scholarly journals The Recent Progress of Natural Sources and Manufacturing Process of Biodiesel: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5599
Author(s):  
Eko Supriyanto ◽  
Jayan Sentanuhady ◽  
Ariyana Dwiputra ◽  
Ari Permana ◽  
Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Biodiesel has caught the attention of many researchers because it has great potential to be a sustainable fossil fuel substitute. Biodiesel has a non-toxic and renewable nature and has been proven to emit less environmentally harmful emissions such as hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) as smoke particles during combustion. Problems related to global warming caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could also be solved by utilizing biodiesel as a daily energy source. However, the expensive cost of biodiesel production, mainly because of the cost of natural feedstock, hinders the potential of biodiesel commercialization. The selection of natural sources of biodiesel should be made with observations from economic, agricultural, and technical perspectives to obtain one feasible biodiesel with superior characteristics. This review paper presents a detailed overview of various natural sources, their physicochemical properties, the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel when used in a diesel engine. The recent progress in studies about natural feedstocks and manufacturing methods used in biodiesel production were evaluated in detail. Finally, the findings of the present work reveal that transesterification is currently the most superior and commonly used biodiesel production method compared to other methods available.

scholarly journals The Recent Progress of Natural Source and Manufacturing Process of Biodiesel: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko Supriyanto ◽  
Jayan Sentanuhady ◽  
Ariyana Dwiputra ◽  
Ari Permana ◽  
Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Biodiesel has caught the attention of many researchers because it has great potential to be sustainable fossil fuel substitute. Biodiesel has non-toxic and renewable nature and has been proven to emit less amount of environmentally harmful emissions such as hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO), as well as smoke particles during combustion. Problems related to global warming caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could also be solved by utilizing biodiesel as a daily energy source. However, the expensive cost of biodiesel production, mainly because of the cost of natural feedstock, holds the potential of biodiesel commercialization. The selection of natural sources of biodiesel should be made with observations from economic, agricultural, and technical perspectives to obtain one feasible biodiesel with superior characteristics. This review paper presents a detailed overview of various natural sources, their physicochemical properties, as well as the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel when used in a diesel engine. The recent progress in studies about natural feedstocks and manufacturing methods used in biodiesel production were evaluated in detail. Finally, the findings of the present work reveal that transesterification is currently the most superior and commonly used biodiesel production method compared to other methods available.

scholarly journals The original way to get lime

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
N.A. Klimenko ◽  
A.I. Feldman ◽  
Yu.A. Feldman ◽  
A.A. Bobukh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Consumption Ratio ◽  
Annular Gap ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Metallurgical Lime ◽  
The Cost

Purpose. Development of a cost-effective method for the production of branded metallurgical lime. Metodology. Analysis of technical solutions known in engineering in the field of lime production technology, as well as a generalization of the experimental studies obtained. Findings. An efficient method for the production of metallurgical lime with a low consumption ratio with low energy consumption and reduction of harmful emissions has been developed and introduced into production. Practical value. Developed and implemented in the production method of lime can be implemented in the foundry industry and will reduce the cost of products, reduce harmful emissions, especially in the conditions of micro-metallurgical production Key words: energy consumption, harmful emissions, vertical annular gap, lined shells, electric heaters, counter thermal flows, expenditure ratio, branded metallurgical lime.

scholarly journals РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ МОДИФІКОВАНОГО НАМЕТУ УСБ-56

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
З. С. Сірко ◽  
Б. Й. Запталов ◽  
Є. А. Стариш ◽  
Д. П. Торчилевський ◽  
І. І. Котлярова
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

The  purpose  of  the  tent  modification  type  USB-56  is  improvements  its  exploitative characteristics and reduction the cost of its production. Method. During the study of the physical and mechanical properties of the fabric, techniques were used to determine linear dimensions, linear and surface densities, to determine the breaking characteristics during stretching of the fabric, to determine the hygroscopic and water repellent properties of the tissue. All of  the  previously  used  methods  are  from  the  normative  and  technical  documentations.  The  selection  of samples of tissue was carried out in accordance with the requirements of normative documents.

Assessment of the Dietary Intakes of 6- and 12-Month-Old Infants in Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Riyadh A. Alzaheb ◽  
Norah Alatawi ◽  
Khawla A. Daoud ◽  
Naema Altawil
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
Adequate Nutrient ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract.Background: Establishing understanding of infants’ dietary intakes can support interventions to improve their diets and overall health. Because information on the dietary intakes of infants aged ≤12 months in Saudi Arabia is scarce, this study examined the diets of infants aged 6 and 12 months in Saudi Arabia and determined their main dietary sources of total energy and macronutrients. Methods: A crosssectional dietary survey employing a single 24-hour recall was performed between May and December 2015 with a sample of mothers of 278 healthy 6-month-old and 259 12-month-old infants. An analysis of the dietary intake data determined the nutrient intake adequacy and the percentage contributions of foods to energy and macronutrient intakes. Results: The respective mean daily energy intakes of the 6-month-old and 12-month-old infants in the study were 703 kcal and 929 kcal. Both age groups recorded adequate nutrient intakes, with the exception that the 6-month-olds’ mean vitamin D intake fell below the recommended Adequate Intake (AI), and the 12-month-olds’ intakes of omega-6 fatty acids and vitamin D were also below the AI, along with their iron intake which fell short of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Conclusion: The data generated here will assist health professionals in planning interventions which aim to improve infants’ diets and to offer guidance to parents on the appropriate selection of food for their infants.

