scholarly journals Egyptian and Greek Water Cultures and Hydro-Technologies in Ancient Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9760
Author(s):  
Abdelkader T. Ahmed ◽  
Fatma El Gohary ◽  
Vasileios A. Tzanakakis ◽  
Andreas N. Angelakis
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Nile River ◽  
Intense Rainfall ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
History Of ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Ancient Civilizations

Egyptian and Greek ancient civilizations prevailed in eastern Mediterranean since prehistoric times. The Egyptian civilization is thought to have been begun in about 3150 BC until 31 BC. For the ancient Greek civilization, it started in the period of Minoan (ca. 3200 BC) up to the ending of the Hellenistic era. There are various parallels and dissimilarities between both civilizations. They co-existed during a certain timeframe (from ca. 2000 to ca. 146 BC); however, they were in two different geographic areas. Both civilizations were massive traders, subsequently, they deeply influenced the regional civilizations which have developed in that region. Various scientific and technological principles were established by both civilizations through their long histories. Water management was one of these major technologies. Accordingly, they have significantly influenced the ancient world’s hydro-technologies. In this review, a comparison of water culture issues and hydro-structures was adopted through the extended history of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The specific objectives of the work are to study the parallel historical cultures and hydro-technologies, assessing similarities and differences, and to analyze their progress since primitive times. The tools adopted for the research include visits to historical aeras and museums, comments, consultations, correlation and exhibitions available in the cyberspace. Review results herein showed that dams and canals were constructed in ancient Egypt to manage the flood of the Nile river and develop irrigation systems from ca. 6000 BC. In the second millennium BC, Minoans managed the flow of the streams via two dams, to protect arable land from destruction after intense rainfall and to irrigate their farms. Additional results showed that ancient Egyptians and Greeks invented many devices for lifting water for plant irrigation such as the shadouf, sakia and tympanum and pumps, of which some were already in use in Mesopotamia for irrigating small plots. The ancient Egyptians were the first who discovered the principle and the basis of coagulation (after ca. 1500 BC). They used the alum for accelerating the settlement of the particles. Additionally, the ancient Greeks developed several advanced water treatment technologies since the prehistoric times. To sum up, the study captured many similarities between two civilizations in water technologies. In addition, it confirmed the sustainability and durability of several of those hydro-technologies since they are still in use up to now in many places.

scholarly journals FROM PROMETHEUS TO AMRAN: ON THE CHAINED HERO IN THE OSSETIAN EPIC

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Н. АБИСАЛОВА
Keyword(s):  
Greek Mythology ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
National Myths ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Difference

