scholarly journals Future Energy and Environmental Implications of Electric Vehicles in Palestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fady M. A Hassouna ◽  
Khaled Al-Sahili
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Energy Consumption

During the last two decades, problems related to high-energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the transportation sector have arisen. Therefore, several alternatives have been investigated, in order to reduce the dependence on the conventional fuels that are used by land transportation modes. One of these promising alternatives is the electric vehicles (EVs), which seem to be the future replacement for conventional vehicles. Thus, this study aims to quantify the energy and the environmental implications of EVs in Palestine in 2030, considering that the current percentage of EVs is almost 0%. In this study, the needed parameters related to the number of vehicles and energy costs by source in Palestine were collected. Then, several prediction models have been developed in order to determine the energy and environmental implications of EVs in 2030, considering that 10% of conventional vehicles could be replaced by EV during the next 10 years (2020–2030). The results have showed that this could save USD 464.31 million in operating energy costs during 2030 (one year of saving). More specifically, this number is almost equal to 3.18% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of Palestine in 2018. Furthermore, significant amounts of GHG emissions could be reduced. The reduction (during 2030) in NH4, N2O, and CO2 emissions could be around 10.51%, 10%, and 6.86%, respectively.

scholarly journals Forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process incorporated with hollow fiber FO

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-J. Im ◽  
S. Jeong ◽  
A. Jang
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Seawater Reverse Osmosis ◽  
High Energy Consumption

AbstractCurrently, desalination is limited by high energy consumption and high operational and maintenance costs. In this study, a new concept of a hollow fiber forward osmosis (HFFO)-based infinity desalination process with minor environmental impacts (free-energy intake and no pretreatment or brine discharge) is suggested. To evaluate the concept, an element-scale HFFO was conducted in both conventional FO and pressure-assisted FO modes, simulating a submerged HFFO operation. In the HFFO test, the impacts of several operating conditions on the performance of the HFFO were investigated to select the best case. Based on these results, the energy costs were calculated and compared with those of a hybrid FO–seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process. The HFFO showed a high dilution rate of the draw solution (up to approximately 400%), allowing the downstream SWRO process to operate at 25 bar with the same permeate volume production (recovery rate of 60%). Consequently, the HFFO-based infinity desalination process has an annual energy revenue of 183.83 million USD, compared with a stand-alone two-stage RO process based on a 100,000 m3/day plant.

scholarly journals Projection of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Road Transport Sector Based on Multivariate Regression and the Double Exponential Smoothing Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9152
Author(s):  
Reham Alhindawi ◽  
Yousef Abu Nahleh ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Nirajan Shiwakoti
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The Road ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Double Exponential

The economic and health impacts resulting from the greenhouse effect is a major concern in many countries. The transportation sector is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. Almost 15 percent of the global GHG and over 20 percent of energy-related CO2 emissions are produced by the transportation sector. Quantifying GHG emissions from the road transport sector assists in assessing the existing vehicles’ energy consumptions and in proposing technological interventions for enhancing vehicle efficiency and reducing energy-supply greenhouse gas intensity. This paper aims to develop a model for the projection of GHG emissions from the road transport sector. We consider the Vehicle-Kilometre by Mode (VKM) to Number of Transportation Vehicles (NTV) ratio for the six different modes of transportation. These modes include motorcycles, passenger cars, tractors, single-unit trucks, buses and light trucks data from the North American Transportation Statistics (NATS) online database over a period of 22 years. We use multivariate regression and double exponential approaches to model the projection of GHG emissions. The results indicate that the VKM to NTV ratio for the different transportation modes has a significant effect on GHG emissions, with the coefficient of determination adjusted R2 and R2 values of 89.46% and 91.8%, respectively. This shows that VKM and NTV are the main factors influencing GHG emission growth. The developed model is used to examine various scenarios for introducing plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles in the future. If there will be a switch to battery electric vehicles, a 62.2 % reduction in CO2 emissions would occur. The results of this paper will be useful in developing appropriate planning, policies, and strategies to reduce GHG emissions from the road transport sector.

scholarly journals Energy and Environmental Efficiency of China’s Transportation Sector: A Multidirectional Analysis Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gongbing Bi ◽  
Pingchun Wang ◽  
Feng Yang ◽  
Liang Liang
Keyword(s):  
Performance Standards ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Energy Saving Potential ◽  
Regional Energy ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
Sector Data

