Effect of bentonite on the health and dairy production of cows submitted to a diet naturally contaminated by mycotoxins

Mycotoxins often contaminate cattle food, which can cause liver damage, immunosuppression, and reduced milk production. Although previous studies have shown the benefits of adsorbents in farm animals, knowledge regarding their mechanism of action is limited, especially when intoxication occurs due to naturally contaminated diets. The present study aimed to assess whether the daily oral administration of mycotoxin adsorbent bentonite clay based on aluminosilicate for 56 days, would attenuate these changes in 18 dairy cows, which were multiparous in the middle of the lactation stage, and were consuming a diet containing fumonisin B1 and B2, zearalenone, and desoxynivalenol. The animals were divided into treatment (TG, n = 9) and control (CG, n = 9) groups, and subjected to assessment of liver functions, hematological assessments, assessment of oxidative leucocyte metabolism by the tetrazolium nitroazul (NBT) technique, and physical chemical analysis of milk, every week for two months, totaling eight analyses. It was observed that the use of the adsorbent caused a reduction in the milk excretion of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), an increase in levels of serum protein (p = 0.03) and albumin (p = 0.0001), an increase in leukocyte oxidative metabolism from day 24 of treatment(p = 0.05), and increased milk production from the day 16 of treatment (p = 0.08). There was no improvement in the physicochemical indices of the milk. It was concluded that the use of an aluminosilicate-based adsorbent was able to attenuate the effects of mycotoxins on the function of leukocytes and increase milk production.

Efficacy of a Modified Clinoptilolite Based Adsorbent in Reducing Detrimental Effects of Ochratoxin A in Laying Hens

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of modified clinoptilolite (Minazel Plus®, MZ) as a mycotoxin adsorbent for preventing the negative the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on performance, pathohistological changes, and OTA residue in the eggs of laying hens. Methods: Forty eight (n = 48) laying hens (27 weeks old) were equally divided into six groups and depending on the type of addition were allocated to the following experimental treatments for 7 weeks: E-I group-1 mg/kg OTA; E-II group 0.25 mg/kg OTA; E-III group 1 mg/kg OTA + 0.2% of MZ; E-IV group 0.25 mg/kg OTA + 0.2% of MZ; MZ group supplemented with 0.2% of the adsorbent; and control (K, without feed additive). Results: Overall, the addition of 0.2% MZ to laying hen feed mitigated the harmful effects of OTA on target organs and reduced the presence of OTA residue in eggs. The groups that received 0.2% of MZ achieved better production results in terms of body weight, number of eggs, and feed consumption, compared to the other treatments. Conclusions: The current findings confirm the efficacy of MZ in preventing performance losses in laying hens exposed to OTA, as well as for improving the welfare and health of food producing animals.

Phytobiotics with Adsorbent to Mitigate Toxicity of Multiple Mycotoxins on Health and Growth of Pigs

Phytobiotics with a mycotoxin adsorbent were used to mitigate negative effects of multiple mycotoxins in diets fed to pigs. In experiment 1, 120 pigs (11.6 kg body weight; BW) were assigned to five treatments (three pigs/pen) and fed for 28 days. Treatments were CON (control), MTD (CON + 2.5 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol), DP (MTD + phytobiotics at 0.1%), and DPA1 and DPA2 (MTD + phytobiotics and adsorbent at 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively). In experiment 2, 96 pigs (28.5 kg BW) were assigned to four treatments (three pigs/pen) and fed for 26 days. Treatments were CON, MTAF (CON + 0.19 mg/kg of aflatoxin and 8 mg/kg of fumonisins), AFP (MTAF + phytobiotics at 0.1%), and AFPA (MTAF + phytobiotics and adsorbent at 0.1%). Growth performance was measured weekly, and blood was sampled at the end of study to measure hepatic function and inflammatory status (TNF-α). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure. In experiment 1, pigs fed MTD, DP, DPA1, and DPA2 had smaller (p < 0.05) BW than CON. Pigs fed DPA2 had greater (p < 0.05) BW than MTD. Pigs fed DP and DPA2 tended to have lower (p < 0.1) serum total protein than CON. Pigs fed MTD and DPA2 tended to have higher (p < 0.1) alanine aminotransferase than CON. Similarly, pigs fed MTD, DP, and DPA2 tended to have higher (p < 0.1) urea nitrogen/creatinine than CON. In experiment 2, pigs fed MTAF, AFP, and AFPA had smaller (p < 0.05) BW than CON. Pigs fed MTAF, AFP, and AFPA had smaller (p < 0.05) ADFI than CON. Pigs fed AFPA had higher (p < 0.05) aspartate aminotransferase than CON and MTAF. Pigs fed AFP and AFPA had higher (p < 0.05) alanine aminotransferase than CON. Pigs fed MTAF, AFP, and AFPA had lower (p < 0.05) urea nitrogen/creatinine than CON. Pigs fed AFPA had higher (p < 0.05) TNF-α than CON and MTAF. In conclusion, feeding an additional 2.5 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol or 0.19 mg/kg of aflatoxin with 8 mg/kg of fumonisins reduced the growth of pigs. Deoxynivalenol compromised the hepatic function of pigs. Phytobiotics with adsorbent could partly overcome the detrimental effects of mycotoxins.