В статье рассмотрен один из мотивов осетинского Даредзановского эпоса – мотив прикованного героя, еще в древности вошедший в мифологию, фольклор, литературу многих народов и получивший название «мотив Прометея». Образ Прометея относится к «вечным образам» мировой художественной культуры. История прикования и освобождения Прометея и в древнегреческой мифологии, и в трагедии Эсхила позиционируется как топонимически привязанная к Кавказу. Именно здесь сюжет о наказанном Богом и прикованном богатыре получил распространение в национальных мифах и эпических преданиях – грузинских, осетинских, кабардинских, абхазских, вайнахских, армянских и др. Эти лаконичные предания об Амиране-Амране, по мнению Вс.Ф. Миллера, – кульминационные во всех источниках, рассказывающих об этом герое. Рассмотрены как древнегреческий Прометей, так и кавказские, в первую очередь осетинские, прикованные герои, представленные в работах Вс.Ф. Миллера, Г.Н. Потанина, Дз. Гатуева, Д.А. Калоевой, З.Г. Тменовой, Ю.А. Дзиццоты, Х.Ф. Цгоева и др. Образ Амирана сравнивается с соответствующими ему героями кавказских эпосов. При всей схожести мотивов богоборчества и наказания героя прикованием к скале или столбу нельзя не отметить отличия осетинского Амирана от остальных. В Даредзановских сказаниях он героическая личность, истинный богатырь, совершающий множество подвигов, побеждающий великанов, помогающий всем нуждающимся. Сын племянницы Бога, герой близок к народу, он побеждает врагов не только ради демонстрации силы, ловкости, хитрости, но и для спасения родных и друзей. В отличие от большинства кавказских прикованных героев, освобождение Амирана не предвещает гибель мира, напротив, осетинский Амиран, в случае освобождения, даст людям свободу и счастье. Многие мотивы в преданиях об Амране соотносятся с мотивами Нартовского эпоса. Амиран-Амран приравнивается к любимым героям осетинской Нартиады – Сослану, Батразу, Урузмагу, Шатане. В работе его образ рассмотрен для подтверждения объективной закономерности подобной репрезентации осетинского героя. The article deals with one of the motives of the Ossetian Daredzanian epic − the motive of the chained hero, which in ancient times entered the mythology, folklore, literature of many peoples and was called the "Prometheus motive". The image of Prometheus belongs to the "eternal images" of world art culture. The history of the chaining and liberation of Prometheus, both in ancient Greek mythology and in the tragedy of Aeschylus, is positioned as toponymically tied to the Caucasus. It was here that the plot about the God-punished and chained hero became widespread in national myths and epic legends − Georgian, Ossetian, Kabardian, Abkhaz, Vainakh, Armenian, etc. These laconic legends about Amiran-Amran, according to Vs.F. Miller, are culminating in all the sources telling about this hero. Both the ancient Greek Prometheus and the Caucasian, primarily Ossetian, chained heroes presented in the works of Vs.F. Miller, G.N. Potanin, Dz. Gatuev, D.A. Kaloeva, Z.G. Tmenova, Yu.A. Dzizzoity, Kh.F. Tsgoev and others. The image of Amiran is compared with the corresponding heroes of the Caucasian epics. With all the similarity of the motives of fighting against God and the punishment of the hero by being chained to a rock or a pillar, one cannot fail to note the difference between the Ossetian Amiran and the others. In Daredzan's legends, he is a heroic person, a true hero who performs many feats, conquers giants, and helps all those in need. The son of the niece of God, the hero is close to the people, he defeats enemies not only for the sake of demonstrating strength, dexterity, cunning, but also to save family and friends. Unlike most of the Caucasian chained heroes, the release of Amiran does not portend the death of the world, on the contrary, the Ossetian Amiran, if liberated, will give people freedom and happiness. Many motives in the legends about Amran correlate with the motives of the Nartov epic. Amiran-Amran is equated with the favorite heroes of the Ossetian Nartiada - Soslan, Batraz, Uruzmag, Shatana. In the work, his image is considered to confirm the objective regularity of such a representation of the Ossetian hero.

scholarly journals Greek demons who murdered children

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislava Igorevna Makeeva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Murdered Children

This article describes the Ancient Greek mythological characters who were attributed with murdering children: Lamia (Λάμια), Mormo (μορμώ) and Gello (γελλώ).The ssuperstitions associated with these demons remain in Greece to this day, although their images have undergone certain transformation. The object of this research is the mythological representations of the Ancient Greeks, while the subject is demons who murdered children. The goal of this article is to determine the role of children's horror stories in life of the Ancient Greek society. The author reviews the facts testifying to the existence of characters as Lamia, Mormo, Gello and Empusa in the Greek and Roman texts, as well gives characteristics to their images based on the comparative analysis. The conducted analysis reveals the common traits of the demons who murdered children: frightening appearance, combination of human and animal traits, ability to transform, identification with Hecate, as well as the story of the failed motherhood underlying the history of emergence of the demon. The key functions of these mythological characters consisted in explanation of the sudden infant and maternal mortality typical to the ancient times, as well as teaching children and adults a lesson. The first could be frightened with such stories, and the latter had to learn from the tale that demonstrates the harm of reckless following the temptations or refusal of fulfilling the prescribed social roles, socially acceptable behavior.

The underworld and its creatures of life in Turkic-Kazakh mythology: harmony with the mythology of the world and its differences, similarities in the characters' network

Keruen ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Q.N. Nurkama ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Japanese People ◽  
The World ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Ancient Times

Based on the Turkic-Kazakh and a number of mythological materials presented in the article, the underworld and the underground creatures of the division of mythical heroes, the division of spirits are analyzed and compared with world examples. Their interconnections and features, historical stages, similarity and correlation of plots in the network of heroes are taken for scientific comparative, historical and comparative research. The lower spirits, the underworld and its life, ancient mythological concepts related to life after life are characteristic of all the nations of the world, but the comparative theoretical studies that have been studied in close cooperation are still insignificant. Ancient Greek, Roman, Kosozen and Ancient Egypt, the indigenous people of America (Inc, Maya, Aztec, etc.), Europe, the mythology of Chinese, Indian, Japanese people of eastern countries are strongly interconnected, and are not less typologically-researched, but historically majority of them are strangled in the ancient times and from an artistic point of view, the crucial Turkic mythology stays in the backstage., The folklorists of Western countries did not show much interest in Turkic mythology, except of the mythological scholars of the Turkic people. In large-scale researches and works about world mythology in a foreign language there are almost no chapters on Turkic mythology. This increases the importance of comparative historical research.

