scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variations of Forest Cover in Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianwen Duan ◽  
Minghong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
South America ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
African Countries

An understanding of changes in forest cover and the drivers of forest transition (FT) contributes to the sustainable management of global forests. In this paper, we used the latest global land cover data published by the European Space Agency (ESA) to investigate spatiotemporal variation characteristics of forest cover in developing countries from 1992 to 2015, and then analyzed causal factors of this variation using a binary logistic regression model. Existing studies on FT are mostly based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); this study improves our understanding of FT mechanisms through the use of a new dataset. The results indicate that the forest area in developing countries decreased from 21.8 to 21.3 million km2 from 1992–2015, and the rate of decline slowed after 2004. South America suffered the largest reduction in forest area (505,100 km2), whereas forest area in Africa increased slightly. By 2015, more than 80% of African countries had experienced FT, whereas only half of developing countries experienced forest expansion in South America. The variables affecting FT occurrence differed among continents. On the global scale, the remaining forest coverage and the proportion of forest exports negatively affected the likelihood of FT occurrence, whereas urbanization level had a positive effect.

scholarly journals Rainfall anomalies are a significant driver of cropland expansion

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (19) ◽  
pp. 10225-10233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esha Zaveri ◽  
Jason Russ ◽  
Richard Damania
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Productivity Shocks ◽  
Small Holder Farmers ◽  
Rainfall Anomalies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grid Level

Rainfall anomalies have long occupied center stage in policy discussions, and understanding their impacts on agricultural production has become more important as climate change intensifies. However, the global scale of rainfall-induced productivity shocks on changes in cropland is yet to be quantified. Here we identify how rainfall anomalies impact observed patterns of cropped areas at a global scale by leveraging locally determined unexpected variations in rainfall. Employing disaggregated panel data at the grid level, we find that repeated dry anomalies lead to an increase in cropland expansion in developing countries. No discernible effects are detected from repeated wet events. That these effects are confined to developing countries, which are often dominated by small-holder farmers, implies that they may be in response to reduced yields. The estimates suggest that overall, in developing countries, dry anomalies account for ∼9% of the rate of cropland expansion over the past two decades. We perform several tests to check for consistency and robustness of this relationship. First, using forest cover as an alternative measure, we find comparable reductions in forest cover in the same regions where cropland expands due to repeated dry anomalies. Second, we test the relationship in regions where yields are buffered from rainfall anomalies by irrigation infrastructure and find that the impact on cropland expansion is mitigated, providing further support for our results. Since cropland expansion is a significant driver of deforestation, these results have important implications for forest loss and environmental services.

scholarly journals Women Deprivation Index and Family Planning Utilisation in Urban Geography of West African Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akanni Ibukun Akinyemi ◽  
Jacob Wale Mobolaji ◽  
John Olugbenga Abe ◽  
Elhakim Ibrahim ◽  
Olutoyin Ikuteyijo
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Health Care Utilisation ◽  
West African ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Log Odds ◽  
Long Acting

Inequalities in health care utilisation and outcomes vary significantly across geographies. Though available evidence suggests disparity in contraceptive uptake in favour of urban compared with rural geographies, there are unassessed nuances among women in urban communities. This study examines some of these disparities within the context of socioeconomic deprivations and family planning utilisation among urban women in West Africa. A secondary analysis of the most recent Demographic and Health Survey dataset of five selected West African countries was conducted, using pooled data of 21,641 women aged 15–49 years. Associations between family planning utilisation and women's deprivation status were investigated using a binary logistic regression model. The findings show that more than one-quarter of the women were severely deprived across the countries except Senegal (17.4%), and the severely deprived consistently have relatively low contraceptive prevalence rates (CPR) (16.0–24.3%) compared with women with no/low deprivation across the countries except Senegal (39.8%). The results for long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) were not consistent across the five countries: whereas, LARC utilisation was lower among severely deprived women in Nigeria (9.1%), Guinea (9.6%), and Mali (19.3%), utilisation was similar across the deprivation groups in Benin and Senegal. In the multivariable analyses, the log-odds of modern contraceptive utilisation decreases by 0.27 among the moderately deprived (ß = −0.27, SE = 0.05, p < 0.01) and by 0.75 among the severely deprived women (ß = −0.75, SE = 0.05, p < 0.01) compared with those with no/low deprivation, with variations across the countries. Similarly, the log-odds of LARC utilisation decreases by 0.44–0.72 among the severely deprived women compared with those with no/low deprivation across the countries except Senegal. This study concluded that family planning intervention programmes and policies need to underscore the deprivation context of urban geographies, particularly among women living in informal settlements.

scholarly journals An assessment of availability of handwashing facilities in households from four East African countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kisaakye ◽  
Pedzisai Ndagurwa ◽  
John Mushomi
Keyword(s):  
Household Head ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
East African ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Global Campaign ◽  
Number Of Children

