scholarly journals The Tripartite Interaction of Host Immunity–Bacillus thuringiensis Infection–Gut Microbiota

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Shuzhong Li ◽  
Surajit De Mandal ◽  
Xiaoxia Xu ◽  
Fengliang Jin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Protein Toxins ◽  
Tripartite Interaction

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an important cosmopolitan bacterial entomopathogen, which produces various protein toxins that have been expressed in transgenic crops. The evolved molecular interaction between the insect immune system and gut microbiota is changed during the Bt infection process. The host immune response, such as the expression of induced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the melanization response, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), varies with different doses of Bt infection. Moreover, B. thuringiensis infection changes the abundance and structural composition of the intestinal bacteria community. The activated immune response, together with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, also has an important effect on Bt pathogenicity and insect resistance to Bt. In this review, we attempt to clarify this tripartite interaction of host immunity, Bt infection, and gut microbiota, especially the important role of key immune regulators and symbiotic bacteria in the Bt killing activity. Increasing the effectiveness of biocontrol agents by interfering with insect resistance and controlling symbiotic bacteria can be important steps for the successful application of microbial biopesticides.

scholarly journals Infection Dynamic of Symbiotic Bacteria in the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Gut and Host Immune Response at the Early Steps in the Infection Process

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e0122099 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Renoz ◽  
Christine Noël ◽  
Abdelmounaim Errachid ◽  
Vincent Foray ◽  
Thierry Hance
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Infection Dynamic

scholarly journals Repertoire of the Bacillus thuringiensis Virulence Factors Unrelated to Major Classes of Protein Toxins and Its Role in Specificity of Host-Pathogen Interactions

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury V. Malovichko ◽  
Anton A. Nizhnikov ◽  
Kirill S. Antonets
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Protein Toxins

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive soil bacteria that infects invertebrates, predominantly of Arthropoda phylum. Due to its immense host range Bt has become a leading producer of biopesticides applied both in biotechnology and agriculture. Cytotoxic effect of Bt, as well as its host specificity, are commonly attributed either to proteinaceous crystal parasporal toxins (Cry and Cyt) produced by bacteria in a stationary phase or to soluble toxins of Vip and Sip families secreted by vegetative cells. At the same time, numerous non-toxin virulence factors of Bt have been discovered, including metalloproteases, chitinases, aminopolyol antibiotics and nucleotide-mimicking moieties. These agents act at each stage of the B. thuringiensis invasion and contribute to cytotoxic properties of Bt strains enhancing toxin activity, ensuring host immune response evasion and participating in extracellular matrix degeneration. In this review we attempt to classify Bt virulence factors unrelated to major groups of protein toxins and discuss their putative role in the establishment of Bt specificity to various groups of insects.

scholarly journals Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 modulates gut microbiota-mediated immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Kap Han ◽  
Yeon-Jeong Shin ◽  
Dong-Yeon Lee ◽  
Kyung Min Kim ◽  
Seo-Jin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Expression Ratio ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Gut microbiota closely communicate in the immune system to maintain a balanced immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract of the host. Oral administration of probiotics modulates gut microbiota composition. In the present study, we isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258, which induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression in macrophages, from the feces of breastfeeding infants and examined how HDB1258 could regulate the homeostatic immune response in mice with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation. Results Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly increased splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, splenic and colonic TNF-α expression, TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio, and fecal IgA level in control mice, while Th1 and Treg cell differentiation was not affected in the spleen. However, HDB1258 treatment significantly suppressed peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis and blood prostaglandin E2 level in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Its treatment increased LPS-suppressed ratios of Treg to Th1 cell population, Foxp3 to T-bet expression, and IL-10 to TNF-α expression. Oral administration of HDB1258 significantly decreased LPS-induced colon shortening, myeloperoxidase activity and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon, while the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression increased. Moreover, HDB1258 treatment shifted gut microbiota composition in mice with and without LPS-induced systemic inflammation: it increased the Cyanobacteria and PAC000664_g (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations and reduced Deferribacteres and EU622763_s group (belonging to Bacteroidetes) populations. In particular, PAC001066_g and PAC001072_s populations were negatively correlated with the ratio of IL-10 to TNF-α expression in the colon, while the PAC001070_s group population was positively correlated. Conclusions Oral administered HDB1258 may enhance the immune response by activating innate immunity including to macrophage phagocytosis and NK cell cytotoxicity in the healthy host and suppress systemic inflammation in the host with inflammation by the modulation of gut microbiota and IL-10 to TNF-α expression ratio in immune cells.