Taming the Unknown

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Katz ◽  
Karen Hunger Parshall
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Mathematics Majors ◽  
Classical Greece ◽  
China And India ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
Modern Form

What is algebra? For some, it is an abstract language of x's and y's. For mathematics majors and professional mathematicians, it is a world of axiomatically defined constructs like groups, rings, and fields. This book considers how these two seemingly different types of algebra evolved and how they relate. The book explores the history of algebra, from its roots in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, China, and India, through its development in the medieval Islamic world and medieval and early modern Europe, to its modern form in the early twentieth century. Defining algebra originally as a collection of techniques for determining unknowns, the book traces the development of these techniques from geometric beginnings in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and classical Greece. It shows how similar problems were tackled in Alexandrian Greece, in China, and in India, then looks at how medieval Islamic scholars shifted to an algorithmic stage, which was further developed by medieval and early modern European mathematicians. With the introduction of a flexible and operative symbolism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, algebra entered into a dynamic period characterized by the analytic geometry that could evaluate curves represented by equations in two variables, thereby solving problems in the physics of motion. This new symbolism freed mathematicians to study equations of degrees higher than two and three, ultimately leading to the present abstract era. The book follows algebra's remarkable growth through different epochs around the globe.

scholarly journals «ORIENTAL APHRODITE» ON THE OBJECTS FROM TERRITORY OF SCYTHIA (on the origins of iconography)

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-347
Author(s):  
H. V. Vertiienko
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
National Museum ◽  
First Case ◽  
National University ◽  
Female Deities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Village

The article analyzes the origins of the iconography of a woman’s face with a hairstyle that has characteristic curls, which have been deployed in different directions, on the objects of Scythian material culture. This feature of iconography is fixed twice. The first case are four silver and gilded pendants from the barrow 34 near the village Sofiyivka, Kherson region (Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine — a branch of the National Museum of History of Ukraine, inv. no. 2755/1—4). The second case, is the image on the working part of a bronze stamp from the Kamyanskoe settlement (Archaeology Museum of the Karazin National University of Kharkiv, inv. no. VN 2089). As for the female hairstyle on these images, it is not typical for classical Hellenic art, but finds parallels in the art of the Eastern Mediterranean and Ancient East. This style is similar to the so-called «Hathoric wig» in the art of ancient Egypt (on stelae, sculptures, amulets, painting on coffins, mirrors, musical instruments, etc.), which influenced the iconography of the hairstyles of female deities («Oriental Aphrodite») of the Mediterranean. The image of the goddess in the «Hathoric wig» could permeate to the Northern Pontic Sea Region through the Hellenic craftsmen, as a replica of the image of «Oriental Aphrodite» cult of whom may have existed in the region. At the same time, these images could be a «copy» (imitation) made by the Scythian craftsmen directly from the Egyptian original, most likely from some faience amulet, which usually has similar size and sometimes reproduces the head of Hathor. According to Herodotus, in the Scythian pantheon, the figure of Celestial Aphrodite (Aphrodite Urania) was corresponded by Argimpasa (Herod. IV, 59). Consequently, in such an iconographic form these images could depict this goddess. The image of the «Hathoric wig» on these objects can be considered the most northern examples of this iconographic element.

scholarly journals ARCHES WITH GLUED WOOD. THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 247-267
Author(s):  
Denis Mikhailovsky ◽  
Tatiana Skliarova ◽  
Bogdan Bondarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Structural Form ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Wooden Structures

Building structures made of solid and glued timber have long been widely used in many countries of the world, they have existed for several centuries. Their appearance is due to the fact that the available material, wood of natural origin, often could not be obtained with the desired section and quality. The simplest solution to this problem was the flaking of wooden fragments into one solid monolithic element. With the advent of effective technologies, all kinds of production of a large number of various wooden structures appeared, which opened up much more opportunities for designing with glued timber, and its ability to bend and fit into the desired shape, contributed to their use in the manufacture of arched structures. The arch is one of the most interesting and effective designs, the shape of an arch is very common in nature, which speaks of a bionic approach to design, which, by its form, bears both aesthetic and practical significance. Arches have been used by mankind since ancient times, and to be precise, they first appeared in the II millennium BC in the architecture of the Ancient East, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia, ancient and Hellenic Syria, and continue to be used to this day, which speaks of their eternal relevance and the need for further improvement and development of this constructive form. The paper considers the process of formation and development of arched structures, in general, and in particular from wood. This work will be able to help to more accurately understand the processes that have influenced, influence and will influence the calculation and design of arched structures, which in turn will help formulate a more competent approach to the design and modification of this structural form. Also, the advantages of glued timber design, its best application in construction and architecture, as well as the advantages of using arched structures will be revealed again.

