scholarly journals Analysis of Toxic Metals in Aerosols from Devices Associated with Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use Associated Lung Injury

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez ◽  
Naudia Gray ◽  
R. Steven Pappas ◽  
Mary Halstead ◽  
Erica Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Method Validation ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Low Concentrations

Research gaps exist in toxic metals characterization in e-cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs) as these analytes typically have low concentrations and most standard aerosol trapping techniques have high metals background. An additional complication arises from differences in the EVP liquid formulations with nicotine products having polar properties and non-nicotine products often being non-polar. Differences in polar and non-polar matrices and the subsequent aerosol chemistries from various EVPs required modifications of our previously reported nicotine-based EVP aerosol method. Validation and application of the expanded method, suitable for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic aerosols, are reported here. The metals analyzed for this study were Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sn, Ba, and Pb. The method limits of detection for the modified method ranged from 0.120 ng/10 puffs for Cd to 29.3 ng/10 puffs for Al and were higher than reported for the previous method. Results of the analyses for metals in aerosols obtained from 50 EVP products are reported. Cannabinoid based EVP aerosols were below reportable levels, except for one sample with 16.08 ng/10 puffs for Cu. Nicotine-based EVP results ranged from 6.72 ng/10 puffs for Pb to 203 ng/10 puffs for Sn. Results of the analyses for these metals showed that aerosols from only 5 of the 50 devices tested had detectable metal concentrations. Concentrations of toxic elements in the aerosols for nicotine-based EVP aerosol metal concentration ranges were consistent with previously published results of aerosol analyses from this class of devices.

Modifications of Physical and Chemical Soil Properties by Application of Treated Petrochemical Effluent

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Z. Simon ◽  
M. Tedesco ◽  
P. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Infiltration Tests ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Wastewaters generated by Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex, Triunfo, Brazil) and treated up to tertiary level at SITEL (the integrated effluent treatment plant of the complex) are disposed of on land since 1983 at average rates of 140 m3/ha.day. With the purpose of studying the cumulative effect on soil properties of effluent applied under distinct conditions, four sites have been selected for comparison with adjacent blank areas. Soil samples have been taken for analyses from three different depths (0–30, 30–60 and 60–120 cm) and infiltration tests have been conducted on site. Soil pH, electrical conductivity and extractable Na, Ca and S increased in treated areas, while exchangeable Al and extractable Zn decreased. Exchangeable K and Mg and extractable P, Cu, Mn and B, as well as other toxic metals, did not show significant modifications in comparison with blank areas, with the exception of cadmium. Infiltration rates showed an average fourfold decrease in soils which underwent effluent application, due to increase in pH and exchangeable Na and decrease in Al, all these factors contributing to clay dispersion. The main alterations of forest and grassland environments consisted of trees falling caused by progressive weakening of the root system, due, in turn, to the change to a predominantly anaerobic soil environment and damage to some grass and shrub species, due to the direct impact of sprayed effluent. The observed results are compatible with the average effluent characteristics: low concentrations of toxic metals and negligible contents of residual organic toxicants, together with a high Sodium Adsorption Ratio. With respect to the chemical status of the investigated soils the service life of the disposal system can be extended to decades, provided the discharges of Cd are restricted. As far as infiltration rates are concerned, the results are worrying, however. The soils can be reclaimed by fallowing of the application areas and/or addition of Ca and Mg in order to decrease the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage.

A Modified Method of Arterial Elasticity Index Including Effects of Constraints From Surrounding Tissues

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichiro Ota ◽  
Toshitaka Yasuda ◽  
Takashi Saito ◽  
Setsuo Takatani
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Infinite Length ◽  
Arterial Elasticity ◽  
Thin Cylindrical Shell ◽  
Dynamic Constraints ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Inner Pressure ◽  
Geometric Factors

Previously, we proposed an estimation method of arterial elasticity index (EM) independent of geometric factors such as the radius and wall thickness. Since the previous method was based on an equation of a motion that assumed a thin cylindrical model with infinite length, it is thus necessary to account for the effects of dynamic constraints from surrounding tissues. The purpose of this study is to propose a modified method for quantifying arterial elasticity index accounting for the effects of dynamic constraints. We describe the modified method by vibration analysis of a thin cylindrical shell using a natural frequency depending on boundary conditions. To examine the feasibility of the proposed method, we measured the inner pressure, radius and natural frequency of the mock-vessels with dynamic constraints. From these results, the elasticity index (EM) was derived independent of the effects of dynamic constraints. In summary, the proposed method enabled to derive elastic properties of arteries accounting for the effects of dynamic constraints in mock-vessels with both ends restricted.

