scholarly journals The Greening of Terminal Concessions in Seaports

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo Notteboom ◽  
Jasmine Lam
Keyword(s):  
Specific Area ◽  
Regulatory Enforcement ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Port Management ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Information Reporting ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Evaluation Matrix ◽  
Regulation Costs

Port authorities around the world are pursuing a greening of port management in view of safeguarding their license to operate, and increasing their economic and environmental competitiveness. This paper analyzes how port authorities, via the design and implementation of concession agreements, can contribute to a further greening of port management. The paper presents a typology of green instruments applicable to a terminal concession setting. The instruments are evaluated on overall feasibility and suitability in a concession context, but also on more specific criteria related to implementation issues, contribution to green strategies, and targets of port authorities and regulatory/enforcement aspects. The evaluation matrix is based on the output of a structured workshop with port managers and concession experts in a sample of European ports. We demonstrate that a variety of regulatory, investment, and pricing measures are available to port authorities to include green targets in terminal concession agreements. Not all instruments have the same likeliness of being embraced or implemented by port authorities, in part because of a low perceived contribution, high associated regulation costs, or simply because the port authority is unlikely to have jurisdiction in that specific area. Measures related to information reporting and some types of harm-based standards, design standards, and technology specifications are relatively easy to implement in a concession setting. The results also show that many of the measures with a higher expected contribution to innovation and environmental objectives are typically also the ones with higher regulation costs, which might post a higher complexity in terms of their implementation in a concession setting. We further argue that initiatives toward the greening of concession procedures can only reap full benefits if these actions are embedded in a chain approach toward the environment (ship, port, terminal, warehouse, and inland transport).

Removal efficiency of subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands for different organic loads

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Langergraber ◽  
C. Prandtstetten ◽  
A. Pressl ◽  
R. Rohrhofer ◽  
R. Haberl
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands

Using subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands (SSVFCWs) with intermittent loading it is possible to fulfil the stringent Austrian effluent standards regarding nitrification. For small plants (less than 500 persons) standards for ammonia nitrogen concentration have to be met at water temperatures higher than 12 °C, effluent concentrations and treatment efficiencies for organic matter have to be met the whole year around. According to the Austrian design standards the required surface area for SSVFCWs treating wastewater was 5 m2 per person. Within the first part of an Austrian research project the goal was to optimise, i.e. minimise the surface area requirement of vertical flow beds. Therefore, three SSVFCWs with a surface area of 20 m2 each have been operated in parallel. The organic loads applied were 20, 27 and 40 g COD/m2/d, which corresponds to a specific surface area requirement of 4, 3 and 2 m2 per PE, respectively. The paper compares the effluent concentrations and elimination efficiencies of the three parallel operated beds. It could be shown that a specific area demand of 4 m2 per person is suitable to be included in the revision of the Austrian design standard. Additionally it could be shown that during the warmer seasons (May–October) when the temperature of the effluent is higher than 12 °C the specific surface area might be further reduced; even 2 m2 per person has been proven to be adequate.

scholarly journals Role and Features of Port Administrations

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-130
Author(s):  
O. Nosovskaya ◽  
◽  
A. Shaikhatdinov ◽  
S. Gusakov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Management Reform ◽  
Port Management ◽  
Cargo Handling ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
The Many ◽  
Real Estate Management

The article emphasizes that there is a need to review the role of port authorities, identify trends in port management and assess the economic impact of port management reform. Conceptually, port administrations can experience a "renaissance" to face the many pressures of stakeholders, address socio-economic changes in the port landscape and improve the competitiveness of their ports. They can do this by acting as a facilitator or entrepreneur. Port authorities can generate more demand for a port product by reducing the overall cost of transporting cargo or passengers through the port. The traditional functions of port authorities have undergone significant changes. In larger multi-functional ports, the actual function of the operator, at least where cargo handling services are concerned, has been shifted towards aspects of the functions of lessor and regulator. Now the main feature of the operator's role is the granting and supervision of concessions. The function of the lessor and the regulator have become the two main functions and thus correspond to the general definition of the lessor's port model. A number of typical conflict situations that may exist in relation to port development are identified, including environmental protection, urban planning, working conditions, residents' interests and general economic development. It is necessary to make changes in management, even within the existing (formal) structures. The competitive position of the port will be determined not so much by the system of operation (for example, the landlord or the service port), but by the commercial attitude, mentality and entrepreneurial culture. It is necessary to develop leadership qualities in port management at the local and regional level, expanding competencies beyond the purely maritime dimension, and including competencies and know-how in the field of real estate management, environmental management. Port authorities have four main functions that can be performed at the local, regional and global levels. We can combine these functions and levels into a so-called "renaissance matrix". Several combinations are possible in this matrix, but a review of the above-mentioned existential variants. It is possible to derive a hypothetical typology, which consists of three main types: "conservative", "facilitator" and "entrepreneur". The conservation port focuses on having a good economy, and essentially adheres to the passive and mechanistic implementation of the three traditional functions of the author's port at the local level. The facilitator's port is a mediator and partner between economic and social interests. The Entrepreneurial Port will be the most complete port of resurgence management, combining the main features of a facilitator with a more outspoken commercial attitude as an investor, supplier, sender and consultant at all three geographical levels.

