = .35, p < .001), stress and skin temperature (ρ = .49, p < .05), and heart rate and skin temperatures (ρ = .54, p = .0008). Discussion The presence and direction of some correlations found in this study differ from those anticipated from prior literature, illustrating the importance of complementing laboratory research with naturalistic studies. Further work is warranted to recognize nursing activities associated with a high level of stress and the underlying reasons associated with changes in physiological responses. Application Heart rate and skin temperature may be used for real-time detection of stress, but more work is needed to validate such surrogate measures.

Respiratory responses to noxious and nonnoxious heating of skin in cats

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1738-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Waldrop ◽  
D. E. Millhorn ◽  
F. L. Eldridge ◽  
L. E. Klingler
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Warm Receptors ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Respiratory Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

Respiratory responses to increased skin temperatures were recorded in anesthetized cerebrate and in unanesthetized decerebrate cats. All were vagotomized, glomectomized, and paralyzed. Core body temperature and end-tidal Pco2 were kept constant with servoncontrollers. Stimulation of cutaneous nociceptors by heating the skin to 46 degrees C caused respiration to increase in both cerebrate and decerebrate cats. An even larger facilitation of respiration occurred when the skin temperature was elevated to 51 degrees C. However, respiration did not increase in either group of cats when the skin was heated to 41 degrees C to activate cutaneous warm receptors. The phenomenon of sensitization of nociceptors was observed. Spinal transection prevented all the respiratory responses to cutaneous heating. We conclude that noxious, but not nonnoxious, increases in skin temperature cause increases in respiratory output.

scholarly journals Do exist gender differences in skin temperature of lower limbs following exercise test in male and female cross-country skiers?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Binek ◽  
Z. Drzazga ◽  
T. Socha ◽  
I. Pokora
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Response To Exercise

AbstractThe aim of study was to assess the skin temperature changes over selected muscles zones of the lower limbs following an exercise performed at similar relative external workload in 10 male and 6 female high-trained cross-country skiers. The first stage of experiment involved preliminary exercise to determine individual oxygen uptake VO2max and anaerobic threshold. The second stage experimental exercise consisted of 60 min running on treadmill with 80% of determined VO2max Thermographic imaging of lower limbs was performed, before, immediately after exercise and during recovery. Physiological parameters: VO2, MET—metabolic energy equivalent, heart rate and internal temperature were assessed at rest and at the end of exercise, respectively. Infrared thermography showed that at rest the skin temperature over lower limb muscles was significantly higher in men than in women. In response to exercise an increase in skin temperature over the studied muscles was significantly higher in women than men. Since was no significant difference in skin temperature in men and women after exercise. Before the test, no physiological parameter was significantly different in women and men. Exercise test reveled significant differences between men and women in some physiological parameters such as VO2 and MET. Our study showed that there are significant differences in lower limbs skin temperature between male and female at rest but not at the end of exercise test. Women in comparison with men had a greater increase in skin temperature in response to exercise and a persistence of elevated temperature over muscles of lower limbs after exercise.

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