Response of antioxidant status in kidney of pigs exposed to aflatoxin B1 to dietary grape seed meal

This study investigated the effects of dietary inclusion of grape seed meal (GSM) on antioxidant markers in kidney of aflatoxin B1 fed pigs. Twenty-four cross-bred pigs (TOPIG-40) were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental diets: control (Control), aflatoxin B1 (diet contaminated with 320 μg AFB1/kg feed), grape seed meal (diet with 8% GSM) and AFB1+GSM (320 μg AFB1/kg feed + 8% GSM) for 30 days. Aflatoxin B1 induced oxidative damage and showed lower antioxidant status in kidney after 30 days. CAT and SOD activity measured in kidneys revealed significant differences when comparing the GSM+AFB1 group with the AFB1 group. Additionally, GSM diet alone did not affect CAT and SOD levels in kidneys of piglets compared with the control group, suggesting that they are maintained at physiological levels. We did not detect any effects of GSM on GPx and TAS. Including GSM into piglets’ diet significantly lowered lipid peroxidation induced by AFB1, while it did not affect it compared with the control group. The present study demonstrated the ability of GSM to alleviate the effects induced by the toxin evidenced by the improvement in the antioxidant status, and suggests the potential applicability of GSM as mycotoxin adsorbent in animal feed.

Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Mycotoxin Adsorbent Agents on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways and Inflammation-Associated Gene Expression in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent mycotoxin in swine feedstuffs. The intestinal epithelial cells represent the first target for the DON. Here, we studied the effects of DON and mycotoxin adsorbent agents on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and inflammation-associated gene expression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Results showed that phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways (p38, ERK, and JNK) was increased after treatment of DON or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in IPEC-J2 cells. The phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK was not further enhanced after co-treatment with DON and LPS. The inos and cox-2 mRNA expression were significantly induced at 6 h after treatment of DON. DON treatment significantly increased the claudin 3 and occludin mRNA expression at 12 h. DON in combination with LPS treatment did not further increase the inflammation and tight junction-associated gene expression. The DON-induced phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways was impaired by mycotoxin adsorbent agent (nanoscale silicate platelets and the mixture of montmorillonites and yeast cell walls) treatment, thereby decreasing inflammation and tight junction-associated gene expression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that DON triggers the inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells by phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways and LPS does not further augment the DON-induced inflammatory responses. Mycotoxin adsorbent agents can attenuate DON-induced inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells through modulation of the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK.