Port Politics: Interest, Faction and Port Management in Mid-Victorian Liverpool

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme J. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Port Management ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Port Authority ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Political Battle

This essay discusses the development of the Port of Liverpool and the politics of port management that ensconced it during the mid-Victorian era. It is divided into the following topics concerning the port authority of Liverpool: growth and diversification; interests and influence; port authorities in relation to warehouse docks; political friction between the the Port of Birkenhead and Port of Liverpool; and the rise of steamship owners and the resulting impact on the port. It concludes by asserting that the advent of the steamship technology brought both a great deal of wealth and a great deal of instability to the port, and that maritime merchants; the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board; the council; Birkenhead landowners; and port labourers, were locked in a political battle over the optimal use of the port’s resources.

scholarly journals APPROXIMATION TO A LANDLORD PORT MANAGEMENT MODEL: UKRAINIAN CONTEXT

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Shemayev ◽  
◽  
Larysa Shemayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Port Management ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
North Western

With the beginning of port reform in Ukraine, the model of port sector gover-nance was changed. Established in 2013, the Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority was endowed with administrative, maritime safety and security functions. Purely commercial activities remained with public and private stevedoring companies and marine terminals. This distribution of functionality in seaports has brought the domestic governance model closer to the well-known in North America and North-Western Europe – landlord-port model. The aspects identified as a result of the study,namely control over land plots, legal status of the Ukrainian Sa Ports Authority, the presence of state stevedores, and unsettled relations with local authorities, do not allow to classify the domestic port governance model in the classical sense of landlord-port. The latter points rather to a hybrid model in Ukraine with some elements of landlord-port model, such as concessions, private participation in services etc. The most vulnerable element in the context of the port-landlord model at the Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority is the lack of a mechanism for managing port areas due to the presence of several types of landowners in a seaport including public, local and private entities. The article proposes a number of measures, including corporatization of the Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority, amendments to the legislation, innovations in the distribution of concession fees, support of the state's exit from the stevedoring activity segment in ports, as wellas an inventory of port territories, the implementation of which can qualitatively bring the Ukrainian model closer to the port management practices of North-Western Europe. In addition, involvement of local authorities into activities of seaport councils as permanent members, and -after corporatization of Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority- to participate in pilot projects of joint ownership of autonomous port authorities (for example in the ports of Odessa and Mykolayiv) could facilitate a sustainable cooperation between a port and local governance

scholarly journals MODIFICATION OF ECDIS INTERFACE FOR THE PURPOSES OF GEOINFORMATIC SYSTEM FOR PORT SECURITY

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Witold Kazimierski ◽  
Natalia Wawrzyniak
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Functional Analysis ◽  
User Interface ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
User Centered Design ◽  
Port Security ◽  
Port Management ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Interaction Approach ◽  
Functional Concept

ABSTRACT The paper presents a functional concept of an interface for one of the users in Geoinformatic System for Port Security. The system goal is to support port security by providing a selected groups of information and displaying them on precise charts. The complex system assumes simultaneous employing of various users including port management and port authorities. One of the planned users is patrol boat crew, which role is to be a mobile tool for waterways monitoring and should perform as on-scene sensor. The interface concept presented in the paper is based on ECDIS, as it was assumed, that the user on patrol boat is usually familiar with thus system. The goal of the research was to create interface project with the principles of UCD (User Centered Design) based on CHI (Computer-Human Interaction) approach. In the article the short functional analysis of standard ECDIS interface is presented. It is followed by comparison between its common users and the future users of GEO system with the emphasis on their requirements, expectations and demands. As a result a group of dedicated, user-orientated functions were agreed. A modification of ECDIS user interface is proposed in order to implement mentioned features.

Observation of Atom Rows in Thorium Pyromellitate Using a Field Emission STEM

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
H. Todokoro ◽  
S. Nomura ◽  
T. Komoda
Keyword(s):  
Field Emission ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Dark Field Image ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Amorphous Carbon Film ◽  
Atomic Size ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Chain

It is interesting to observe polymers at atomic size resolution. Some works have been reported for thorium pyromellitate by using a STEM (1), or a CTEM (2,3). The results showed that this polymer forms a chain in which thorium atoms are arranged. However, the distance between adjacent thorium atoms varies over a wide range (0.4-1.3nm) according to the different authors.The present authors have also observed thorium pyromellitate specimens by means of a field emission STEM, described in reference 4. The specimen was prepared by placing a drop of thorium pyromellitate in 10-3 CH3OH solution onto an amorphous carbon film about 2nm thick. The dark field image is shown in Fig. 1A. Thorium atoms are clearly observed as regular atom rows having a spacing of 0.85nm. This lattice gradually deteriorated by successive observations. The image changed to granular structures, as shown in Fig. 1B, which was taken after four scanning frames.

