scholarly journals Pertussis Toxin: A Key Component in Pertussis Vaccines?

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 557
Author(s):  
Kelsey A. Gregg ◽  
Tod J. Merkel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pertussis Toxin ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Vaccine Antigens ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Human Specific

B. pertussis is a human-specific pathogen and the causative agent of whooping cough. The ongoing resurgence in pertussis incidence in high income countries is likely due to faster waning of immunity and increased asymptomatic colonization in individuals vaccinated with acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine relative whole-cell pertussis (wP)-vaccinated individuals. This has renewed interest in developing more effective vaccines and treatments and, in support of these efforts, defining pertussis vaccine correlates of protection and the role of vaccine antigens and toxins in disease. Pertussis and its toxins have been investigated by scientists for over a century, yet we still do not have a clear understanding of how pertussis toxin (PT) contributes to disease symptomology or how anti-PT immune responses confer protection. This review covers PT’s role in disease and evidence for its protective role in vaccines. Clinical data suggest that PT is a defining and essential toxin for B. pertussis pathogenesis and, when formulated into a vaccine, can prevent disease. Additional studies are required to further elucidate the role of PT in disease and vaccine-mediated protection, to inform the development of more effective treatments and vaccines.

Abstract 636: Gut Microflora Influences Pathology in the Kawasaki Disease (KD) Vasculitis Mouse Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiko Wakita ◽  
Yosuke Kurashima ◽  
Yoshihiro Takasato ◽  
Youngho Lee ◽  
Kenichi Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gut Microflora ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
Coronary Arteritis ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Background: KD is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in the US. We have demonstrated the critical role of innate immune responses via IL-1R/MyD88 signaling in the Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced KD mouse model. The diversity and composition of microflora (both bacterial and fungal) have been associated with the regulation and alterations of immune responses and various pathologies. However, the role of gut microbiota in immunopathology of KD has not been investigated. Objective: To evaluate the role of gut microflora in development of coronary arteritis, and vascular abnormalities in KD mouse model. Methods and Results: We investigated the role of gut microflora in the LCWE-induced KD mouse model, using Specific-Pathogen Free (SPF) and Germ Free (GF) mice (C57BL/6). GF mice showed a significant decrease of KD lesions, including coronary arteritis compared with SPF mice. The development of LCWE-induced AAA, which we recently discovered in this mouse model, was also markedly diminished in GF mice. In addition to GF mice, we also investigated the specific role of commensal bacteria and/or fungi, and determined whether altered microorganism burden in this KD mouse model contributes to disease severity. To deplete bacteria and/or fungi in the gut microflora, we exposed pregnant SPF mice and their offspring to antibiotics cocktail (Abx) or antifungal drug (fluconazole; Fluc) in their drinking water for 5 wks and induced KD. The mice treated with Abx or Fluc had significantly reduced coronary arteritis and AAA compared to controls. The Abx plus Fluc administration showed marked decrease of KD vasculitis. Conclusions: We demonstrate here that gut microflora play a critical role in the development of KD vasculitis in LCWE-induced mouse model. Our results suggest that both bacteria and fungi in the intestinal microbiota may control the induction and severity of KD vasculitis. These findings provide a new perspective on the potential role of the microbiome in KD pathogenesis and may offer new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for KD patients.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Microbiome Role in Skin Protection Against UV Irradiation Via Network Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-242
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Heidari ◽  
Mohammadreza Razzaghi ◽  
Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban ◽  
Mohammad Rostami-Nejad ◽  
Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Microarray Dataset ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Proteinprotein Interaction ◽  
Centrality Analysis

Introduction: Diverse microbiotas which have some contributions to gene expression reside in human skin. To identify the protective role of the skin microbiome against UV exposure, proteinprotein interaction (PPI) network analysis is used to assessment gene expression alteration. Methods: A microarray dataset, GEO accession number GSE117359, was considered in this respect. Differential expressed genes (DEGs) in the germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) groups are analyzed by GEO2R. The top significant DEGs were assigned for network analysis via Cytoscape 3.7.2 and its applications. Results: A total of 28 genes were identified as significant DEGs and the centrality analysis of the network indicated that only one of the seven hub-bottlenecks was from queried genes. The gene ontology analysis of Il6, Cxcl2, Cxcl1, TNF, Il10, Cxcl10, and Mmp9 showed that the crucial genes were highly enriched in the immune system. Conclusion: The skin microbiome plays a significant role in the protection of skin against UV irradiation and the role of TNF and IL6 is prominent in this regard.

scholarly journals Role of antigen specific T and B cells in systemic and mucosal immune responses in ETEC and Shigella infections, and their potential to serve as correlates of protection in vaccine development

Vaccine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (34) ◽  
pp. 4787-4793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin Mani ◽  
Franklin R. Toapanta ◽  
Monica A. McArthur ◽  
Firdausi Qadri ◽  
Ann-Mari Svennerholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Mucosal Immune Responses

scholarly journals Effect of Campylobacter-Specific Maternal Antibodies on Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Young Chickens

