Toxic Effect of Aflatoxins in Dogs Fed Contaminated Commercial Dry Feed: A Review

Since its first patent (1897), commercial dry feed (CDF) for dogs has diversified its formulation to meet the nutritional needs of different breeds, age, or special conditions and establish a foundation for integration of these pets into urban lifestyles. The risk of aflatoxicosis in dogs has increased because the ingredients used to formulate CDF have also proliferated, making it difficult to ensure the quality required of each to achieve the safety of the entire CDF. This review contains a description of the fungi and aflatoxins detected in CDF and the ingredients commonly used for their formulation. The mechanisms of action and pathogenic effects of aflatoxins are outlined; as well as the clinical findings, and macroscopic and microscopic lesions found in aflatoxicosis in dogs. In addition, alternatives for diagnosis, treatment, and control of aflatoxins (AF) in CDF are analyzed, such as biomarkers of effect, improvement of blood coagulation, rate of elimination of AF, control of secondary infection, protection of gastric mucosa, reduction of oxidative stress, use of chemo-protectors, sequestrants, grain-free CDF, biocontrol, and maximum permitted limits, are also included.

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Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17020423 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 423 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Noreddine Benkerroum

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Hepatitis Viruses ◽

Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

And Control

There are presently more than 18 known aflatoxins most of which have been insufficiently studied for their incidence, health-risk, and mechanisms of toxicity to allow effective intervention and control means that would significantly and sustainably reduce their incidence and adverse effects on health and economy. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been by far the most studied; yet, many aspects of the range and mechanisms of the diseases it causes remain to be elucidated. Its mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, and carcinogenicity—which are the best known—still suffer from limitations regarding the relative contribution of the oxidative stress and the reactive epoxide derivative (Aflatoxin-exo 8,9-epoxide) in the induction of the diseases, as well as its metabolic and synthesis pathways. Additionally, despite the well-established additive effects for carcinogenicity between AFB1 and other risk factors, e.g., hepatitis viruses B and C, and the hepatotoxic algal microcystins, the mechanisms of this synergy remain unclear. This study reviews the most recent advances in the field of the mechanisms of toxicity of aflatoxins and the adverse health effects that they cause in humans and animals.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Alternate day calorie restriction improves clinical findings and reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight adults with moderate asthma.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1071147.524148 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Andreina Bruno

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Calorie Restriction ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Moderate Asthma ◽

Markers Of Oxidative Stress ◽

Overweight Adults

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Association Between Magnesium and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Obesity

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401315666190730123842 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 743-748

Author(s):

Ana R.S. de Oliveira ◽

Kyria J.C. Cruz ◽

Jennifer B.S. Morais ◽

Juliana S. Severo ◽

Jéssica B. Beserra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Magnesium Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Compensatory Mechanism ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽

Magnesium Intake ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dietary Magnesium ◽

And Control

Background: The role of minerals in preventing the generation of oxidative stress in obese individuals has been evaluated. Magnesium is an antioxidant nutrient and a cofactor of enzymes involved in the cell membrane stabilization, attenuating the effects of oxidative stress. Objective: To evaluate the association between magnesium and concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in patients with obesity and eutrophic women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 73 women, divided into two groups: case group (patients with obesity, n=27) and control group (eutrophic women, n=46). Measurements of body mass index and waist circumference were performed. Dietary magnesium intake was assessed by the three-day food record using the NutWin software. Urinary magnesium concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also determined. Results: Mean values of dietary magnesium intake were 161.59 ± 60.04 and 158.73 ± 31.96 for patients with obesity and control group, respectively, with no significant difference between the groups studied (p >0.05). The value of urinary excretion of magnesium was lower than the reference values in both groups, with no significant difference between the groups studied (p >0.05). The plasma concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was significantly higher in patients with obesity compared to the control group (p <0.001). There was no correlation between levels of magnesium biomarkers and the concentration of TBARS (p >0.05). Conclusion: Patients with obesity showed a reduced dietary magnesium intake which seems to induce hypomagnesuria as a compensatory mechanism. The marker of oxidative stress evaluated in this study was not influenced by magnesium.

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Obesity management through Ayurveda - A Case Study

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v2i4.9377 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Dheeraj Kumar Tyagi ◽

Shivakumar .

Keyword(s):

Clinical Findings ◽

Dietary Habit ◽

Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽

Lifestyle Management ◽

Before And After ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

And Control

Lifestyle disorders are one of the biggest threats for the population living unhealthy lifestyle. Sthoulya (Obesity) is one such disorder which creates lot of physical as well as mental disorder to the sufferer. Due to changing lifestyle, comforts and dietary habit lots of individuals changed their life totally. Obesity is a growing disease in developed and developing countries. Prevalence is drastically hike in past few years. Ayurveda, the science of life with which we can manage and control lots of lifestyle disorders. Focusing on dietary and lifestyle management along with treatment, we can overcome the hazards of obesity which is growing in a uncontrolled manner. The available data is based on the clinical findings only. Aim and objective: To assess the effect of “Guru Cha Atarpanam Chikitsa” in the management of Sthoulya. Setting: Swastharakshana evam Yoga, OPD and IPD, SDMCAH, Hassan. Method: Udwarthana, Parisheka, Shamana Aushadhis, Ahara, and Vihara was followed within the treatment duration and effect of treatment was assessed before and after treatment, advised for follow up. Results: The treatment adopted is effective in the management of Sthoulya and to improve the quality of life.