Development of complex adsorbent of mycotoxins BIOTOKS

Summary. Mycotoxins are secondary low molecular weight metabolites of micromycetes. These compounds most often contaminate feed and products of plant and animal origin. More than 400 mycotoxins have been described, of which 47 are highly toxic. For the prevention of mycotoxicosis of farm animals and poultry in the process of intensive management of animal husbandry, organic, inorganic and complex mycotoxin adsorbents are used. The complexity of adsorption of secondary metabolites of micromycetes is caused by the heterogeneous physicochemical properties of both the mycotoxins (molecular polarity, molecular weight, etc.) and adsorbents. We investigated the general sorption capacities of organic and inorganic components for designing the mycotoxin adsorbent and the «Biotox» complex mycotoxin adsorbent, as well as the degree of adsorption and desorption of regulated mycotoxins when interacting with some modifications of chitosan. As a result of the research, it was found that chitosan succinate (150.13 ± 0.17) and spirulina (142.12 ± 0.10) have the highest total sorption capacity. When determining the level of adsorption of regulated mycotoxins, it was established that all modifications of chitosan effectively bind toxic metabolites of micromycetes. However, based on the results of studies of the total sorption capacity, data on the sorption and desorption of mycotoxins and the dynamics of the processes, chitosan succinate has the best performance. To construct the complex adsorbent of mycotoxins, we used: Tripoli (as a mineral component), chiosan succinate (as an organic adsorbent and at the same time as a prebiotic), lacto-and bifidobacteria to restore the intestinal microflora in mycotoxicosis. Adsorbents with different contents of modified chitosan were developed: 3% and 10%, with a total sorption capacity of 30.04 ± 0.02 mg / g. and 91.3 ± 0.05 mg / g. respectively.

Aflatoxin AFM1, safety and milk quality

Summary. Mycotoxins exert a negative effect on large horned cattle through a decrease in feed intake. Extreme drought conditions during the cultivation and harvest of crops included in the diet of cows can lead to a dangerous increase in the concentration of aflatoxin B1, a highly toxic and carcinogenic substance from the group of mycotoxins from microscopic fungi Aspergillus, mainly Aspergillusflavus and Aspergillusparasiticus. As a result, milk will be contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In LLC AF Khutorok Timashevsky District Krasnodar Territory in an experiment on dairy cows with the inclusion of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated feed in the diet, established the minimum dose of aflatoxin B1 in feed in the amount of 2 mg / head per day. The minimum amount of aflatoxin B1 in the diet caused the appearance of a secondary metabolite - aflatoxin M1 in cow's milk. Aflatoxin M1, formed in the body of dairy cows by a metabolic route from aflatoxin B1 introduced with food, was excreted in milk for 72 hours. It was found that with the addition of a broad spectrum mycotoxin adsorbent based on glucans of the cell wall of yeast and algae to the diet, the AFM1 content in milk decreased (on average by 60%). In addition, when this adsorbent was added to diets, the average level of AFM1 in milk was 3 times lower compared to the control. The rate of excretion of AFM1 from the body of cows was determined. Its maximum amount of 0.15800 mcg / kg was excreted in milk during the third day from the last summer AFV1. When storing grain fodder, the content of mycotoxins should be determined and a constant analysis should be carried out according to microbiological safety indicators.

The Effectiveness of Durian Peel as a Multi-Mycotoxin Adsorbent

Durian peel (DP) is an agricultural waste that is widely used in dyes and for organic and inorganic pollutant adsorption. In this study, durian peel was acid-treated to enhance its mycotoxin adsorption efficacy. The acid-treated durian peel (ATDP) was assessed for simultaneous adsorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The structure of the ATDP was also characterized by SEM–EDS, FT–IR, a zetasizer, and a surface-area analyzer. The results indicated that ATDP exhibited the highest mycotoxin adsorption towards AFB1 (98.4%), ZEA (98.4%), and OTA (97.3%), followed by FB1 (86.1%) and DON (2.0%). The pH significantly affected OTA and FB1 adsorption, whereas AFB1 and ZEA adsorption was not affected. Toxin adsorption by ATDP was dose-dependent and increased exponentially as the ATDP dosage increased. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax), determined at pH 3 and pH 7, was 40.7 and 41.6 mmol kg−1 for AFB1, 15.4 and 17.3 mmol kg−1 for ZEA, 46.6 and 0.6 mmol kg−1 for OTA, and 28.9 and 0.1 mmol kg−1 for FB1, respectively. Interestingly, ATDP reduced the bioaccessibility of these mycotoxins after gastrointestinal digestion using an in vitro, validated, static model. The ATDP showed a more porous structure, with a larger surface area and a surface charge modification. These structural changes following acid treatment may explain the higher efficacy of ATDP in adsorbing mycotoxins. Hence, ATDP can be considered as a promising waste material for mycotoxin biosorption.