scholarly journals A Modified Method to Assess Tidal Recruitment by Electrical Impedance Tomography

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Muders ◽  
Benjamin Hentze ◽  
Philipp Simon ◽  
Felix Girrbach ◽  
Michael R.G. Doebler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Electrical Impedance Tomography ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve ◽  
Positive End Expiratory Pressure ◽  
Regional Ventilation ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Tidal Recruitment

Avoiding tidal recruitment and collapse during mechanical ventilation should reduce the risk of lung injury. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) enables detection of tidal recruitment by measuring regional ventilation delay inhomogeneity (RVDI) during a slow inflation breath with a tidal volume (VT) of 12 mL/kg body weight (BW). Clinical applicability might be limited by such high VTs resulting in high end-inspiratory pressures (PEI) during positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration. We hypothesized that RVDI can be obtained with acceptable accuracy from reduced slow inflation VTs. In seven ventilated pigs with experimental lung injury, tidal recruitment was quantified by computed tomography at PEEP levels changed stepwise between 0 and 25 cmH2O. RVDI was measured by EIT during slow inflation VTs of 12, 9, 7.5, and 6 mL/kg BW. Linear correlation of tidal recruitment and RVDI was excellent for VTs of 12 (R2 = 0.83, p < 0.001) and 9 mL/kg BW (R2 = 0.83, p < 0.001) but decreased for VTs of 7.5 (R2 = 0.76, p < 0.001) and 6 mL/kg BW (R2 = 0.71, p < 0.001). With any reduction in slow inflation VT, PEI decreased at all PEEP levels. Receiver-Operator-Characteristic curve analyses revealed that RVDI-thresholds to predict distinct amounts of tidal recruitment differ when obtained from different slow inflation VTs. In conclusion, tidal recruitment can sufficiently be monitored by EIT-based RVDI-calculation with a slow inflation of 9 mL/kg BW.

scholarly journals Golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) in feed for broiler chicks using tannin as a sequestrant of toxic metals

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Douglas Fernando Bayerle ◽  
Ricardo Vianna Nunes ◽  
Affonso Celso Gonçalves Junior ◽  
Lucas Wachholz ◽  
Carina Scherer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Inert Material ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Golden Mussel ◽  
Different Levels

This study aimed to evaluate the use of wattle tannin as an adsorbent of toxic metals in broilers fed on diets with different levels of replacement of limestone with golden mussel meal. First, we conducted a trial to evaluate the performance of broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days old when fed on wattle tannin. For this we used 720 male broiler chicks that were one day old, in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replications. The treatments were composed of basal diets with increasing levels of wattle tannin (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 g tonne-1), where the tannin replaced the inert material of the feed. All of the diets were isonutritive and isocaloric. The results showed that 250 g tonne-1 of tannin was detrimental to weight gain, final weight and feed conversion, and the use of 1000 g tonne-1 of wattle tannin, in addition to these effects, caused a drop in consumption of the ration. There was no effect of treatment on morphometric measurements of villi, crypt or the villus:crypt ratio. Next, we conducted a second test to evaluate the performance of broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days of age when fed with increasing levels of replacement (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) of limestone with golden mussel and even supplementation or not wattle tannin. Five repetitions were used and the birds were housed in a completely randomized design. In diets with the inclusion of tannin, 250 g tonne-1 of wattle tannin was used, which replaced the inert material in the feed. In this test, 1200 male broiler chicks that were one day old were used. The results showed that the golden mussel contains large quantities of calcium, with low concentrations of toxic metals and microbiological contamination within the allowed range. Performance data show that mussel can be used to replace up to 100% of limestone in feed without affecting the variables, but the use of 250 g tonne-1 of wattle tannin affects the performance of chicks. Bone quality was not changed by the treatments. Phosphorus and calcium in the bones remained stable during treatment and only the gray variation showed interaction effects from the use of mussel and wattle tannin.

