scholarly journals Thinking in Vertical: A Practical Application of the Two-Stage Pension System in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9928
Author(s):  
Pierre Devolder ◽  
Inmaculada Domínguez-Fabián
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Current System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The One ◽  
Sustainability Problems ◽  
The Relationship

Public pay-as-you-go pension systems are affected by sustainability problems due to the increasing longevity of the population. These problems come to light when there is unsustainable growth in pension expenditure in relation to GDP. The usual arrangement is for public systems to be complemented by private systems that provide a lifetime annuity paid alongside the public pension. This approach, which is horizontal in its way of thinking, is the one that all countries apply; in it, we can expect to find lifetime annuities, which are expensive because they have to take increasing longevity into account, as well as sustainability problems in the public accounts. Therefore, in this paper, we put forward a system that maintains the complementarity between private and public, but considers it from a vertical point of view. By this, we mean that over a certain period of time, the private system would provide the pension in the form of a temporary income, without the need to consider such a high longevity risk, and then in the following period, the public system would take over. We apply the model to Spain, one of the countries whose pension systems are most affected by problems of sustainability, and observe a decrease in the relationship between pension expenditure and GDP using this two-stage model as opposed to the current system, for the period 2025–2068. This decrease can be achieved without decrease of benefits, change in the retirement age or increase of the contribution level.

scholarly journals Merging Territories: (Anti)Feminism in Neera’s "Una giovinezza del secolo XIX"

altrelettere ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana Raluca Larco
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Identities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Domestic Space ◽  
The Public ◽  
Paid Labor ◽  
Autobiographical Work ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The Relationship

This article reflects on the ideological ambivalence of Neera’s autobiographical work, "Una giovinezza del secolo XIX" (1919): on the one hand, the narrator openly disapproves, in the name of moral values and tradition, of those trends meant to expand women’s domain beyond the domestic space through education and paid labor; on the other, the «narrated I» is insistently depicted as victim of her limiting domestic space. Such duality brings to mind the notion of ‘contradictory consciousnesses’ as coined by philosopher Antonio Gramsci in his theory on the birth of a new culture. He argues that any given historical moment is never uniform but composed of numerous contrasting forces (some predominant while others remain regressive) that are equally significant when representing the socio-historical picture as a whole. In Gramsci’s view, a gifted writer must be able to capture indistinctively in his/her work all these forces. After briefly showing how Neera is indeed a writer of her period, given that "Una giovinezza del secolo XIX" echoes the various contrasting tendencies that its author witnessed, I turn to the progressive component of her work and consider how Neera in fact implicitly proposes an alternative Feminism when overtly rejecting the feminist and socialist ideology of her times. Drawing on Cavarero’s discussion of female autobiography as a locus that privileges the uniqueness of the sole individual over its multiple identities in the public sphere, I indicate how this situation applies to Neera’s autobiographical narrative through the relationship with her readers and her father. In the final point of my analysis, I emphasize once again how Neera undermines her declared antifeminist position by means of ingenious narrative devices. I conclude by reiterating that the tension generated by the above-discussed dichotomy constitutes an innovative element and the force that propels Neera’s work ahead of her times from an ideological point of view.

Private Education

1986 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Private Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Relationship

This book focuses on the relationship between private and public education in a comparative context. The contributors emphasize the relationship between private choices and public policy as they affect the division of labor between public and private non-profit schools, colleges, and universities. Their essays examine the kinds of choices offered by each sector, as well as the effects of present and proposed public policies on the intersectoral division of labor. Written from neither a pro-private nor a pro-public point of view, the contributors point to the ways in which they believe one sector or the other may be preferable for certain goals or groups.

