The Effectiveness of Durian Peel as a Multi-Mycotoxin Adsorbent

Durian peel (DP) is an agricultural waste that is widely used in dyes and for organic and inorganic pollutant adsorption. In this study, durian peel was acid-treated to enhance its mycotoxin adsorption efficacy. The acid-treated durian peel (ATDP) was assessed for simultaneous adsorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The structure of the ATDP was also characterized by SEM–EDS, FT–IR, a zetasizer, and a surface-area analyzer. The results indicated that ATDP exhibited the highest mycotoxin adsorption towards AFB1 (98.4%), ZEA (98.4%), and OTA (97.3%), followed by FB1 (86.1%) and DON (2.0%). The pH significantly affected OTA and FB1 adsorption, whereas AFB1 and ZEA adsorption was not affected. Toxin adsorption by ATDP was dose-dependent and increased exponentially as the ATDP dosage increased. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax), determined at pH 3 and pH 7, was 40.7 and 41.6 mmol kg−1 for AFB1, 15.4 and 17.3 mmol kg−1 for ZEA, 46.6 and 0.6 mmol kg−1 for OTA, and 28.9 and 0.1 mmol kg−1 for FB1, respectively. Interestingly, ATDP reduced the bioaccessibility of these mycotoxins after gastrointestinal digestion using an in vitro, validated, static model. The ATDP showed a more porous structure, with a larger surface area and a surface charge modification. These structural changes following acid treatment may explain the higher efficacy of ATDP in adsorbing mycotoxins. Hence, ATDP can be considered as a promising waste material for mycotoxin biosorption.

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Effects of in-Office and at-Home Bleaching on Human Enamel and Dentin: An in vitro Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Study

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1366/000370208786401554 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 62 (11) ◽

pp. 1274-1279 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Feride Severcan ◽

Kurtulus Gokduman ◽

Ayca Dogan ◽

Sukran Bolay ◽

Saadet Gokalp

Keyword(s):

Fourier Transform ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Protein Denaturation ◽

Random Coil ◽

Protein Ratio ◽

Band Frequency ◽

Human Enamel ◽

Ft Ir ◽

At Home

In-office and at-home bleaching techniques are widely used methods for the whitening of teeth. However, the safety of these techniques has not been clarified yet. The aim of the current study is to investigate the in-office- and at-home-bleaching-induced structural and quantitative changes in human enamel and dentin at the molecular level, under in vitro conditions. The Fourier transform mid-infrared (mid-FT-IR) spectroscopic technique was used to monitor bleaching-induced structural changes. Band frequency and intensity values of major absorptions such as amide A, amide I, phosphate (PO4), and carbonate (CO3−2) bands, for treatment groups and control, were measured and compared. The results revealed that both procedures have negligible effects on dentin constituents. In office-bleached enamel, in addition to demineralization, a decrease in protein and polysaccharide concentrations, mineral-to-protein ratio, and the strength of hydrogen bonds around NH groups, as well as a change in protein secondary structure were observed. The protein structure changed from β-sheet to random coil, which is an indication of protein denaturation. However, no significant variations were observed for at-home bleached enamel. The control, at-home, and in-office bleached enamel samples were differentiated with a high accuracy using cluster analysis based on FT-IR data. This study revealed that office bleaching caused deleterious alterations in the composition and structure of enamel that significantly affected the crystallinity and mineralization of the tissue. Therefore, at-home bleaching seems to be much safer than in-office bleaching in terms of molecular variations.

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Simonkolleite Coating on Poly(Amino Acids) to Improve Osteogenesis and Suppress Osteoclast Formation in Vitro

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11091505 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1505 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shuyang Li ◽

Xingtao Chen ◽

Xiaomei Wang ◽

Yi Xiong ◽

Yonggang Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Osteoclast Formation ◽

Mouse Bone Marrow ◽

Graft Material ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

E Coli ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Relative Cell Viability