Abstract The World Health Organization provides guidelines on handwashing as part of the global campaign towards achieving proper hygiene. In East Africa, cholera and diarrhoea outbreaks and, most recently, COVID-19 remain a threat to public health – calling for the promotion of handwashing to prevent infection. Using data from demographic and health surveys in four East African countries (Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda), we estimate the prevalence and identify the predictors of the availability of handwashing facilities in households. Findings indicate that the presence of a handwashing facility is not universal in the four countries: Kenya (66.4%), Rwanda (76.4%), Tanzania (80.7%) and Uganda (59.2%). Results from the pooled binary logistic regression model indicate that age, sex and education of the household head, type of place of residence, number of children, and household wealth are strong predictors of having handwashing facilities in all countries. However, the likelihood of having a handwashing facility in Uganda is lower than other countries. This study provides a rich understanding of the factors that explain the availability of handwashing facilities. Findings indicate how prepared the four countries are in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic – and can guide the policy direction in the prevention of infection.

scholarly journals Serologic evidence of Echinococcus granulosus in slaughterhouses in Pakistan: global alarm for butchers in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 861-869
Author(s):  
Mughees Aizaz Alvi ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
John Asekhaen Ohiolei ◽  
Muhammad Waqar Younas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Feral Dogs

Introduction: Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a neglected zoonosis that affects humans and livestock. This sero-survey was designed for the first time in Pakistan to assess the exposure of butchers to E. granulosus as there was no previous report in the country for this occupational group. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from registered butchers (n = 364) in five different slaughterhouses in Faisalabad and Bahawalnagar Districts. Sera were tested for anti-Echinococcus granulosus IgG with a commercially available ELISA kit (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 97%). Results: Overall, seroprevalence was 9.61% (35/364). Butchers >30 years of age (10.34%), those involved in small ruminants butchery (11.70%), >10 years’ experience (10.04%), formal education level up to middle standard (10.28%), contact with dogs (12.71%), improper/unhygienic disposal of dog feces (11.87%), and those unaware of the consequences of eating with unwashed hands (13.80%) were more seropositive with significant statistical differences (p < 0.05). Variables like previous cyst encounter, no knowledge of zoonoses and/or cystic echinococcosis, living in rural areas and the presence of stray/feral dogs in surroundings did not show any significant association (p > 0.05) with seroprevalence in butchers. The binary logistic regression model also showed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) for all risk factors found statistically significant (p < 0.05) in the univariate analysis. Conclusions: This study shows high prevalence of cystic echinococcosis among butchers in Pakistan and underscores the need for educating native slaughterhouse personnel on cystic echinococcosis. It also serves as a global warning, especially in developing countries.

scholarly journals Determinants of Climate Change Awareness among Rural Farming Households in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5(J)) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oduniyi Oluwaseun Samuel ◽  
Antwi Micheal ◽  
Busisiwe Nkonki-Mandleni
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
African Countries ◽  
North West ◽  
Climate Change Information ◽  
Farming Households

Climate change and rural livelihood capitals remain the major inextricable dimensions of sustainability in this twenty-first century globally. It is known to be an important challenge facing food security status among African countries. Additionally, it is an indisputable fact that climate change and agriculture are intertwined. In view of this, climate change awareness needs to be strengthened in the rural farming households. The study was carried out in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, in the North West Province of South Africa to determine awareness of climate change. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select three hundred and forty-six (346) farmers who were interviewed from the study area. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The binary logistic regression model was employed to analyse the factors driving climate change awareness. The study established that majority of the rural farmers in the study area aware of climate change, in which farm size, education, who owns the farm, information received on climate change, source of climate change information, climate change information through extension services, channel of information received on climate change and support received on climate change are statistically significant (p<0.05) determinants of climate change awareness in the study area.

scholarly journals Exploring the Influencing Factors for Infant Mortality: A Mixed-Method Study of 24 Developing Countries Based on Demographic and Health Survey data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Akhtarul Islam ◽  
Tarana Tabassum ◽  
Mohammad Ali Moni
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model

Objective: This study aimed to discover the prevalence of infant mortality and to assess how different factors influence infant mortality in 24 developing countries by utilizing the latest DHS data. Methods: This study used a mixed-method design to assemble cross-sectional studies to integrate data from 24 other countries due to a widening perspective of infant mortality. Most recent available DHS data of 24 different developing countries from the year 2013 to 2019 was used to conduct the study. Descriptive analysis, binary logistic regression model, random-effect meta-analysis, and forest plot have been used for the final analyses. Results: Binary logistic regression model revealed for Bangladesh that, higher education level of fathers (OR: 0.344, 95% CI: 0.147; 0.807), being 2nd born or above order infant (OR: 0.362, 95% CI: 0.248, 0.527), taking ANC (OR: 0.271, 95% CI: 0.192; 0.382 for 1-4 visits), taking PNC (OR: 0.303, 95% CI: 0.216; 0.425) were statistically significant determinants of lowering infant death. While carrying multiple fetus (OR: 6.634, 95% CI: 3.247; 13.555) was exposed as a risk factor of infant mortality. Most significant factors influencing infant mortality for all 24 developing countries were number of fetus (OR: 0.193, 95% CI: 0.176; 0.213), taking ANC (OR: 0.356, 95% CI: 0.311; 0.407) and taking PNC (OR: 0.302, 95% CI: 0.243; 0.375). Conclusion In this study, the number of the fetus, taking ANC and PNC, was the most significant factor affecting the risk of infant mortality in developing countries. So, anticipation and control projects ought to be taken in the field in regard to these hazard factors.