Private and Public Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 574-592
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Law And Economics ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Private Law ◽  
General Criterion ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Ordering ◽  
Public Rights ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Derivatives Of

This chapter explores the relationship between private and public law. In civil law countries, the public-private distinction serves as an organizing principle of the entire legal system. In common law jurisdictions, the distinction is at best an implicit design principle and is used primarily as an informal device for categorizing different fields of law. Even if not explicitly recognized as an organizing principle, however, it is plausible that private and public law perform distinct functions. Private law supplies the tools that make private ordering possible—the discretionary decisions that individuals make in structuring their lives. Public law is concerned with providing public goods—broadly defined—that cannot be adequately supplied by private ordering. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, various schools of thought derived from utilitarianism have assimilated both private and public rights to the same general criterion of aggregate welfare analysis. This has left judges with no clear conception of the distinction between private and public law. Another problematic feature of modern legal thought is a curious inversion in which scholars who focus on fields of private law have turned increasingly to law and economics, one of the derivatives of utilitarianism, whereas scholars who concern themselves with public law are increasingly drawn to new versions of natural rights thinking, in the form of universal human rights.

Write–Reach–Repeat

2020 ◽  
pp. 1083-1093
Author(s):  
Robin M. Boylorn
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the role, importance, and impact of public intellectualism on the future of qualitative research. The chapter argues that the move toward technology and the public dissemination of information via the internet requires a shift in how and what we research with an expressed intention of reaching a broader and nonacademic audience. The chapter considers the relationship between the private and public sphere, and the so-called “bastardization” of intellectualism to explain the role and rise of public intellectualism in qualitative research. By considering issues such as personal subjectivity, accountability, representation, and epistemological privilege, the chapter discusses how public contexts inform qualitative research and, conversely, how qualitative research can inform the public.

Die Macht der Bilder und Bilder der Macht: die sprachliche Konstruktion von Nationalismus und Konservatismus in der strategischen politischen Kommunikation von Vox España

2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 538-566
Author(s):  
Sandra Issel-Dombert
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Multimodal Discourse ◽  
The Social ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
The Media ◽  
Right Wing Populism ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractFrom a theoretical and empirical linguistic point of view, this paper emphasizes the importance of the relationship between populism and the media. The aim of this article is to explore the language use of the Spanish right wing populism party Vox on the basis of its multimodal postings on the social network Instagram. For the analysis of their Instagram account, a suitable multimodal discourse analysis (MDA) provides a variety of methods and allows a theoretical integration into constructivism. A hashtag-analysis reveals that Vox’s ideology consists of a nativist and ethnocentric nationalism on the one hand and conservatism on the other. With a topos analysis, the linguistic realisations of these core elements are illustrated with two case studies.

Research on Related Model for Urban Public Crisis Handle Mechanism

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 5540-5543
Author(s):  
Yong Chang Ren
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Crisis ◽  
Crisis Events ◽  
Response And Recovery ◽  
The Relationship

China is in a critical period of urbanization, and various social contradictions continue to be accumulated, emerged and enlarged, so public crisis management mechanism has been highly valued by governments at all levels with the public crisis events are occurred frequently. The paper conducts study for the problems in the current urban public crisis handle mechanism. First, the evaluation model of crisis management can be researched, and crisis management can be divided into four stages to evaluate respectively, they are Reduction, Readiness, Response and Recovery; then, we should research crisis prediction model to strengthen prediction, prevention and monitoring of the crisis before the crisis happened; finally, stakeholders analysis model should be studied, and scientific analyzing the interests of the various stakeholders and the relationship among them. From the theoretical point of view, the paper carries on a study for crisis handle mechanism to provide support for improving the crisis handle level.

The public image of women in post-Taliban Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Dr Rose Fazli ◽  
Dr Anahita Seifi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Public Image ◽  
World War ◽  
Afghan Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Afghan Woman

The present article is an attempt to offer the concept of political development from a novel perspective and perceive the Afghan Women image in accordance with the aforementioned viewpoint. To do so, first many efforts have been made to elucidate the author’s outlook as it contrasts with the classic stance of the concept of power and political development by reviewing the literature in development and particularly political development during the previous decades. For example Post-World War II approaches to political development which consider political development, from the Hobbesian perspective toward power, as one of the functions of government. However in a different view of power, political development found another place when it has been understood via postmodern approaches, it means power in a network of relationships, not limited to the one-way relationship between ruler and obedient. Therefore newer concept and forces find their way on political development likewise “image” as a considerable social, political and cultural concept and women as the new force. Then, the meaning of “image” as a symbolic one portraying the common universal aspect is explained. The Afghan woman image emphasizing the historic period of 2001 till now is scrutinized both formally and informally and finally the relationship between this reproduced image of Afghan women and Afghanistan political development from a novel perspective of understanding is represented.