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 5372-5379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orhan Sahin ◽  
Naidan Luo ◽  
Shouxiong Huang ◽  
Qijing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Free Layer ◽  
Systemic Immune Response ◽  
Natural Production ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACT Using laboratory challenge experiments, we examined whether Campylobacter-specific maternal antibody (MAB) plays a protective role in young chickens, which are usually free of Campylobacter under natural production conditions. Kinetics of C. jejuni colonization were compared by infecting 3-day-old broiler chicks, which were naturally positive for Campylobacter-specific MAB, and 21-day-old broilers, which were negative for Campylobacter-specific MAB. The onset of colonization occurred much sooner in birds challenged at the age of 21 days than it did in the birds inoculated at 3 days of age, which suggested a possible involvement of specific MAB in the delay of colonization. To further examine this possibility, specific-pathogen-free layer chickens were raised under laboratory conditions with or without Campylobacter infection, and their 3-day-old progenies with (MAB+) or without (MAB−) Campylobacter-specific MAB were orally challenged with C. jejuni. Significant decreases in the percentage of colonized chickens were observed in the MAB+ group during the first week compared with the MAB− group. These results indicate that Campylobacter-specific MAB plays a partial role in protecting young chickens against colonization by C. jejuni. Presence of MAB in young chickens did not seem to affect the development of systemic immune response following infection with C. jejuni. However, active immune responses to Campylobacter occurred earlier and more strongly in birds infected at 21 days of age than those infected at 3 days of age. Clearance of Campylobacter infection was also observed in chickens infected at 21 days of age. Taken together, these findings (i) indicate that anti-Campylobacter MAB contributes to the lack of Campylobacter infection in young broiler chickens in natural environments and (ii) provide further evidence supporting the feasibility of development of immunization-based approaches for control of Campylobacter infection in poultry.

Induction of humoral immunity in response to immunization with recombinantMycobacterium bovisBCG expressing the S1 subunit ofBordetella pertussistoxin

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1015-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A Medeiros ◽  
Geraldo R.G Armôa ◽  
Odir A Dellagostin ◽  
Douglas McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pertussis Toxin ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Specific Igg

Two recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG) vaccine strains were developed for the expression of cytoplasmically located S1 subunit of pertussis toxin, with expression driven by the hsp60 promoter of M. bovis (rBCG/pPB10) or the pAN promoter of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (rBCG/pPB12). Both strains showed stable expression of equivalent levels of recombinant S1 in vitro and induced long-term (up to 8 months) humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice, although these responses differed quantitatively and qualitatively. Specifically, rBCG/pPB12 induced markedly higher levels of IgG1 than did rBCG/pPB10, and mice immunized with the former strain developed specific long-term memory to S1, as indicated by the production of high levels of S1-specific IgG in response to a sublethal challenge with pertussis toxin 15 months after initial immunization. When considered in combination with previous studies, our data encourage further evaluation of rBCG as a potential means of developing a low-cost whooping cough vaccine based on defined antigens.Key words: recombinant BCG, humoral immune response, B. pertussis.

scholarly journals A protective role of murine langerin+ cells in immune responses to cutaneous vaccination with microneedle patches

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza ◽  
E. Stein Esser ◽  
Elena V. Vassilieva ◽  
Jeong Woo Lee ◽  
Misha T. Taherbhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Role

scholarly journals Recent Advances on the Role and Therapeutic Potential of Regulatory T Cells in Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 5907
Author(s):  
Toru Tanaka ◽  
Naoto Sasaki ◽  
Yoshiyuki Rikitake
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Recent Advances

Atherosclerotic diseases, including ischemic heart disease and stroke, are a main cause of mortality worldwide. Chronic vascular inflammation via immune dysregulation is critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that regulatory T cells (Tregs), responsible for maintaining immunological tolerance and suppressing excessive immune responses, play an important role in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerosis through the regulation of pathogenic immunoinflammatory responses. Several strategies to prevent and treat atherosclerosis through the promotion of regulatory immune responses have been developed, and could be clinically applied for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the protective role of Tregs in atherosclerosis and discuss attractive approaches to treat atherosclerotic disease by augmenting regulatory immune responses.

scholarly journals YgaE Regulates Out Membrane Proteins inSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhi under Hyperosmotic Stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Min Wang ◽  
Ping Feng ◽  
Xun Chen ◽  
Haifang Zhang ◽  
Bin Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Hyperosmotic Stress ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Dimensional Electrophoresis ◽  
Human Specific

Salmonella entericaserovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a human-specific pathogen that causes typhoid fever. In this study, we constructedΔygaEmutant and a microarray was performed to investigate the role ofygaEin regulation of gene expression changes in response to hyperosmotic stress inS. Typhi. qRT-PCR was performed to validate the microarray results. Our data indicated thatygaEwas the repressor ofgaboperon inS. Typhi as inEscherichia coli(E. coli), though the sequence ofygaEis totally different fromgabC(formerlyygaE) inE. coli. OmpF, OmpC, and OmpA are the most abundant out membrane proteins inS. Typhi. Here we report that YgaE is a repressor of both OmpF and OmpC at the early stage of hyperosmotic stress. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was applied to analyze proteomics of total proteins in wild-type strain andΔygaEstrain and we found that YgaE represses the expression of OmpA at the late stage of hyperosmotic stress. Altogether, our results implied that YgaE regulates out membrane proteins in a time-dependent manner under hyperosmotic stress inS. Typhi.

scholarly journals Modulation of Immune Responses by Exosomes Derived from Antigen-Presenting Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 9s1 ◽  
pp. CPath.S39925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Botros B. Shenoda ◽  
Seena K. Ajit
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Peptide Complexes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Exosome-mediated signaling is important in mediating the inflammatory response. To exert their biological or pathophysiological functions in the recipient cells, exosomes deliver a diverse array of biomacromolecules including long and short coding and non-coding RNAs, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes secreted by antigen-presenting cells can confer therapeutic benefits by attenuating or stimulating the immune response. Exosomes play a crucial role in carrying and presenting functional major histocompatibility peptide complexes to modulate antigen-specific T cell responses. Exosomes from Dendritic Cells (DCs) can activate T and B cells and have been explored for their immunostimulatory properties in cancer therapy. The immunosuppressive properties of exosomes derived from macrophages and DCs can reduce inflammation in animal models for several inflammatory disorders. This review focuses on the protective role of exosomes in attenuating inflammation or augmenting immune response, emphasizing studies on exosomes derived from DCs and macrophages.

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