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Tetrandrine alleviates silicosis by inhibiting canonical and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation in lung macrophages

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica ◽

10.1038/s41401-021-00693-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mei-yue Song ◽

Jia-xin Wang ◽

You-liang Sun ◽

Zhi-fa Han ◽

Yi-tian Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽

Therapeutic Strategy ◽

Molecular Targets ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Inflammasome Activation ◽

Lung Macrophages ◽

Nlrp3 Inflammasome Activation ◽

Function Test ◽

And Control ◽

Therapeutic Administration

AbstractSilicosis caused by inhalation of silica particles leads to more than ten thousand new occupational exposure-related deaths yearly. Exacerbating this issue, there are currently few drugs reported to effectively treat silicosis. Tetrandrine is the only drug approved for silicosis treatment in China, and despite more than decades of use, its efficacy and mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Here, in this study, we established silicosis mouse models to investigate the effectiveness of tetrandrine of early and late therapeutic administration. To this end, we used multiple cardiopulmonary function test, as well as markers for inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, using single cell RNA sequencing and transcriptomics of lung tissue and quantitative microarray analysis of serum from silicosis and control mice, our results provide a novel description of the target pathways for tetrandrine. Specifically, we found that tetrandrine attenuated silicosis by inhibiting both the canonical and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome pathways in lung macrophages. Taken together, our work showed that tetrandrine yielded promising results against silicosis-associated inflammation and fibrosis and further lied the groundwork for understanding its molecular targets. Our results also facilitated the wider adoption and development of tetrandirne, potentially accelerating a globally accepted therapeutic strategy for silicosis.

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Oxygen Is Instrumental for Biological Signaling: An Overview

Oxygen ◽

10.3390/oxygen1010002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 3-15

Author(s):

John T. Hancock

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Superoxide Anion ◽

Nitrosative Stress ◽

Redox Status ◽

Complex Interplay ◽

Wide Range ◽

Form Part ◽

High Concentrations ◽

And Control ◽

Signaling Components

Control of cellular function is extremely complex, being reliant on a wide range of components. Several of these are small oxygen-based molecules. Although reactive compounds containing oxygen are usually harmful to cells when accumulated to relatively high concentrations, they are also instrumental in the control of the activity of a myriad of proteins, and control both the upregulation and downregulation of gene expression. The formation of one oxygen-based molecule, such as the superoxide anion, can lead to a cascade of downstream generation of others, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the hydroxyl radical (∙OH), each with their own reactivity and effect. Nitrogen-based signaling molecules also contain oxygen, and include nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite, both instrumental among the suite of cell signaling components. These molecules do not act alone, but form part of a complex interplay of reactions, including with several sulfur-based compounds, such as glutathione and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Overaccumulation of oxygen-based reactive compounds may alter the redox status of the cell and lead to programmed cell death, in processes referred to as oxidative stress, or nitrosative stress (for nitrogen-based molecules). Here, an overview of the main oxygen-based molecules involved, and the ramifications of their production, is given.

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The Role of Oxidative Stress in NAFLD–NASH–HCC Transition—Focus on NADPH Oxidases

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9060687 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 687

Author(s):

Daniela Gabbia ◽

Luana Cannella ◽

Sara De De Martin

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Nadph Oxidases ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

A peculiar role for oxidative stress in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its transition to the inflammatory complication non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as well as in its threatening evolution to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is supported by numerous experimental and clinical studies. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are enzymes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose abundance in liver cells is closely related to inflammation and immune responses. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding this topic, focusing on the role of NOXs in the different stages of fatty liver disease and describing the current knowledge about their mechanisms of action. We conclude that, although there is a consensus that NOX-produced ROS are toxic in non-neoplastic conditions due to their role in the inflammatory vicious cycle sustaining the transition of NAFLD to NASH, their effect is controversial in the neoplastic transition towards HCC. In this regard, there are indications of a differential effect of NOX isoforms, since NOX1 and NOX2 play a detrimental role, whereas increased NOX4 expression appears to be correlated with better HCC prognosis in some studies. Further studies are needed to fully unravel the mechanisms of action of NOXs and their relationships with the signaling pathways modulating steatosis and liver cancer development.

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Proanthocyanidins against Oxidative Stress: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/8584136 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lingyu Yang ◽

Dehai Xian ◽

Xia Xiong ◽

Rui Lai ◽

Jing Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Low Cost ◽

Natural Agents ◽

Molecular Damage ◽

And Control

Proanthocyanidins (PCs) are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds abundant in many vegetables, plant skins (rind/bark), seeds, flowers, fruits, and nuts. Numerousin vitroandin vivostudies have demonstrated myriad effects potentially beneficial to human health, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, immunomodulation, DNA repair, and antitumor activity. Accumulation of prooxidants such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceeding cellular antioxidant capacity results in oxidative stress (OS), which can damage macromolecules (DNA, lipids, and proteins), organelles (membranes and mitochondria), and whole tissues. OS is implicated in the pathogenesis and exacerbation of many cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, dermatological, and metabolic diseases, both through direct molecular damage and secondary activation of stress-associated signaling pathways. PCs are promising natural agents to safely prevent acute damage and control chronic diseases at relatively low cost. In this review, we summarize the molecules and signaling pathways involved in OS and the corresponding therapeutic mechanisms of PCs.

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