Zinc can enhance osteoblastic bone formation and stimulate osteogenic differentiation, suppress the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells into osteoclasts, and inhibit pathogenic bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, simonkolleite, as a novel zinc resource, was coated on poly (amino acids) (PAA) via suspending PAA powder in different concentrations of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) solution, and the simonkolleite-coated PAA (Zn–PAA) was characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR and XPS. Zinc ions were continuously released from the coating, and the release behavior was dependent on both the concentration of the ZnCl2 immersing solution and the type of soak solutions (SBF, PBS and DMEM). The Zn–PAA was cultured with mouse bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) through TranswellTM plates, and the results indicated that the relative cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization of BMSCs were significantly higher with Zn–PAA as compared to PAA. Moreover, the Zn–PAA was cultured with RAW264.7 cells, and the results suggested an inhibiting effect of Zn–PAA on the cell differentiation into osteoclasts. In addition, Zn–PAA exhibited an antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli. These findings suggest that simonkolleite coating with certain contents could promote osteogenesis, suppress osteoclast formation and inhibit bacteria, indicating a novel way of enhancing the functionality of synthetic bone graft material and identifying the underline principles for designing zinc-containing bone grafts.

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Characterization of natural- and organobentonite by XRD, SEM, FT-IR and thermal analysis techniques and its adsorption behaviour in aqueous solutions

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.2012.047.1.31 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 31-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

G. A. Ikhtiyarova ◽

A. S. Özcan ◽

Ö. Gök ◽

A. Özcan

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Textile Dye ◽

Order Kinetic ◽

Order Kinetic Model ◽

Pseudo Second Order ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Thermal Analysis Techniques

AbstractIn this study, natural bentonite was modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide to obtain organobentonite (HDTMA-bentonite). Bentonite and HDTMA-bentonite were then characterized using XRD, XRF, SEM, FT-IR, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, elemental analysis and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area techniques. The HDTMA+ cation was found to be located on the surface and enters the interlayer spaces of smectite according to the XRD and SEM results. FT-IR spectra indicated the existence of HDTMA functional groups on the bentonite surface. The BET surface area significantly decreased after the modification due to the coverage of the pores of natural bentonite. After the characterization, the adsorption of a textile dye, Reactive Blue 19 (RB19), onto bentonite and HDTMA-bentonite was investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of HDTMA-bentonite for RB19 was 502 mg g-1 at 20°C. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and it was exothermic and physical in nature.

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Antitumor and Antimicrobial Potential of Manganese(II), Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Complexes of 4-Methoxy Benzohydrazide Derived Schiff Base Ligand

Letters in Applied NanoBioScience ◽

10.33263/lianbs111.32493260 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 3249-3260

Keyword(s):

Schiff Base ◽

Metal Complexes ◽

Schiff Base Ligand ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Dose Dependent

Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a Schiff base ligand (E)-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methoxybenzohydrazide (HBMB) and its Mn(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) metal complexes (C1-C3) respectively. The ligand HBMB was synthesized by reacting condensation of salicylaldehyde and 4-methoxy benzohydrazide in a 1:1 molar ratio. The structure of HBMB and its metal complexes (C1-C3) were evaluated by using UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, mass spectroscopy as well as on the basis of elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, and thermogravimetric techniques (TGA). The synthesized molecules' tumoricidal properties were performed against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and colon cancer (HT 29) cell lines. The biological results indicated that the ligand, HBMB, and metal complexes possess dose-dependent selective cytotoxicity against the tested carcinoma cells. The synthesized compounds were further evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), and fungal strains (Aspergillus niger).

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Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles as a New Delivery System for Sustained 5-Fluorouracil Release: Characterization and Evaluation of Drug Release Mechanism

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2015/839207 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Abeer M. El-Kady ◽

Mohammad M. Farag

Keyword(s):