Surgical treatment of head and neck cancers in the ancient world

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kelly ◽  
S Mahalingam
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Head And Neck Cancers ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Pharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
History Of ◽  
Surgical Treatments

AbstractObjective:This paper attempts to chart the history of head and neck cancers and their surgical treatment, starting from ancient Egypt and concluding with Galen.Conclusion:The ancient Egyptians appear to have treated head and neck cancers with local applications. The ancient Greek corpus contains a reference to treating pharyngeal carcinoma with cautery, but the description is too vague to establish the diagnosis conclusively. The ancient Romans moved away from surgical treatments, with Galen establishing a prejudice against surgery that would last through the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals ANCIENT BELIEFS AND THEIR RELIGIOUS AND MYSTICAL SYMBOLS

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
ELYOR ALIMKULOV
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Religious Symbol ◽  
Religious Symbols ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of

The article examines the concept of religious symbols, the history of the origin of religious-mystical symbols in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, their essence and content and meaning today. Also, the author’s views on the introduction of the concepts of symbol and religious symbols into scientifc circulation are expressed, various defnitions of these concepts by Western scientists are given, the role of symbols in society is determined. It is noted that in ancient Egyptian beliefs, each tribe worshiped and revered not only its own god, but also a certain animal that was somehow connected with this god, regardless of whether they were both in separate forms or zoo-anthropomorphic, that is, presented in the form religious symbol «man-animal». In particular, from the article you can learn a lot about such popular symbols as the Ankh Amenti, Ba, Shenu, Jed, The pen Maat, Urey, Ujat. Also, the work contains information about the symbols represented in the religious beliefs of Ancient Greece from various sources that have come down to us, ancient Greek epics, the works of Greek philosophers. Since the ancient Greeks and Romans often deifed several animals and birds, the moon and the sun, gods in human forms, based on the mythologies of these peoples, a comparative analysis of some religious and mystical symbols was carried out, such as Ares - Mars, Asclepius, harpies, Hermes - Mercury, Zeus - Jupiter, Nika - Victoria, Pegasus, Themis. Besides, this scientifc study reflects the scientifc views that the religious worldview of the ancient Romans was associated with agriculture, rituals deifying nature, mysticalreligious images and ancestral spirits, which were usually carried out by the head of the family. Shows the essence and content of attributes and symbols that appeared later in ancient Roman beliefs as a result of rituals of animal and plant sacrifces, worship and special rituals

Twins in Myth

1976 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. De Rachewiltz ◽  
P. Parisi ◽  
V. Castellani
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
Negative Sense

Twins have an important place in mythology and a sacred character appears to be attached to them since the most ancient times. In ancient Egypt, the royal placenta was worshipped, being considered as the Pharao's twin (a conception that is still alive among certain African populations), and actually everyone was considered to possess a spiritual twin, the Ka or astral body, through whom it was supposed to be possible to operate with magic rituals and hit enemies. Twin gods were worshipped by Babylonians and Assyrians (who even introduced them among astronomic constellations), and may be also found in the Persian and Veda religions. In the classic, Greco-Roman world, the examples of twin gods and heroes are innumerable: from the twin sons of Zeus, the Dioscuri, to the opposite-sexed twin gods Apollo and Diana, to Rome's founders, Romulus and Remus, etc. Since the most ancient times, a magic conception is connected to the twins, either in a positive or a negative sense, but often with some kind of a “fatidic” aspect. Such a two-faced approach to the phenomenon of twinning, that variously characterizes neareast, protomediterranean, classic, and other ancient civilizations, may still be found in contemporary primitive societies.

scholarly journals The Climatic History of the Eastern Mediterranean as Recorded in Mollusk Shells

Radiocarbon ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 778-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Kaufman ◽  
Mordeckai Magaritz
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Nile River ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Mollusk Shells ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Climatic History

An 18O/16O versus 14C age curve was constructed for unrecrystallized Holocene marine shell samples from Israel that were shown to be homogeneous populations. The surprisingly large variation in the oxygen isotopic composition (1.2‰) between 2600 and 4000 years ago is most probably due to variations in the isotopic composition of the water. This implies that either the excess of evaporation over precipitation or the Nile river discharge must have varied significantly during the Holocene.

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