Credit constraints and Rural Migration: Evidence from Six Villages in Uttar Pradesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-398
Author(s):  
Ruchi Singh
Keyword(s):  
Credit Constraints ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Male Migration ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Rural economies in developing countries are often characterized by credit constraints. Although few attempts have been made to understand the trends and patterns of male out-migration from Uttar Pradesh (UP), there is dearth of literature on the linkage between credit accessibility and male migration in rural Uttar Pradesh. The present study tries to fill this gap. The objective of this study is to assess the role of credit accessibility in determining rural male migration. A primary survey of 370 households was conducted in six villages of Jaunpur district in Uttar Pradesh. Simple statistical tools and a binary logistic regression model were used for analyzing the data. The result of the empirical analysis shows that various sources of credit and accessibility to them play a very important role in male migration in rural Uttar Pradesh. The study also found that the relationship between credit constraints and migration varies across various social groups in UP.

Exploring the World Trade Organisation's Trade and Environment/Public Health Jurisprudence as a Model for Incorporating a Trade–Labour Linkage into the Organisation's Multilateral Trade Regime: Should African Countries Accept a Policy Shift?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Tapiwa V. Warikandwa ◽  
Patrick C. Osode
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
The Impact

The incorporation of a trade-labour (standards) linkage into the multilateral trade regime of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been persistently opposed by developing countries, including those in Africa, on the grounds that it has the potential to weaken their competitive advantage. For that reason, low levels of compliance with core labour standards have been viewed as acceptable by African countries. However, with the impact of WTO agreements growing increasingly broader and deeper for the weaker and vulnerable economies of developing countries, the jurisprudence developed by the WTO Panels and Appellate Body regarding a trade-environment/public health linkage has the potential to address the concerns of developing countries regarding the potential negative effects of a trade-labour linkage. This article argues that the pertinent WTO Panel and Appellate Body decisions could advance the prospects of establishing a linkage of global trade participation to labour standards without any harm befalling developing countries.

Prevalence of facemask use among general public when visiting wet market during Covid-19 pandemic: An observational study. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gobi Hariyanayagam ◽  
Sera Selvanthan Sundram Gunasekaran ◽  
Shargunan Selvanthan Gunasekaran ◽  
Nur Syafina Insyirah Zaimi ◽  
Nor Amirah Abdul Halim
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
Wet Market ◽  
Medical Grade

BACKGROUND In late December 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19; previously known as 2019-nCoV) was epidemiologically linked to seafood and wet animal market in Wuhan, Hubei, China. This event has instigated negative stigma among the general population to view the wet market as a high-risk location for potential transmission of coronavirus. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the prevalence of facemask use among general population visiting the wet market as well as factors contributing to unacceptable facemask practice. Setting The visitors to a district wet market selling range of live or freshly slaughtered animals during COVID-19 pandemic outbreak was observed for facemask practice. METHODS All Individuals visiting the market were observed for the type, category and practice of wearing facemas. Subjects were categorized into two groups of acceptable and unacceptable facemask practice. The Pearson chi-square was used to test for differences in investigated variables in the univariate setting and Binary Logistic regression model was used in the multivariate setting. Main outcome measure Prevalence, acceptance practice and odds ratio of unacceptance of facemask use. RESULTS Among 1697 individuals included in the final analysis, 1687 (99.7%) was observed wearing facemask with 1338 (78.8%) using medical-grade facemask. Among them, 1615 (95.7%) individuals facemask practice was acceptable while the reaming 72 (4.3%) individuals were observed with unacceptable facemask practice. Individuals using medical-grade facemask and high-risk age group are 6.4 times (OR=6.40; 95% CI, 2.00-20.43; p=.002) and 2.06 times practice (OR=2.06; 95% CI, 1.08-3.94; p=.028) more likely to have unacceptable facemask practice respectively. CONCLUSIONS High saturation of facemask among the general population is an adequate indicator of public hygiene measures strategy which can help to mitigate the COVID-19 epidemic impact. Alarmingly, the unacceptable facemask practice among high-risk population raises the need for a targeted approach by healthcare authorities to ensure satisfactory facemask use.

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