Metal Accumulation by the Polychaete Capitella capitata: Influences of Metal Content and Nutritional Quality of Detritus

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Windom ◽  
K. T. Tenore ◽  
D. L. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Metal Uptake ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Marine Polychaete ◽  
Capitella Capitata

Experimental chambers were used to evaluate the influence of nitrogen and metal concentration of detritus on metal accumulation by the marine polychaete Capitella capitata. During the 90-d experiments worms were fed diets of detritus derived from natural seaweeds, nitrogen supplemented seaweeds, and metal contaminated phytoplankton–zooplankton debris. Metal concentrations in Capitella grown on 19 detrital stocks derived from natural seaweeds were similar. Metal accumulation from a single seaweed detritus supplemented with varying amounts of nitrogen suggests that nutritional quality of the food source influences metal uptake. Metal accumulation in Capitella is significantly increased when fed detritus containing metal concentrations significantly elevated above natural levels.Key words: metal, accumulation, benthos, detritus, polychaetes

scholarly journals Halophytes as sources of metals in estuarine systems with low levels of contamination

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Couto ◽  
Bernardo Duarte ◽  
Dimitri Barroso ◽  
Isabel Caçador ◽  
João C. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Zostera Noltii ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentrations ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Mondego Estuary ◽  
Low Levels

Heavy metal concentrations present in the above- and beowground tissues of Scirpus maritimus L., Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald and Zostera noltii Hornem were analysed seasonally in the Mondego Estuary, Portugal. The sediments of the estuary were confirmed to contain only low concentrations of heavy metals. The belowground tissues of all three species showed higher heavy metal concentrations than the aboveground tissues. Although the sediments only contained low levels of contamination, because the area occupied by S. maritimus and Z. noltii was large, significant quantities of heavy metals were accumulated and exported to the surrounding water bodies. In contrast with observations of highly contaminated estuaries, it was found that in spite of the low level of contaminants in the sediments of the Mondego Estuary, aquatic vegetation functioned as a source of metals for nearby systems.

scholarly journals Toxic metal concentrations and Cu–Zn–Pb isotopic compositions in tires

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeryeong Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Isotopic Compositions ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Particles from non-exhaust emissions derived from traffic activities are a dominant cause of toxic metal pollution in urban environments. Recently, studies applying multiple isotope values using the Iso-source and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models have begun to be used as useful tools to evaluate the contribution of each pollution source in urban environments. However, data on the metal concentrations and isotopic compositions of each potential source are lacking. Therefore, this study presents data on toxic metals and Cu, Zn, and Pb isotopic compositions in tires, which are one of the important non-exhaust emission sources. Findings Among the toxic metals, Zn had the highest concentration in all tire samples, and the mean concentrations were in the order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Sn > Sb > Ni > Cr > As > Cd. Ni, Zn, Sn, and Sb had higher concentrations in domestic tires (South Korea), and the Cu, Cd, and Pb concentrations were relatively higher in imported tires. The mean values of δ65CuAE647, δ66ZnIRMM3702, and 206Pb/207Pb ranged from − 1.04 to − 0.22‰, − 0.09 to − 0.03‰, and 1.1242 to 1.1747, respectively. The concentrations and isotopic compositions of Cu and Pb in the tires showed large differences depending on the product and manufacturer. However, the differences in Zn concentration and δ66ZnIRMM3702 values were very small compared with those of Cu and Pb. The relationships of the Zn concentration and isotopic composition showed that domestic tires are clearly distinguishable from imported tires. Bi-plots of Cu, Zn, and Pb isotopic compositions indicated that tires can be clearly discriminated from natural-origin and other non-exhaust traffic emission sources. Conclusions The multi-isotope signatures of Cu, Zn, and Pb exhibited different isotopic values for other non-exhaust traffic emission sources than for tires, and application of the multi-isotope technique may be a powerful method for distinguishing and managing non-exhaust sources of metal contamination in urban environments.

scholarly journals Soil Pollution by Toxic Metals near E-waste Recycling Operations in Ibadan, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Adesokan ◽  
Gilbert U. Adie ◽  
Oladele Osibanjo
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