Drug Release ◽

Bioactive Glass ◽

Surface Area ◽

Delivery System ◽

Release Mechanism ◽

Burst Release ◽

Drug Release Mechanism ◽

Diffusion Controlled ◽

Ft Ir

Bioactive glass nanoparticles were synthesized and tested for the first time as a new delivery system for sustained 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) release. They were characterized by TEM, DTA, TGA, and FT-IR. The porosity % and specific surface area of glass nanoparticles were 85.59% and 378.36 m2/g, respectively. Thein vitrobioactivity evaluation confirmed that bioactive glass disks prepared from these nanoparticles could induce hydroxyapatite layer over their surfaces in simulated body fluid. Thein vitrodrug release experiment indicated that glass nanoparticles could serve as long-term local delivery vehicles for sustained 5-FU release. The release profile of 5-FU showed an initial fast release stage followed by a second stage of slower release. The initial burst release of 5-FU in the first day was about 23% (28.92 mg·L−1) of the total amount of loaded 5-FU, while the final cumulative percentage of the 5-FU released after 32 days was about 45.6% (57.31 mg·L−1) of the total amount of loaded 5-FU. The application of different mathematical models indicated that 5-FU was released by diffusion controlled mechanism and suggested that its release rate was dependent on glass particles dissolution, changes of surface area as well as diameter of glass particles, and concentration of loaded drug.

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A Novel Adsorbent Albite Modified with Cetylpyridinium Chloride for Efficient Removal of Zearalenone

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11110674 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 674 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhang ◽

Wang ◽

Dong ◽

Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Potential Health ◽

Adsorption Data ◽

Ph Conditions ◽

Mycotoxin Adsorbent

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin and constitutes a potential health threat to humans and livestock. This study aimed to explore the potential of albite modified by the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) as ZEN adsorbent. The organoalbite (OA) was characterized by SEM analysis, XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and BET gas sorption measurement. In vitro adsorption of ZEN by OA was carried out by simulating the pH conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The characterization results showed that the surface of OA changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic after modification. Adsorption kinetic studies showed that ZEN adsorption behavior of OA occurred by chemisorption. The equilibrium adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm, indicating that the adsorption process of ZEN by OA was monolayer. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) values of OA for ZEN were 10.580 and 9.287 mg/g at pH 7 and pH 3, respectively. In addition, OA had a low desorption rate (about 2%), and co-existing amino acids (i.e., Lys and Met), vitamins (i.e., VB1 and VE), and minerals (i.e., Fe2+ and Ca2+) did not affect the removal of ZEN. These results demonstrate that OA could be a promising mycotoxin adsorbent for removing the hydrophobic, weakly polar ZEN.

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Activated Carbons: In Vitro Affinity for Fumonisin B1 and Relation of Adsorption Ability to Physicochemical Parameters

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-60.8.985 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 985-991 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

FABIO GALVANO ◽

AMEDEO PIETRI ◽

TERENZIO BERTUZZI ◽

MATTEO BOGNANNO ◽

LUIGI CHIES ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Surface Area ◽

Physicochemical Parameters ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Fumonisin B1 ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Adsorption Ability ◽

Calcium Aluminosilicate

In vitro affinity tests were conducted to assess the effectiveness of 19 activated carbons (ACs), hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), and sepiolite (S) in binding fumonisin B1 (FB1) from solution. Relationships between adsorption ability and physicochemical parameters of ACs (specific surface area, iodine value, and methylene blue index) were tested. When 5 ml of a 4-μg/ml aqueous solution of FB1 was treated with 10 mg of AC, ACs adsorbed 0.46 to 100% of the FB1. HSCAS and S were not effective in binding FB1. In two saturation tests carried out with decreased amounts of sorbent (5 and 2 mg, respectively), three ACs also showed high adsorption ability (adsorbing 96.48 to 99.20% of the FB1) A general relationship between adsorption ability and the physicochemical parameters of the ACs was observed, supporting the inference of a close relationship between molecule trapping and surface physicochemical adsorption processes. The methylene blue index was more reliable than iodine number and surface area for predicting ability of ACs to adsorb FB1. In tests of simultaneous adsorption ability carried out using 5 ml of a solution containing 10 μg/ml FB1 plus 50 μg/ml aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)and 2 or 5 mg of sorbent, ACs showed a higher affinity for AFB1 than for FB1. However, two ACs bound ca. 100% of the two mycotoxins. When 5 ml of an aqueous extract solution obtained from naturally contaminated corn containing 1.84 μg/ml FB1 and 0.042 μg/ml AFB1 was treated with 10 mg of sorbent, one AC adsorbed ca. 95% and 99% of FB1 and AFB1, respectively. It is concluded that certain ACs have high in vitro affinity for FB1 and AFB1 singly or in combination, and may hold promise as multi-mycotoxin sequestering agents. However, further in vivo investigations are neededto confirm the abilities of ACs to sequester the most important mycotoxins singly or in combinations, establish the amounts to be added to feeds, and determine any long-term effects they may have on gastrointestinal absorption of essential nutrients.

