scholarly journals Comparison of EI-GC-MS/MS, APCI-LC-MS/MS, and ESI-LC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Analysis of Nine Nitrosamines Eluted from Synthetic Resins into Artificial Saliva and Health Risk Assessment

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Hyungsoo Kim ◽  
Daekwan Sung ◽  
Honghyeon Yu ◽  
Daeyong Jang ◽  
Yeji Koo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Impact Ionization ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomer ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Simultaneous Analysis ◽  
Oral Exposure

Nitrosamines can be produced during the manufacture of rubber-type products such as pacifiers or the nipples of baby bottles. Humans can be exposed to the nitrosamines in these products when they are eluted into saliva. In this study, we compared the efficiency of electron impact ionization (EI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electrospray ionization (ESI) methods for the analysis of nine nitrosamines eluted into artificial saliva. In addition, nine nitrosamines eluted from 54 rubber-type products (rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane, and polyurethane) marketed in Korea were monitored. Finally, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments of oral exposure to nine nitrosamines were performed based on the monitoring results. EI-GC-MS/MS performed the best for the simultaneous analysis of these nine nitrosamines with respect to overall linearity, trace analysis limit of detection (less than 1 μg), recovery (average 108.66 ± 9.32%), and precision (less than 6%), compared with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (APCI and ESI) methods. Using the EI-GC-MS/MS method, these nine nitrosamines eluted into artificial saliva from 54 rubber-type products were monitored. Based on the monitoring data, risk assessment was performed by calculating the margin of exposure (MOE) for the respective nitrosamines detected. As a result, these nitrosamines were confirmed to be safe with regard to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.

scholarly journals Butyl Benzyl Phthalate in Urban Sewage by Magnetic-Based Immunoassay: Environmental Levels and Risk Assessment

Biosensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Xia Hong ◽  
Yin Cui ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Yifan Xia ◽  
Daolin Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate ◽  
Positive Rate

A magnetic-based immunoassay (MBI) combined with biotin-streptavidin amplification was proposed for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) investigation and risk assessment. The values of LOD (limit of detection, IC10) and IC50 were 0.57 ng/mL and 119.61 ng/mL, with a detection range of 0.57–24977.71 ng/mL for MBI. The specificity, accuracy and precision are well demonstrated. A total of 36 environmental water samples of urban sewage from Zhenjiang, China, were collected and assessed for BBP contamination. The results show that BBP-positive levels ranged from 2.47 to 89.21 ng/mL, with a positive rate of 77.8%. The health effects of BBP in the urban sewage were within a controllable range, and the ambient severity for health (ASI) was below 1.49. The highest value of AS for ecology (ASII) was 7.43, which indicates a potential harm to ecology. The entropy value of risk quotient was below 100, the highest being 59.47, which poses a low risk to the environment and ecology, indicating that there is a need to strengthen BBP controls. The non-carcinogenic risk of BBP exposure from drinking water was higher for females than that for males, and the non-carcinogenic risk from drinking-water and bathing pathways was negligible. This study could provide an alternative method for detecting BBP and essential information for controlling BBP contamination.

scholarly journals Risk assessment of Ni, Cr, and Si release from alkaline minerals during enhanced weathering

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
Fatima Haque ◽  
Yi Wai Chiang ◽  
Rafael M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Silicate Minerals ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
Index Value

AbstractCalcium- and magnesium-rich alkaline silicate minerals, when applied to soil, can aid in carbon dioxide sequestration via enhanced weathering. The weathering of these silicate minerals is also associated with the release of heavy metals such as Ni and Cr, depending on the composition of the parent rock, and also labile Si. This paper critically analyses the risk associated with the release of Ni, Cr, and Si from alkaline silicate minerals as a result of enhanced weathering to evaluate its potential to be applied as a soil amendment. Based on the available data in the literature, this study evaluates the soil contamination level and quantifies the risk these elements pose to human health as well as the environment. To assess these potential threat levels, the geoaccumulation index was applied, along with the method recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency for health risk assessment. The main findings of this study indicate the potential release of Ni, Cr, and Si to exceed the soil quality guideline value. The geochemical index suggests that the analyzed samples are in the class 0–3 and represents sites that lie between uncontaminated zones to highly contaminated zones. The hazard index value for Ni and Cr is greater than unity, which suggests that Ni and Cr release poses a non-carcinogenic risk. The probability of labile Si concentration in the soil to exceed the critical value is found to be 75%.

Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Complex Mixtures

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Krewski ◽  
T. Thorslund ◽  
J. Withey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Carcinogenic Substances ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
Potential Use

Although procedures for assessing the carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to individual chemicals are relatively well developed, risk assessment methods for mixtures of chemicals are still in the developmental stage. In this paper, we examine the difficulties in assessing the risks of exposure to complex mixtures, with special reference to the potential for synergistic effects among the compo nents of the mixture. Statistical models for describing the joint action of multiple exposures are reviewed, and their implications for low-dose risk assessment are examined. The potential use of pharmacokinetic models to describe the metabolism of mixtures is also considered. Application of these results in regulating mixtures of carcinogenic substances is illustrated using examples involving multiple contaminants in drinking water and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced from combustion sources.

scholarly journals Source Apportionment of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Around a Urea Fertilizer Factory and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Human Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Akter ◽  
Mohammad Obidur Rahman ◽  
Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Saiful Islam Tushar ◽  
Mottalib Hossain Sarkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The mean concentrations of heavy metals viz: K, Ca, Mg, Ti, Fe, Co, Cu, As, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Pb and Th were measured in soil samples using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique and sampling sites as a whole were found highly contaminated by Zn, considerably contaminated by Mg and Pb, while moderately contaminated by Fe, Co, Cu, Rb, Sr, As, Rb, Y, Th. The sampling sites are moderate to strongly polluted by heavy metals according to Enrichment factors value, whereas, Pollution Load Index values for 95% of the sample sites were ≥ 1.5, indicating deterioration of soil quality. Potential Ecological risk (RI) value followed the increasing sequence of Pb > As > Co > Zn > Cu. Non-carcinogenic exposure found higher in children compared to adults,however carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that both groups (adult and children) lied within Grade II category (10− 5 to 10− 6) and considered to be at no risk.

scholarly journals RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH DUE TO THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES OF THE NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY OF THE CITY OF EKATERINBURG

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia G. Konshina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arsenic Compounds ◽  
Traditional Assessment ◽  
The City

Introduction. In recent years, the risk assessment methodology has become the leading tool for assessing the health of various groups of the population, allowing identifying priority negative environmental factors. Material and methods. There were explored 212 wells, including 150 in collective gardens and 62 in cottage settlements. The priority oral route of chemical intake into the body was studied. Results. Nitrates and arsenic compounds create the main non-carcinogenic risk in the sources of non-centralized water supply in the territory of the Municipal Settlement of the city of ekaterinburg. When using water from wells in cottage settlements levels of non-carcinogenic risks are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships. Acceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk for children under 6 years are related with 17.4% of water sources in collective gardens and 25% of wells in cottage settlements; for adults - 60.8% and 93.8% respectively. The detected nitrate concentrations in individual wells of horticultural associations can create a high non-carcinogenic risk. The total individual lifetime carcinogenic risk, both in the water of collective gardens and in the water wells of cottage settlements ranges from 10-5 to 10-4 and, therefore, is at a low level, the greatest contribution is made by arsenic compounds. Discussion. In contrast to the earlier traditional assessment of drinking water quality, when the main substances for which the discrepancy was found to hygienic standards were manganese, nitrates, iron and silicon, in the assessment of water danger using the methodology of risk assessment, nitrates and arsenic come to the first place, with a much smaller role of manganese. The calculation of carcinogenic risks using age correction factors (ADAF) has increased the risk values calculated by the traditional method by almost 2 times. Summary Levels of non-carcinogenic risks when using water from wells in cottage settlements are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships.

scholarly journals Distribution, source, water quality and health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals in major rivers in Wuhan, China

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11853
Author(s):  
Xingyong Zhang ◽  
Qixin Wu ◽  
Shilin Gao ◽  
Zhuhong Wang ◽  
Shouyang He
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Source Water Quality

Heavy metals are released into the water system through various natural processes and anthropogenic activities, thus indirectly or directly endangering human health. The distribution, source, water quality and health risk assessment of dissolved heavy metals (V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Mo, Sb) in major rivers in Wuhan were analyzed by correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). The results showed that the spatial variability of heavy metal contents was pronounced. PCA and CA results indicated that natural sources controlled Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Mo, and industrial emissions were the dominant factor for V, Zn and Sb, while As was mainly from the mixed input of urban and agricultural activities. According to the heavy metal pollution index (HPI, ranging from 23.74 to 184.0) analysis, it should be noted that As and Sb contribute most of the HPI values. The health risk assessment using HI and CR showed that V and Sb might have a potential non-carcinogenic risk and As might have a potential carcinogenic risk to adults and children in the study area (CR value exceeded target risk 10−4). At the same time, it was worth noting that As might have a potential non-carcinogenic risk for children around QLR (HI value exceeded the threshold value 1). The secular variation of As and Sb should be monitor in high-risk areas. The results of this study can provide important data for improving water resources management efficiency and heavy metal pollution prevention in Wuhan.

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