With the rapid economic development, the transportation sector becomes one of the high-energy-consumption and high-CO2-emissions sectors in China. In order to ensure efficient use of energy and to reduce CO2pollution, it is important to gain the best performance standards in China’s transportation sector. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been accepted as a popular tool of efficiency measurement. However, previous studies based on DEA are mainly restricted to the radial expansions of outputs or radial contractions of inputs. In this paper, we present a nonradial DEA model with multidirectional efficiency analysis (MEA) involving undesirable outputs for the measurement of regional energy and environmental efficiency of China’s transportation sector during the period 2006–2010. We not only evaluate the energy and environmental efficiency level and trend of China’s transportation sector but also investigate the efficiency patterns of 30 regions and three major areas of China. Additionally, we identify the energy saving potential and CO2emissions reduction potential for each province and area in China in this study.

Design and Implementation of Single-Input Multiple-Output DC–DC Buck converter for Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150228
Author(s):  
Ilyass Abdillahi Aden ◽  
Hakan Kahveci ◽  
Mustafa Ergin Şahin
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Buck Converter ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Single Input

The transportation sector uses a big portion of the world’s petroleum products thus increasing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to solve GHG emissions. The requirements for EVs have brought many different problems such as the conversion of voltage level from the battery to other parts of the EV using DC–DC converters. The design and implementation of a nonisolated DC–DC buck converter with single input and dual output are presented, which is also called the single-input multiple-output (SIMO) converter. The converter is designed especially for electric cars. The battery (48[Formula: see text]V) of the electric vehicle is used as an input to the SIMO. Small-signal analysis and effective control strategy for the converter are presented in this paper. The simulation of the system is performed and compared with the experimental results.

scholarly journals Optimized Integration of Electric Vehicles in Low Voltage Distribution Grids

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 4059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Spitzer ◽  
Jonas Schlund ◽  
Elpiniki Apostolaki-Iosifidou ◽  
Marco Pruckner
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Coordination Strategies ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Coordinated Charging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distribution Grids

All over the world the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially in the transportation sector, becomes more and more important. Electric vehicles will be one of the key factors to mitigate GHG emissions due to their higher efficiency in contrast to internal combustion engine vehicles. On the other hand, uncoordinated charging will put more strain on electrical distribution grids and possible congestions in the grid become more likely. In this paper, we analyze the impact of uncoordinated charging, as well as optimization-based coordination strategies on the voltage stability and phase unbalances of a representative European semi-urban low voltage grid. Therefore, we model the low voltage grid as a three-phase system and take realistic arrival and departure times of the electric vehicle fleet into account. Subsequently, we compare different coordinated charging strategies with regard to their optimization objectives, e.g., cost reduction or GHG emissions reduction. Results show that possible congestion problems can be solved by coordinated charging. Additionally, depending on the objective, the costs can be reduced by more than 50% and the GHG emissions by around 40%.

scholarly journals Future Material Developments for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells Answering Growing Demands from an End-User Perspective

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4223
Author(s):  
Annika Ahlberg Tidblad ◽  
Kristina Edström ◽  
Guiomar Hernández ◽  
Iratxe de Meatza ◽  
Imanol Landa-Medrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Special Section ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
End User ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Long Cycle Life ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
Electric Vehicle Battery

Nowadays, batteries for electric vehicles are expected to have a high energy density, allow fast charging and maintain long cycle life, while providing affordable traction, and complying with stringent safety and environmental standards. Extensive research on novel materials at cell level is hence needed for the continuous improvement of the batteries coupled towards achieving these requirements. This article firstly delves into future developments in electric vehicles from a technology perspective, and the perspective of changing end-user demands. After these end-user needs are defined, their translation into future battery requirements is described. A detailed review of expected material developments follows, to address these dynamic and changing needs. Developments on anodes, cathodes, electrolyte and cell level will be discussed. Finally, a special section will discuss the safety aspects with these increasing end-user demands and how to overcome these issues.

scholarly journals The Impact of Energy Storage along with the Allocation of RES on the Reduction of Energy Costs Using MILP