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Increased Protein Synthesis by Human Platelets during Phagocytosis of Latex Particles in Vitro

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1647928 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 35 (02) ◽

pp. 350-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hana Bessler ◽

Galila Agam ◽

Meir Djaldetti

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Human Platelets ◽

Polystyrene Latex ◽

Latex Particles ◽

The Third ◽

Platelet Protein ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Phagocytotic Activity

SummaryA three-fold increase of protein synthesis by human platelets during in vitro phagocytosis of polystyrene latex particles was detected. During the first two hours of incubation, the percentage of phagocytizing platelets and the number of latex particles per platelet increased; by the end of the third hour, the first parameter remained stable, while the number of latex particles per cell had decreased.Vincristine (20 μg/ml of cell suspension) inhibited platelet protein synthesis. This effect was both time- and dose-dependent. The drug also caused a decrease in the number of phagocytizing cells, as well as in their phagocytotic activity.

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The Effect of Adrenaline Infusions on Blood Coagulation in Normal and Haemophilia B Dogs

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1649437 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 15 (03/04) ◽

pp. 349-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A.H Özge ◽

H.C Rowsell ◽

H.G Downie ◽

J.F Mustard

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Factor Viii ◽

Factor Ix ◽

Clotting Factor ◽

Blood Ph ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Generation Test ◽

Plasma Activity

SummaryThe addition of trace amounts of adrenaline to whole blood in plasma in vitro increased factor VIII, factor IX and whole plasma activity in the thromboplastin generation test. This was dose dependent.Adrenaline infusions less than 22 (μg/kg body weight in normal dogs accelerated clotting, increased factor IX, factor VIII and whole plasma activity in the thromboplastin generation test and caused a fall in blood pH. In a factor IX deficient dog, there was no increase in factor IX activity. After adrenaline infusions, however, the other changes occurred and were of the same order of magnitude as in the normal. Adrenaline in doses greater than 22 μg/kg body weight did not produce as great an effect on clotting in normal or factor IX deficient dogs. The platelet count in the peripheral blood was increased following the infusion of all doses of adrenaline. These observations suggest that the accelerating effect of adrenaline on clotting is not mediated through increase in activity of a specific clotting factor.

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Soluble Thrombomodulin Purified from Human Urine Exhibits a Potent Anticoagulant Effect In Vitro and In Vivo

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1653872 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (05) ◽

pp. 805-811 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yasuo Takahashi ◽

Yoshitaka Hosaka ◽

Hiromi Niina ◽

Katsuaki Nagasawa ◽

Masaaki Naotsuka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Urine ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Anticoagulant Activity ◽

Rabbit Lung ◽

Soluble Thrombomodulin ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Dose Dependent Fashion ◽

Dose Dependent

SummaryWe examined the anticoagulant activity of two major molecules of soluble thrombomodulin purified from human urine. The apparent molecular weights of these urinary thrombomodulins (UTMs) were 72,000 and 79,000, respectively. Both UTMs showed more potent cofactor activity for protein C activation [specific activity >5,000 thrombomodulin units (TMU)/mg] than human placental thrombomodulin (2,180 TMU/mg) and rabbit lung thrombomodulin (1,980 TMU/mg). The UTMs prolonged thrombin-induced fibrinogen clotting time (>1 TMU/ml), APTT (>5 TMU/ml), TT (>5 TMU/ml) and PT (>40 TMU/ml) in a dose-dependent fashion. These effects appeared in the concentration range of soluble thrombomodulins present in human plasma and urine. In the rat DIC model induced by thromboplastin, administration of UTMs by infusion (300-3,000 TMU/kg) restored the hematological abnormalities derived from DIC in a dose-dependent fashion. These results demonstrate that UTMs exhibit potent anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities, and could play a physiologically important role in microcirculation.

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