scholarly journals Analyses of Lipid A Diversity in Gram-Negative Intestinal Bacteria Using Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Okahashi ◽  
Masahiro Ueda ◽  
Fumio Matsuda ◽  
Makoto Arita
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry

Lipid A is a characteristic molecule of Gram-negative bacteria that elicits an immune response in mammalian cells. The presence of structurally diverse lipid A types in the human gut bacteria has been suggested before, and this appears associated with the immune response. However, lipid A structures and their quantitative heterogeneity have not been well characterized. In this study, a method of analysis for lipid A using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) was developed and applied to the analyses of Escherichia coli and Bacteroidetes strains. In general, phosphate compounds adsorb on stainless-steel piping and cause peak tailing, but the use of an ammonia-containing alkaline solvent produced sharp lipid A peaks with high sensitivity. The method was applied to E. coli strains, and revealed the accumulation of lipid A with abnormal acyl side chains in knockout strains as well as known diphosphoryl hexa-acylated lipid A in a wild-type strain. The analysis of nine representative strains of Bacteroidetes showed the presence of monophosphoryl penta-acylated lipid A characterized by a highly heterogeneous main acyl chain length. Comparison of the structures and amounts of lipid A among the strains suggested a relationship between lipid A profiles and the phylogenetic classification of the strains.

Ellagitannins, Gallotannins and their Metabolites- The Contribution to the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Food Products and Medicinal Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (37) ◽  
pp. 4946-4967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Kiss ◽  
Jakub P. Piwowarski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Impact

The popularity of food products and medicinal plant materials containing hydrolysable tannins (HT) is nowadays rapidly increasing. Among various health effects attributable to the products of plant origin rich in gallotannins and/or ellagitannins the most often underlined is the beneficial influence on diseases possessing inflammatory background. Results of clinical, interventional and animal in vivo studies clearly indicate the antiinflammatory potential of HT-containing products, as well as pure ellagitannins and gallotannins. In recent years a great emphasis has been put on the consideration of metabolism and bioavailability of natural products during examination of their biological effects. Conducted in vivo and in vitro studies of polyphenols metabolism put a new light on this issue and indicate the gut microbiota to play a crucial role in the health effects following their oral administration. The aim of the review is to summarize the knowledge about HT-containing products’ phytochemistry and their anti-inflammatory effects together with discussion of the data about observed biological activities with regards to the current concepts on the HTs’ bioavailability and metabolism. Orally administered HT-containing products due to the limited bioavailability of ellagitannins and gallotannins can influence immune response at the level of gastrointestinal tract as well as express modulating effects on the gut microbiota composition. However, due to the chemical changes being a result of their transit through gastrointestinal tract, comprising of hydrolysis and gut microbiota metabolism, the activity of produced metabolites has to be taken into consideration. Studies regarding biological effects of the HTs’ metabolites, in particular urolithins, indicate their strong and structure-dependent anti-inflammatory activities, being observed at the concentrations, which fit the range of their established bioavailability. The impact of HTs on inflammatory processes has been well established on various in vivo and in vitro models, while influence of microbiota metabolites on silencing the immune response gives a new perspective on understanding anti-inflammatory effects attributed to HT containing products, especially their postulated effectiveness in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Stability of Methylphenidate under Various pH Conditions in the Presence or Absence of Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 733
Author(s):  
Julia Aresti-Sanz ◽  
Markus Schwalbe ◽  
Rob Rodrigues Pereira ◽  
Hjalmar Permentier ◽  
Sahar El Aidy
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Inactive Form ◽  
High Interindividual Variability ◽  
Ritalinic Acid ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Methylphenidate is one of the most widely used oral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The drug is mainly absorbed in the small intestine and has low bioavailability. Accordingly, a high interindividual variability in terms of response to the treatment is known among ADHD patients treated with methylphenidate. Nonetheless, very little is known about the factors that influence the drug’s absorption and bioavailability. Gut microbiota has been shown to reduce the bioavailability of a wide variety of orally administered drugs. Here, we tested the ability of small intestinal bacteria to metabolize methylphenidate. In silico analysis identified several small intestinal bacteria to harbor homologues of the human carboxylesterase 1 enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of methylphenidate in the liver into the inactive form, ritalinic acid. Despite our initial results hinting towards possible bacterial hydrolysis of the drug, up to 60% of methylphenidate is spontaneously hydrolyzed in the absence of bacteria and this hydrolysis is pH-dependent. Overall, our results indicate that the stability of methylphenidate is compromised under certain pH conditions in the presence or absence of gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Cytokine expression in the duodenal mucosa of patients with visceral leishmaniasis

