scholarly journals Using Design Thinking to Improve Cook Stoves Development in Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3843
Author(s):  
Elena Ferriz Bosque ◽  
Luisa M. Muneta ◽  
Gregorio Romero Rey ◽  
Berta Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Residential Energy ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Cook Stoves ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

A traditional use of bioenergy is the main source of residential energy in developing countries, essentially using firewood to cook, boil water or heating affecting people in developing countries. Improved kitchens are more efficient and less polluting, and there is a need to evaluate different design options to facilitate their adoption. There are different types of very economical improved cook stoves with high combustion efficiency. In Mexico, multiple projects about cook stoves have been carried out, the root of this study being one of them, the Patsari cook stoves. The goal of this project was to modify previous designs to align with the habits and traditions. This study shows the importance of including the participation of the users in the design of the portable model of the Patsari cook stoves, applying Design Thinking methodology. Many designs or design changes have been done on cook stoves by different researchers, but users do not adapt to them. This article, through a field study, shows the importance of theoretical analyses along with user experiences to facilitate the adoption of these improves cook stoves and ensure their success.

Analysis of Flow Dynamics of Carbon Monoxide Emitted from Cook Stoves in Closed Room Using CFD

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Saurav Raj Bista ◽  
Bivek Baral ◽  
Utsav Raj Aryal ◽  
Nischal Chaulagain
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Flow Dynamics ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
Air Pollutions ◽  
Cook Stoves ◽  
Solid Biomass

Wood being one of the major sources for cooking in developing countries has also been key for indoor air pollutions. Many studies and improvements on the stove have been conducted to enhance combustion efficiency and minimize emission. Although many Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) programs has been widespread, due to design limitation together with operational and fuel factors have hindered the targeted emission reduction. Several studies in developing countries have shown that the even ICS have not been able to reduce the adverse impact on human health due to the use of solid biomass fuel. Despites the limitation in stove performance, alternatives have to be used to reduce the indoor air pollution till better cooking and heating system is in place in the developing countries. Proper ventilation and stove placement might be one of the few solutions. To provide an effective passive ventilation scheme, flow dynamics of the pollutants from stove to indoor space and outdoor needs to be predicted. This paper discusses about the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool to predict the pollution flow pattern and dispersion dynamics with different ventilation placement and stove location. The study also considers potential thermal energy conservation in the living space with optimum ventilation.

Global Ergonomics: Design for Social Impact

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Sklar ◽  
Sally Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Design Practices ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Design Challenge ◽  
Systems View

AT A GLANCE: Design thinking can be a powerful tool in addressing the complex challenges in developing countries. When used with intention, existing design practices are a strong foundation to reach innovative solutions. Five key principles guide our work: (1) Start with empathy. (2) Design for communities. (3) Take a systems view. (4) Make appropriate trade-offs. (5) Prepare your team. Practiced well, our design process can lead us to innovations that truly meet people's needs and improve their lives. In fact, we find that as we engage our fundamental design practices in the developing world, we reinvigorate our approach to any design challenge.

scholarly journals COST OVERRUN IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, GAS-OIL INDUSTRY OF IRAN AS A CASE STUDY

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya DERAKHSHANALAVIJEH ◽  
Jose Manuel Cardoso TEIXEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cost Overrun ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Significant Factors

Cost overrun in construction projects is a common issue affecting project performance, and Gas-Oil con­struction projects in Iran are no exception. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire conducted to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the significant factors contributing to the Gas-Oil construction industry of Iran as a case study for developing countries. The survey respondents included project owners, contractors and consultants in­volved in Iranian Gas-Oil construction projects. The results of the survey revealed that the main causes of cost overrun in this industry include inaccurate cost estimations, improper planning, frequent design changes, inadequate labour/skill availability, inflation of costs of machinery, labour, raw material and transportation prices. The first three factors are the project consultants’ responsibility and the appointment of qualified consultants and personnel training are strongly recommended to alleviate cost overrun. The paper also reviews and compares findings of a set of similar researches in a number of developing countries.

scholarly journals Modelling Bending Stiffness and Vibration Characteristics to Enable Simulation-Driven Ski Design

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
John Borenius ◽  
Henrik Edman ◽  
Albin Lindmark ◽  
Marcus Pålsson ◽  
Thomas Abrahamsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Vibration Characteristics ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
The Past ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Simulation Based Design ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Design Options

When developing alpine skis, new design is often built upon experience from what has been done in the past. This allows for stable but incremental improvements that limit the possibilities of ground-breaking design changes. To allow such major changes, without risking spending a fortune on trial and error studies, simulation-based design is a must. This paper presents a method for such a simulation-based design approach, focusing on the effect of the internal ski structure and its effect on bending and vibration characteristics. As a prototype ski, we have studied Faction Skis’ Candide 3.0, for which a finite element model was developed and validated. In the next step, the effect of a design ski variation was analysed to demonstrate how simulation-based screening of design options can be easily implemented.

scholarly journals An overview of the Effect of Biomass in-door-air Pollution on Household Members

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
C Ogbonna
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Biomass Fuels ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Cook Stoves