Advanced TEM sample preparation techniques for submicron Si devices

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 516-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Basham ◽  
H. L. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Small Hole ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Polished Side ◽  
Preparation Techniques

The use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to support process development of advanced microelectronic devices is often challenged by a large amount of samples submitted from wafer fabrication areas and specific-spot analysis. Improving the TEM sample preparation techniques for a fast turnaround time is critical in order to provide a timely support for customers and improve the utilization of TEM. For the specific-area sample preparation, a technique which can be easily prepared with the least amount of effort is preferred. For these reasons, we have developed several techniques which have greatly facilitated the TEM sample preparation.For specific-area analysis, the use of a copper grid with a small hole is found to be very useful. With this small-hole grid technique, TEM sample preparation can be proceeded by well-established conventional methods. The sample is first polished to the area of interest, which is then carefully positioned inside the hole. This polished side is placed against the grid by epoxy Fig. 1 is an optical image of a TEM cross-section after dimpling to light transmission.

Time-Resolved Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Oscillating Microtubules

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Mandelkow ◽  
Ron Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
Entire Solution ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Ray Scattering

Microtubules form part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. They are hollow libers of about 25 nm diameter made up of 13 protofilaments, each of which consists of a chain of heterodimers of α-and β-tubulin. Microtubules can be assembled in vitro at 37°C in the presence of GTP which is hydrolyzed during the reaction, and they are disassembled at 4°C. In contrast to most other polymers microtubules show the behavior of “dynamic instability”, i.e. they can switch between phases of growth and phases of shrinkage, even at an overall steady state [1]. In certain conditions an entire solution can be synchronized, leading to autonomous oscillations in the degree of assembly which can be observed by X-ray scattering (Fig. 1), light scattering, or electron microscopy [2-5]. In addition such solutions are capable of generating spontaneous spatial patterns [6].In an earlier study we have analyzed the structure of microtubules and their cold-induced disassembly by cryo-EM [7]. One result was that disassembly takes place by loss of protofilament fragments (tubulin oligomers) which fray apart at the microtubule ends. We also looked at microtubule oscillations by time-resolved X-ray scattering and proposed a reaction scheme [4] which involves a cyclic interconversion of tubulin, microtubules, and oligomers (Fig. 2). The present study was undertaken to answer two questions: (a) What is the nature of the oscillations as seen by time-resolved cryo-EM? (b) Do microtubules disassemble by fraying protofilament fragments during oscillations at 37°C?

Do Event-Related Brain Potentials Reflect Mental (Cognitive) Operations?

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Variables ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Abstract Most cognitive psychophysiological studies assume (1) that there is a chain of (partially overlapping) cognitive processes (processing stages, mechanisms, operators) leading from stimulus to response, and (2) that components of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) may be regarded as manifestations of these processing stages. What is usually discussed is which particular processing mechanisms are related to some particular component, but not whether such a relationship exists at all. Alternatively, from the point of view of noncognitive (e. g., “naturalistic”) theories of perception ERP components might be conceived of as correlates of extraction of the information from the experimental environment. In a series of experiments, the author attempted to separate these two accounts, i. e., internal variables like mental operations or cognitive parameters versus external variables like information content of stimulation. Whenever this separation could be performed, the latter factor proved to significantly affect ERP amplitudes, whereas the former did not. These data indicate that ERPs cannot be unequivocally linked to processing mechanisms postulated by cognitive models of perception. Therefore, they cannot be regarded as support for these models.

Right-Hemisphere Specialization for Contour Grouping

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Volberg
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Contour Detection ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Visual Hemifield ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hemisphere Specialization

Previous studies often revealed a right-hemisphere specialization for processing the global level of compound visual stimuli. Here we explore whether a similar specialization exists for the detection of intersected contours defined by a chain of local elements. Subjects were presented with arrays of randomly oriented Gabor patches that could contain a global path of collinearly arranged elements in the left or in the right visual hemifield. As expected, the detection accuracy was higher for contours presented to the left visual field/right hemisphere. This difference was absent in two control conditions where the smoothness of the contour was decreased. The results demonstrate that the contour detection, often considered to be driven by lateral coactivation in primary visual cortex, relies on higher-level visual representations that differ between the hemispheres. Furthermore, because contour and non-contour stimuli had the same spatial frequency spectra, the results challenge the view that the right-hemisphere advantage in global processing depends on a specialization for processing low spatial frequencies.

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