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kleber Giovanni Luz ◽  
Felipe Francisco Tuon ◽  
Maria Irma Seixas Duarte ◽  
Guilherme Mariz Maia ◽  
Paulo Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Duodenal Mucosa ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Ifn Γ

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease with a complex immune response in different organs. This pattern of organ-specific immune response has never been evaluated in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine the in situ immune response in duodenal biopsies on patients with VL. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 13 patients with VL in comparison with nine controls. The immune response was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, for CD4, CD8, CD68, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10. Histological findings from the villi, crypts and inflammatory process were analyzed. RESULTS: All the cases of VL presented Leishmania antigens. No antigen was detected in the control group. The villus size was greater in the VL patients (p < 0.05). CD68 (macrophages) and CD4 levels were higher in the VL patients (p < 0.05). No differences in the expression of CD8, TNF-α, IL-10 or IL-4 were demonstrated. The number of cells expressing IFN-γ was lower in the VL patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of cytokines were found in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with VL. This pattern was not found in other organs affected by the disease. Immunotolerance of this tissue against Leishmania could explain these findings, as occurs with intestinal bacteria.

Function of the 28,000 and 66,000 mol. wt protein toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Toxicon ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Y. Nitzan ◽  
R. Cahan ◽  
I. Pechatnikov
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Protein Toxins

scholarly journals Term infant formula supplemented with milk-derived oligosaccharides shifts the gut microbiota closer to that of human milk-fed infants and improves intestinal immune defense: A randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Estorninos ◽  
Rachel B Lawenko ◽  
Eisel Palestroque ◽  
Norbert Sprenger ◽  
Jalil Benyacoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Abstract Background Bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides (MOS) containing primarily galacto-oligosaccharides with inherent levels of sialylated oligosaccharides can be added to infant formula to enhance the oligosaccharide profile. Objective To investigate the effects of a MOS-supplemented infant formula on gut microbiota and intestinal immunity. Methods In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, healthy-term formula-fed infants aged 21–26 days either received an intact protein cow's milk-based formula (control group, CG, n = 112) or the same formula containing 7.2 g MOS/L (experimental group, EG, n = 114) until age 6 months. Exclusively human milk-fed infants (HFI, n = 70) from an observational study served as reference. Fecal samples collected at baseline, 2.5 and 4 months of age were assessed for microbiota (16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid—based approaches), metabolites and biomarkers of gut health and immune response. Results At age 2.5 and 4 months, redundancy analysis (P = 0.002) and average phylogenetic distance (P &lt; 0.05) showed that the overall microbiota composition in EG was different from CG and closer to that of HFI. Similarly, EG caesarean-born infants were different from CG caesarean- or vaginally-born infants and approaching HFI vaginally-born infants. Relative bifidobacteria abundance was higher in EG vs. CG (P &lt; 0.05) approaching HFI. At age 4 months, counts of Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens were ∼90% (P &lt; 0.001) and ∼65% (P &lt; 0.01) lower in EG vs. CG, respectively. Mean (95%CI) fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in EG was twice that of CG [70 (57,85) vs. 34 (28,42) mg/g, P &lt; 0.001] and closer to HFI. Fecal oral polio vaccine-specific IgA was ∼50% higher in EG vs. CG (P = 0.065). Compared to CG, EG and HFI had lower fecal calcium excretion (by ∼30%) and fecal pH (P &lt; 0.001), and higher lactate concentration (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions Infant formula with MOS shifts the gut microbiota and metabolic signature closer to that of HFI, has a strong bifidogenic effect, reduces fecal pathogens, and improves intestinal immune response.

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