“Satisfied with the Ruins of Berlin”: The German Capital’s Image in Soviet Graphics of 1945

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 564-575
Author(s):  
Irina I. Rutsinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Public ◽  
Historical Justice ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

An artist who finds themselves in the last days of a war in the enemy’s defeated capital may not just fix its objects dispassionately. Many factors influence the selection and depicturing manner of the objects. One of the factors is satisfaction from the accomplished retribution, awareness of the historical justice triumph. Researchers think such reactions are inevitable. The article offers to consider from this point of view the drawings created by Soviet artists in Berlin in the spring and summer of 1945. Such an analysis of the German capital’s visual image is conducted for the first time. It shows that the above reactions were not the only ones. The graphics of the first post-war days no less clearly and consistently express other feelings and intentions of their authors: the desire to accurately document and fix the image of the city and some of its structures in history, the happiness from the silence of peace, and the simple interest in the monuments of European art.The article examines Berlin scenes as evidences of the transition from front-line graphics focused on the visual recording of the war traces to peacetime graphics; from documentary — to artistry; from the worldview of a person at war — to the one of a person who lived to victory. In this approach, it has been important to consider the graphic images of Berlin in unity with the diary and memoir texts belonging to both artists and ordinary soldiers who participated in the storming of Berlin. The combination of verbal and visual sources helps to present the German capital’s image that existed in the public consciousness, as well as the specificity of its representation by means of visual art.

How pornography saved fashion from boredom and improved its financial situation and vice versa: Communication technology overlaps between fashion and pornography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Linfante ◽  
Chiara Pompa
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Public Spheres ◽  
Fashion Products ◽  
Communication Models ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Relationship

Fashion, eroticism and pornography, especially in recent years, have created different synergies that not only embrace the design of fashion products and collections, but have defined and define precise visual, photographic and cinematographic languages as well as communication strategies that have not only borrowed the language and aesthetics of pornography, but also communication models, tools and channels. Today, we have thus witnessed an increasing hybridization of languages and channels that have generated forms of communication (performative, editorial, cinematographic or digital). It is not easy to identify the limits between fashion and pornography and between private and public spheres. Through literature review and several case studies, the article aims to investigate the evolution of the relationship between fashion, pornography and mass communication from an aesthetic, performative and, last but not least, technological point of view.

scholarly journals Democracy from the Point of View of Islamic Political Ethics: Khaled Abou El Fadl’s Doctrine

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
D. V. Mukhetdinov
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Political Ethics ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This paper focuses on the analysis of the Islamic thinker Kh. A. ElFadl’s political and legal conception. This conception assesses the potential of the Islamic tradition for the legitimization of democracy. We indicates that El-Fadl’s concept is not another ‘Islamic democracy’ project, but an analysis of the relationship between democratic ethos and Islamic political values. It is demonstrated that an adequate understanding of this relationship requires a comprehension of Qur’anic anthropology — the idea of human call, in particular. The logical transition from acceptance of God’s sovereignty and the status of man as His earthly governor (a successive authority’) to the inadmissibility of usurpation of power is considered reasonable. The article proves that El-Fadl allows historical variability of the forms of checks and balances that impede usurpation of power. Therefore, he emphasizes precisely the democratic ethos, and not a particular political theory or a specific political regime. The irregularity of the monopolization of a democratic ethos by the Western culture, on the one hand, and the monopolization of Shari‘a by Islamists, on the other, is thoroughly noted. In the conclusion the author outlines a general understanding of the nature of Shari‘a and the Shari‘ah foundations of political practice in the concept of El-Fadl.

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