Worldwide statistics show that 2.4 billion people depend on biomass fuel for cooking and heating. Biomass are plant materials and animal waste used especially as source of fuel. Typically, burned in open fire or inefficient stoves without appropriate ventilation, biomass fuels emit substantial amounts of health damaging pollutants leading to high level of exposure. In developing countries the level is at least 10-20 times higher than World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Women and young children who spend many hours daily near the fire are the most exposed. A growing body of literature implicates in-door air pollution from biomass fuel as a risk factor for the development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Lung cancer in women and Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in young children.4-8 About two billion people have no access to modern energy and a billion have it only sporadically. Household members especially women and children in rural settlements collect all kinds of materials that are hazardous for their source of household energy. This is peculiar to the rural populations and more so the poor communities. Biomass fuels are at the low end of the energy ladder in terms of combustion efficiency and cleanliness. Smoke from biomass combustion produces a large number of health damaging air pollutants including inhalable particulate matter, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides, Formaldehyde, Benzene, 1,3 Butadiene, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and many other toxic organic compounds. In developing countries, where large proportions of households rely on biomass fuels for cooking and space heating, concentrations of these air pollutants tend to be highest indoors. The fuels are typically burned in simple, inefficient, and mostly unvented household cook stoves, which, combined with poor ventilation, generate large volumes of smoke indoors. Moreover, cook stoves are typically used for several hours each day at times when people are present indoors, resulting in much higher exposure to air pollutants than from out-door sources. More than three billion people or half the world's populations, cook in their homes using traditional fire and stoves, burning biomass fuels such as woods and crop waste materials. Household members breathe in the toxic fumes from these cooking fires daily.

scholarly journals HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK OPTIMIZATION AND CONTROLLABILITY USING DESIGN RELIABILITY THEORY

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Tellez ◽  
Brent Young
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Reliability Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Heat Exchanger Network ◽  
Design Reliability ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Design Options

For a given heat exchanger network (HEN) it is often necessary to determine its behaviour to disturbances in supply temperature and/or inlet flow rate variations, that is its ability/flexibility to meet the design requirements at new operating conditions. An analysis of the HEN flexibility is very useful to assess other design options and in the design of a robust control structure. The use of design reliability theory coupled with fuzzy design uncertainties can be used to determine the possibility of violating the HEN constraints. This measures the potential of the design failure rather than the frequency of failure, the latter being measured by probability theory. The HEN constraints considered in this work are the target temperatures, hot/cold utility flow rate and heat transfer area/overall coefficient (UA). If the design under consideration results in a significant value of the failure possibility for any of these constraints, then this HEN design will require either a modification of the design or the establishment of a specific requirement in the control system. The case study treated in this paper shows that design reliability theory is a useful tool for determining HEN constraint violations that will require special attention from a control point of view, that is controllability analysis. Thus this approach has proven to be a useful tool for determining design changes and for developing a workable control scheme for HEN designs.

Effects of Fuel Type on the Performance of Aero Gas Turbine Combustion Chambers, and the Influence of Design Features

1954 ◽  
Vol 58 (528) ◽  
pp. 813-825
Author(s):  
J. G. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Combustion Chambers ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Fuel Characteristics ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustion

SummaryThe performance of aero gas turbine combustion chambers is discussed under the following headings : Combustion efficiency, combustion stability, ease of ignition, deposits, exhaust temperature variation, and smooth combustion. It is shown that, as assessed by these criteria, combustion chamber performance can be significantly affected by fuel characteristics; also that the effects of fuel type can be greatly modified by equipment design changes. The conclusion is that most of the problems- aggravated by fuel characteristics are better solved by modifications to equipment, if fuel availability and cost are not to be adversely affected.

Selecting sanitation systems for sustainability in developing countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2973-2982 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Flores ◽  
C. Buckley ◽  
R. Fenner
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
Indicator Approach ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents a methodology for systematically incorporating multi-dimensional sustainability considerations into the selection of wastewater options for developing countries and the evaluation and comparison of these options. Appropriate technologies for developing countries were screened based on their function and their use of operational sustainability features; this list of technologies can then be used to elaborate design options. Sustainability indicators are used to enable a parallel comparison of the options from environmental, economic, and socio-cultural perspectives. For illustration, the indicator approach is applied to a case study of the sanitation options for peri-urban/rural areas of the eThekwini Municipality in South Africa.

Resolution in the scanning tunneling microscope

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 488-489
Author(s):  
R. J. Wilson ◽  
D. D. Chambliss ◽  
S. Chiang ◽  
V. M. Hallmark
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Tunneling Microscope ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Lateral Resolution ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Electronic Noise ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Profile ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used for many atomic scale observations of metal and semiconductor surfaces. The fundamental principle of the microscope involves the tunneling of evanescent electrons through a 10Å gap between a sharp tip and a reasonably conductive sample at energies in the eV range. Lateral and vertical resolution are used to define the minimum detectable width and height of observed features. Theoretical analyses first discussed lateral resolution in idealized cases, and recent work includes more general considerations. In all cases it is concluded that lateral resolution in STM depends upon the spatial profile of electronic states of both the sample and tip at energies near the Fermi level. Vertical resolution is typically limited by mechanical and electronic noise.

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