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3783
Author(s):  
Mateusz Andrychowicz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Programming ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Power Exchange ◽  
Local Initiatives ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

The paper shows a method of optimizing local initiatives in the energy sector, such as energy cooperatives and energy clusters. The aim of optimization is to determine the structure of generation sources and energy storage in order to minimize energy costs. The analysis is carried out for the time horizon of one year, with an hourly increment, taking into account various RES (wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic installations (PV), and biogas power plant (BG)) and loads (residential, commercial, and industrial). Generation sources and loads are characterized by generation/demand profiles in order to take into account their variability. The optimization was carried out taking into account the technical aspects of the operation of distribution systems, such as power flows and losses, voltage levels in nodes, and power exchange with the transmission system, and economic aspects, such as capital and fixed and variable operating costs. The method was calculated by sixteen simulation scenarios using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP).

scholarly journals Energy and Environmental Implications of Using Energy-Harvesting Speed Humps in Nablus City, Palestine

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Fady M. A. Hassouna ◽  
Mahmoud Assad ◽  
Islam Koa ◽  
Wesam Rabaya ◽  
Aya Aqhash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
National University ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Annual Amount ◽  
Speed Humps

Over the last three decades, transportation has become one of the main energy-consuming sectors around the world and, as a result, large amounts of emissions are produced, contributing to global warming, climate change, and health problems. Therefore, huge investments and efforts have been made by governments and international institutions to find new renewable and clean sources of energy. As a contribution to these efforts, this study determined the practical energy and environmental implications of replacing conventional speed humps with energy-harvesting speed humps in Nablus city, Palestine. The study was implemented using an energy-harvesting speed hump (EHSH) system developed in the laboratories at An-Najah National University and based on comprehensive traffic volume counts at all speed humps’ locations. In addition, a traffic volume prediction model was developed in order to determine the implications over the next 10 years. As a result of the study, the expected annual amount of generated energy was determined. Moreover, the expected reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the reduction in the cost of roadway network lighting were determined based on the current and future traffic conditions.

Oxygen Supply Method Using Gas-Permeable Film for Wastewater Treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Suzuki ◽  
S. Miyahara ◽  
K. Takeishi
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Oxygen Transfer Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
N Removal ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Gas-permeable film can separate air and water, and at the same time, let oxygen diffuse from the air to the water through the film. An oxygen supply method using this film was investigated for the purpose of reducing energy consumption for wastewater treatment. The oxygen transfer rate was measured for the cases with or without biofilm, which proved the high rate of oxygen transfer in the case with nitrifying biofilm which performed nitrification. When the Gas-permeable film with nitrifying biofilm was applied to the treatment of wastewater, denitrifying biofilm formed on the nitrifying biofilm, and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred, resulting in the high rate of organic matter and T-N removal (7 gTOC/m2/d and 4 gT-N/m2/d, respectively). However, periodic sloughing of the denitrifying biofilm was needed to keep the oxygen transfer rate high. Energy consumption of the process using the film in the form of tubes was estimated to be less than 40% of that of the activated sludge process.

scholarly journals Influence of Adding Encapsulated Phase Change Materials in Aerial Lime Based Mortars

2013 ◽  
Vol 687 ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Cunha ◽  
José Barroso Aguiar ◽  
Victor Ferreira ◽  
António Tadeu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Hardened State ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Increasingly in a society with a high growth rate and standards of comfort, the need to minimize the currently high energy consumption by taking advantage of renewable energy sources arises. The mortars with incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) have the ability to regulate the temperature inside buildings, contributing for an increase in the level of thermal comfort and reduction of the use of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, using only the energy supplied by the sun. However, the incorporation of PCM in mortars modifies some of its characteristics. Therefore, the main objective of this study was the characterization of mortars doped with two different phase change materials. Specific properties of different PCM, such as particle size, shape and enthalpy were studied, as well as the properties of the fresh and hardened state of these mortars. Nine different compositions were developed which were initially doped with microcapsules of PCM A and subsequently doped with microcapsules of PCM B. It was possible to observe that the incorporation of phase change materials in mortars causes differences in properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength and shrinkage. After the study of the behaviour of these mortars with the incorporation of two different phase change materials, it was possible to select the composition with a better compromise between its aesthetic appearance, physical and mechanical characteristics.

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