Background. Unsound recycling of e-waste releases toxic metals into environmental media and has deleterious health consequences to humans as the metals transfer to humans through the food chain, direct contact and inhalation. Objectives. This study assessed soil contamination with lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) arising from crude e-waste recycling. Methods. Forty-eight soil samples were collected from the vicinity of high-, medium- and low-activity recycling operations in Ogunpa in Ibadan, Nigeria as well as from the botanical garden of the University of Ibadan for background samples. Total extractable metals were leached with aqua regia and the leachates were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Speciation analysis was also conducted on soil samples that showed high concentrations of metals to determine the distributions in various phases. Results. All soil samples were determined to be sandy loam in composition with pH and organic matter ranging from 7.1–7.9 and 1.56–1.81%, respectively. Metal concentrations (mg/kg) for soils from the study area ranged as follows: Pb, 269 – 5650; Cu, 203 – 3483; Cr, 3.30 – 42.4; Ni, 0.14 – 24.0; and Cd, below detection limit − 2.50. The results indicated enrichment in soil by all metals, especially Pb and Cu, which were many times higher compared with background concentrations. Additionally, average Pb and Cu concentrations were higher than regulatory limits for soil set by selected countries across the globe. Speciation studies indicated that about 65% and 88% of Pb and Cu, respectively, were liable to potential mobility with slight changes in natural conditions. Other metal concentrations, although with higher concentrations compared with background levels, were within the permissible limits in soils accepted by many countries across the globe. There were significant correlations between all metals, suggesting that they may have been released from a common source. Conclusions. Soils from the study area require urgent clean-up, especially for Pb and Cu, to safeguard human health and the environment.

scholarly journals Concentrations of Some Trace Elements in Vegetables Sold at Maun Market, Botswana

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keagile Bati ◽  
Oarabile Mogobe ◽  
Wellington R. L. Masamba
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Street Vendor

Contamination of vegetables with toxic metals is one of the most important contributing factors to ill health throughout the world, more so because vegetables are considered essential for human health and their consumption is highly recommended by health authorities. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of selected essential elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn) and toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Pb) in common vegetables sold for human consumption in supermarkets and open market of Maun village, Botswana. Five vegetables (cabbage, rape, tomatoes, onions and potatoes) were purchased from different selling points, washed with de-ionised water, cut into small pieces and digested with aqua regia on a block digester, following the US. EPA method 200 - 7 and analysed for metal content using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The results showed that concentrations of essential and toxic metals varied with the type of vegetable and also with the market category (supermarket or street vendor). The highest concentration of essential elements was obtained from cabbage with a Zn concentration of 135.4mg/Kg and the lowest was from onion with a Mo concentration of 1.35mg/Kg. For toxic elements the highest concentration was obtained from rape vegetable with a Pb concentration of 4.73mg/Kg and the lowest from the same vegetable with Cr concentration below the detection limit. Also observed was that leafy vegetables, especially cabbage, had the highest concentrations of most trace metals. It was concluded that vegetables sold in Maun had sufficient levels of essential elements but also some had high concentrations of toxic metals. We thus recommend consumption of vegetables from the studied markets with reduced frequency to avoid metal poisoning.

Inhibition of pulmonary surfactant function by phospholipases

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Holm ◽  
L. Keicher ◽  
M. Y. Liu ◽  
J. Sokolowski ◽  
G. Enhorning
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Intratracheal Administration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Surfactant Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Agents ◽  
Biophysical Activity

Previous studies have shown that respiratory failure associated with disorders such as acute pancreatitis correlates well with increased levels of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in lung lavages and that intratracheal administration of PLA2 generates an acute lung injury. In addition, bacteria such as Pseudomonas have been shown to secrete phospholipase C (PLC). We studied the effects of these phospholipases on pulmonary surfactant activity using a pulsating bubble surfactometer. Concentrations greater than or equal to 0.1 unit/ml PLA2 destroyed surfactant biophysical activity, increasing surface tension at minimum bubble size from less than 1 to 15 mN/m. This surfactant inactivation was predominantly related to the effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on the surface film, although the fatty acids released with higher PLA2 concentrations also had a detrimental effect on surfactant function. Similarly, as little as 0.1 unit PLC increased the surface tension at minimal size of an oscillating bubble from less than 1 to 15 mN/m, an effect that could be mimicked by the addition of dipalmitin to surfactant in the absence of PLC. Moreover, lower, noninhibitory concentrations (0.01 unit/ml) of PLA2 and PLC increased the sensitivity of surfactant to other inhibitory agents, such as albumin. Thus, relatively low concentrations of PLC and PLA2 can cause severe breakdown of surfactant function and may contribute significantly to some forms of lung injury.

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