scholarly journals The North Korean Economy: Sustainable or Muddling-Through?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8478
Author(s):  
Soohyon Kim ◽  
Wook Sohn ◽  
Changyong Choi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Korean Economy ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Economic Journal ◽  
Survival Level

Confronting the continuing economic sanctions, the flood disaster, and the COVID 19, North Korea is now in a critical phase whether the North Korean economy will shift to a sustainable economy or, as it has done in the past three decades, barely manage to maintain at a survival level. To explore the question, this study investigates North Korea’s economic policy changes by extracting the keywords from the North Korean economic journal Economic Research, which is a representative state published document. We use a text mining approach to overcome limitations, such as the lack of objectivity and accuracy of the classification of topics in manual text analysis for North Korean studies. Contrary to the conventional assumption that the North Korean economic policies are driven by dogmatic Juche (self-reliance) ideology, we find that the strategy of economic policies differs depending on the leader and political and economic circumstances at the time. In particular, since Kim Jong-un assumed office in 2011, the topics have diversified, and now cover a wide range of subjects on capitalism. Nevertheless, without North Korea’s decisive reform measures and international cooperation, it will be hard to observe that the North Korean economy can go beyond ‘muddling-through’ for sustainable development.

The Classification of the Ordovician Rocks

1937 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 481-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Elles
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
North West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Lower Palaeozoic

The classification of the British Ordovician Rocks has gone through many phases of instability in the past, and at the present time seems to be passing through another such phase. There are probably many causes contributing to this state of things, two of which seem to be fundamental; the first, the differentfacies of development exhibited in different districts by the formations making up the system; the second, the varied elements entering into the composition of the shallow water faunas apart from the considerations of facies; these would seem to be governed largely by possibilities of migration into the British region of the Lower Palaeozoic geosyncline from different directions, i.e. from America, from Northern Europe, and from Central Europe, so that a different type of “shelly” fauna characterizes the north-west and south-east margins.

scholarly journals Mkomazi Game Reserve

Oryx ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Density ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Game Reserve ◽  
Wild Life

During the past decade the slow retreat of wild life from its former wide range in northern Tanganyika has quickened. In many areas its disappearance is an accomplished fact; in others, such as the north Tanga country, the game population has been reduced to a figure that is probably below the minimum density for continued existence.

scholarly journals Changes in Estonian Defense Policy Following Episodes of Russian Aggression

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Cooper
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Effective Deterrent ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Overall Effectiveness ◽  
The Eu

After successive episodes of Russian aggression, both Estonia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) remain on edge about the future of their relationship with Moscow. To understand how Estonia has deterred Russia from further hostile acts, this paper analyzes the Estonian government’s response to them and how the establishment of defense programs have made Estonia a pillar of anti-Russian policy in Europe. Such programs and policy changes which continue to deter Russia from these aggressive tactics include but are not limited to NATO’s Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence, the EU’s East StratCom Task Force, and the development of dependable relationships between NATO, the EU, and the Estonian private defense sector. The paper also analyzes the overall successes and deficiencies of these policy changes, makes future recommendations for the Estonian government, and evaluates the implications of these changes in the broad realm of international security. Analyzing these successes and deficiencies is important for determining the overall effectiveness of the changes in Estonian policy over the past decade. Through in-person interviews with both American and Estonian government officials, online research, and interactions with academic experts on the subject, the paper argues these new programs and evolving relationships are an adequate and effective deterrent to prevent further Russian cyber and conventional military attacks.

scholarly journals Web GIS for analysis of the past and future of the climate and hydrological conditions in the North-West of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 05005
Author(s):  
Eduard Kazakov ◽  
Sergey Zhuravlev ◽  
Lyubov Kurochkina ◽  
Georgy Ayzel
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Web Gis ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
North West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Wide Range

This paper discusses the development of a specialized web GIS (geoportal) dedicated to the analysis of changes in climate conditions and hydrological regime in the North-West of Russia. One of the main goals of geoportal is to provide a tool to answer simple questions about climate for wide range of users. For example, how has the climate and hydrology changed in a particular city over the past 70 years? What will it be like in 50 years? The main functionality, data and creation technologies are presented. Geoportal offers the tools that allow interactive processing of daily data time series on minimum, average, maximum air temperatures, precipitation and surface runoff, represented by both reanalysis data from 1950 and predictive data up to 2100. Information about actual observations at weather stations and hydrological posts is also available. Access to the geoportal is provided through the user’s web GIS interface and through the HTTP interface for developers, which opens up opportunities for integrating data into third-party services.