Determination of the minimum number of technological bases of a part

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-75
Author(s):  
B.M. Bazrov ◽  
T.M. Gaynutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Cost Price ◽  
Labor Input ◽  
Part Surface ◽  
Technological Base ◽  
Size Accuracy ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Cost ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of technological bases is considered before the choice of the type of billet and the development of the route of the technological process. A technique is proposed for selecting the minimum number of sets of technological bases according to the criterion of equality in the cost price of manufacturing the part according to the principle of unity and combination of bases at this stage. Keywords: part, surface, coordinating size, accuracy, design and technological base, labor input, cost price. [email protected]

scholarly journals Energy and Environmental Implications of Using Energy-Harvesting Speed Humps in Nablus City, Palestine

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Fady M. A. Hassouna ◽  
Mahmoud Assad ◽  
Islam Koa ◽  
Wesam Rabaya ◽  
Aya Aqhash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
National University ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Annual Amount ◽  
Speed Humps

Over the last three decades, transportation has become one of the main energy-consuming sectors around the world and, as a result, large amounts of emissions are produced, contributing to global warming, climate change, and health problems. Therefore, huge investments and efforts have been made by governments and international institutions to find new renewable and clean sources of energy. As a contribution to these efforts, this study determined the practical energy and environmental implications of replacing conventional speed humps with energy-harvesting speed humps in Nablus city, Palestine. The study was implemented using an energy-harvesting speed hump (EHSH) system developed in the laboratories at An-Najah National University and based on comprehensive traffic volume counts at all speed humps’ locations. In addition, a traffic volume prediction model was developed in order to determine the implications over the next 10 years. As a result of the study, the expected annual amount of generated energy was determined. Moreover, the expected reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the reduction in the cost of roadway network lighting were determined based on the current and future traffic conditions.

scholarly journals Progress on Modified Calcium Oxide Derived Waste-Shell Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Hui Khim Ooi ◽  
Xin Ning Koh ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Hwei Voon Lee ◽  
Mohd Sufri Mastuli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Stability ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Waste Shell ◽  
Catalytic Reactivity

The dwindling of global petroleum deposits and worsening environmental issues have triggered researchers to find an alternative energy such as biodiesel. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. A heterogeneous catalyst at an economical price has been studied widely for biodiesel production. It was noted that various types of natural waste shell are a potential calcium resource for generation of bio-based CaO, with comparable chemical characteristics, that greatly enhance the transesterification activity. However, CaO catalyzed transesterification is limited in its stability and studies have shown deterioration of catalytic reactivity when the catalyst is reused for several cycles. For this reason, different approaches are reviewed in the present study, which focuses on modification of waste-shell derived CaO based catalyst with the aim of better transesterification reactivity and high reusability of the catalyst for biodiesel production. The catalyst stability and leaching profile of the modified waste shell derived CaO is discussed. In addition, a critical discussion of the structure, composition of the waste shell, mechanism of CaO catalyzed reaction, recent progress in biodiesel reactor systems and challenges in the industrial sector are also included in this review.

scholarly journals Decarbonization in Shipping Industry: A Review of Research, Technology Development, and Innovation Proposals

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
George Mallouppas ◽  
Elias Ar. Yfantis
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Research Technology

This review paper examines the possible pathways and possible technologies available that will help the shipping sector achieve the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) deep decarbonization targets by 2050. There has been increased interest from important stakeholders regarding deep decarbonization, evidenced by market surveys conducted by Shell and Deloitte. However, deep decarbonization will require financial incentives and policies at an international and regional level given the maritime sector’s ~3% contribution to green house gas (GHG) emissions. The review paper, based on research articles and grey literature, discusses technoeconomic problems and/or benefits for technologies that will help the shipping sector achieve the IMO’s targets. The review presents a discussion on the recent literature regarding alternative fuels (nuclear, hydrogen, ammonia, methanol), renewable energy sources (biofuels, wind, solar), the maturity of technologies (fuel cells, internal combustion engines) as well as technical and operational strategies to reduce fuel consumption for new and existing ships (slow steaming, cleaning and coating, waste heat recovery, hull and propeller design). The IMO’s 2050 targets will be achieved via radical technology shift together with the aid of social pressure, financial incentives, regulatory and legislative reforms at the local, regional and international level.

Recruitment and selection of couples for intervention research: Achieving developmental homogeneity at the cost of demographic diversity.

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Rogge ◽  
Rebecca J. Cobb ◽  
Lisa B. Story ◽  
Matthew D. Johnson ◽  
Erika E. Lawrence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Research ◽  
Demographic Diversity ◽  
Recruitment And Selection ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Construction of Temporary Accommodation Camp and Selection of Optimal Type of Building

2015 ◽  
Vol 725-726 ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Birjukov ◽  
Sergey Bolotin
Keyword(s):  
Type Systems ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Basic Criterion ◽  
Economic Indexes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Container Type ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Optimal Type ◽  
Temporary Accommodation

Surveys performed nationwide show that mobile temporary accommodation camps are being manufactured by more than 200 specialized enterprises (without considering the minor manufacturers) acting under different ministries and agencies. According to the analysis performed, today 26 basic mobile structural systems consisting of 18 conveyor-type and 8 demountable-type systems are being used on a national basis. Today national manufacturers are producing more than 250 types of container-type buildings and facilities which differ in functionality, capacity, climatic category, price and other technical-and-economic indexes. Use of mobile accommodation complexes is characterized by certain advantages. Basic criterion for mobile accommodation camp construction consists in its timely commissioning. Basic predicted indexes affecting the cost of temporary accommodation camp could serve as an endorsement of the forwarded standpoint.

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