СИСТЕМА КОРМЛЕНИЯ, ПОВЫШАЮЩАЯ БИОРЕСУРСНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ДОЙНЫХ КОРОВ НА ЖИВОТНОВОДЧЕСКИХ КОМПЛЕКСАХ ООО «ЭКОНИВААГРО» В УСЛОВИЯХ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

В работе рассмотрено формирование групп коров на кормление по фазам лактации. Рассмотрены основные причины замены пропиленгликоля глицерином. Для обоснования исключения из рационов дойных коров сена приведен расчет потерь питательных веществ при разных способах консервирования люцерны, отмечено, что при заготовке сена потери протеина составляют 34,71, неструктурных углеводов 36,36 относительно зелёной массы, в результате энергетическая питательность снижается на 22,48. При заготовке сенажа процент потерь значительно меньше по сравнению с сеном. Анализ структуры корма посредством пенсильванской сортирующей системы показал соответствие содержания частичек корма при просеве на сите с разным диаметром ячеек нормативным требованиям. Применение адсорбента микотоксинов SaproSORB показало, что выход молока на один килограмм сухого вещества рациона увеличился на 6,74, себестоимость 1 кг молока с применением Сапросорба снижается на 0,16 рубля. При учёте потребления сухого вещества на одну голову в сутки в условиях жары отмечено увеличение поедаемости корма при сокращении внесения воды (более сухие рационы СВ 55 против СВ 50), увеличение молочной продуктивности. Сравнение химического состава сенажа без использования и с использованием консерванта Веst-Sil показало снижение доли лигнина на 17,2, увеличение легкоусвояемых углеводов на 21,6, чистой энергиии лактации на 7,2. Контроль работы корн-крекера комбайна и крупность резки кукурузы на силос производится посредством специального набора сит по отработанной методике. Экономический расчёт эффективности использования соевого, подсолнечного шротов и рекомендуемого использования зерна экструдированной сои собственного производства даёт экономию затрат корма на 1 кг молока 0,94 рубля, за счет снижения стоимости рационов. Контроль полноценности кормления коров и корректировка кормления производится как с учётом зоотехнических, так и биохимических показателей.The paper considers the formation of groups of cows for feeding by lactation phases. The main reasons for the replacement of propylene glycol with glycerin are considered. To justify the absence of hay dairy cows in the diets, the calculation of nutrient losses is given for different methods of preserving alfalfa, it is noted that protein loss is 34.71, non-structural carbohydrates 36.36 relative to the green mass when hay is harvested, as a result, energy nutrition is reduced by 22, 48 When harvesting haylage, the percentage of losses is much less relative to hay. An assessment of the analysis of the feed structure using the means of the Pencil sorting system showed that the content of feed particles during screening on a sieve with different cell diameters is in compliance with regulatory requirements. The use of SaproSORB mycotoxin adsorbent showed that the yield of milk per 1 kilogram of dry matter of the diet increased by 6.74, the cost of 1 kg of milk using Saprosorb reduced by 0.16 rubles. When taking into account the consumption of dry matter per 1 head per day in hot conditions, an increase in feed intake was noted with a decrease in water intake (more dry diets of SV 55 versus SV 50), an increase in milk productivity. Comparison of the chemical composition of silage without using and using the West-Sil preservative showed a decrease in the lignin fraction by 17.2, an increase in easily digestible carbohydrates by 21.6, and net energy and lactation by 7.2. The control of the work of the combine cracker and the size of the corn cutting into silage is carried out by means of a special set of sieves according to the well-established methodology. An economic calculation of the effi ciency of using soybean and sunfl ower meal and the recommended use of extruded soybean grain of our own production saves feed costs per 1 kg of milk 0.94 rubles, due to a decrease in the cost of rations. Monitoring the usefulness of feeding cows and adjusting feeding is carried out taking into account zootechnical and biochemical parameters