The Hidden Logic of “Irrational” Economic Policies in Ecuador

1990 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco E. Thoumi
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
State Enterprises ◽  
Latin American And Caribbean

Mainstream economists blame the poor 1980s economic performance of most Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries on the poor economic policies followed by the region for the past several decades and recommend drastic policy changes including (a) elimination of many subsidies, (b) lowering tariffs and other obstacles to international trade, (c) privatization of many state enterprises, (d) liberalization of capital markets and interest rates, and so on — a policy package designed to lower greatly the government's intervention in the economy. This policy advice has been inspired, at least in part, by the generally accepted failure of the LAC governments to promote stable and fair growth through intervention.However, in spite of pressures by multilateral and bilateral agencies, most governments find it very difficult to implement these policies, even when policymakers and their advisers fully understand the logic behind the policy recommendations and agree with them.

scholarly journals The First Ten Years of Kim Jong-il's Economic Policy: Changes and Future Direction of North Korea's Economic Policy

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Chong-Ryel Bae
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Third Way ◽  
Kim Il Sung ◽  
Korean Economy ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Improvement Measures ◽  
Future Direction

What will the North Korean economy look like a decade from now? Ever since North Korea's implementation of its Economic Management Improvement Measures in July 2002, a wide range of views have been voiced with regard to the future direction of the North Korean economy. This paper discusses what changed and what remained the same during the ten years since the death of Kim Il-Sung in July 1994, after which North Korea began trying to change its economy in accordance with its own version of socialism. The current state of the North Korean economy makes certain things clear. Difficult though it may be to predict how the quantitative aspects of the North Korean economy will change, there is general agreement that it will increasingly become market-oriented. However, there is no agreement on the pace of transition. Will it be a radical bang or a gradual transformation or a third-way. The future direction of the North Korean economy will become more evident over time.

scholarly journals A New Tool for the Analysis of the Effect of Intracerebrally Injected Anti-Amyloid-β Compounds

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jolanta Upte ◽  
Thomas Brüning ◽  
Luisa Möhle ◽  
Mirjam Brackhan ◽  
Pablo Bascuñana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Intracerebral Injection ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Plaque Deposition ◽  
Spatial Changes ◽  
Wide Range

Background: A wide range of techniques has been developed over the past decades to characterize amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in mice. Until now, no method has been established to quantify spatial changes in Aβ plaque deposition due to targeted delivery of substances using ALZET ® pumps. Objective: Development of a methodology to quantify the local distribution of Aβ plaques after intracerebral infusion of compounds. Methods: We have developed a toolbox to quantify Aβ plaques in relation to intracerebral injection channels using Zeiss AxioVision ® and Microsoft Excel ® software. For the proof of concept, intracerebral stereotactic surgery was performed in 50-day-old APP-transgenic mice injected with PBS. At the age of 100 days, brains were collected for immunhistological analysis. Results: The toolbox can be used to analyze and evaluate Aβ plaques (number, size, and coverage) in specific brain areas based on their location relative to the point of the injection or the injection channel. The tool provides classification of Aβ plaques in pre-defined distance groups using two different approaches. Conclusion: This new analytic toolbox facilitates the analysis of long-term continuous intracerebral experimental compound infusions using ALZET ® pumps. This method generates reliable data for Aβ deposition characterization in relation to the distribution of experimental compounds.

scholarly journals Improved Overlap-based Undersampling for Imbalanced Dataset Classification with Application to Epilepsy and Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (08) ◽  
pp. 2050043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pattaramon Vuttipittayamongkol ◽  
Eyad Elyan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Imbalanced Datasets ◽  
Minority Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
Class Distribution ◽  
Health Finance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Real World Datasets ◽  
Overlapping Region

Classification of imbalanced datasets has attracted substantial research interest over the past decades. Imbalanced datasets are common in several domains such as health, finance, security and others. A wide range of solutions to handle imbalanced datasets focus mainly on the class distribution problem and aim at providing more balanced datasets by means of resampling. However, existing literature shows that class overlap has a higher negative impact on the learning process than class distribution. In this paper, we propose overlap-based undersampling methods for maximizing the visibility of the minority class instances in the overlapping region. This is achieved by the use of soft clustering and the elimination threshold that is adaptable to the overlap degree to identify and eliminate negative instances in the overlapping region. For more accurate clustering and detection of overlapped negative instances, the presence of the minority class at the borderline areas is emphasized by means of oversampling. Extensive experiments using simulated and real-world datasets covering a wide range of imbalance and overlap scenarios including extreme cases were carried out. Results show significant improvement in sensitivity and competitive performance with well-established and state-of-the-art methods.

scholarly journals Advances in Density-Functional Calculations for Materials Modeling

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard J. Maurer ◽  
Christoph Freysoldt ◽  
Anthony M. Reilly ◽  
Jan Gerit Brandenburg ◽  
Oliver T. Hofmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biological Matter ◽  
Materials Modeling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Low Dimensional Materials

During the past two decades, density-functional (DF) theory has evolved from niche applications for simple solid-state materials to become a workhorse method for studying a wide range of phenomena in a variety of system classes throughout physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. Here, we review the recent advances in DF calculations for materials modeling, giving a classification of modern DF-based methods when viewed from the materials modeling perspective. While progress has been very substantial, many challenges remain on the way to achieving consensus on a set of universally applicable DF-based methods for materials modeling. Hence, we focus on recent successes and remaining challenges in DF calculations for modeling hard solids, molecular and biological matter, low-dimensional materials, and hybrid organic-inorganic materials.

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