scholarly journals Diverse Mechanisms Underlie Enhancement of Enteric Viruses by the Mammalian Intestinal Microbiota

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa N. Roth ◽  
Katrina R. Grau ◽  
Stephanie M. Karst
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Binding ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Over the past two decades, there has been tremendous progress in understanding the impact of the intestinal microbiota on mammalian metabolism, physiology, and immune development and function. There has also been substantial advancement in elucidating the interplay between commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Relatively more recently, researchers have begun to investigate the effect of the intestinal microbiota on viral pathogenesis. Indeed, a growing body of literature has reported that commensal bacteria within the mammalian intestinal tract enhance enteric virus infections through a variety of mechanisms. Commensal bacteria or bacterial glycans can increase the stability of enteric viruses, enhance virus binding to host receptors, modulate host immune responses in a proviral manner, expand the numbers of host cell targets, and facilitate viral recombination. In this review, we will summarize the current literature exploring these effects of the intestinal microbiota on enteric virus infections.

scholarly journals Enteric Viruses and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Georges Tarris ◽  
Alexis de Rougemont ◽  
Maëva Charkaoui ◽  
Christophe Michiels ◽  
Laurent Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Blood Group Antigens ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a multifactorial disease in which dietary, genetic, immunological, and microbial factors are at play. The role of enteric viruses in IBD remains only partially explored. To date, epidemiological studies have not fully described the role of enteric viruses in inflammatory flare-ups, especially that of human noroviruses and rotaviruses, which are the main causative agents of viral gastroenteritis. Genome-wide association studies have demonstrated the association between IBD, polymorphisms of the FUT2 and FUT3 genes (which drive the synthesis of histo-blood group antigens), and ligands for norovirus and rotavirus in the intestine. The role of autophagy in defensin-deficient Paneth cells and the perturbations of cytokine secretion in T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 inflammatory pathways following enteric virus infections have been demonstrated as well. Enteric virus interactions with commensal bacteria could play a significant role in the modulation of enteric virus infections in IBD. Based on the currently incomplete knowledge of the complex phenomena underlying IBD pathogenesis, future studies using multi-sampling and data integration combined with new techniques such as human intestinal enteroids could help to decipher the role of enteric viruses in IBD.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota during early life – impact on health and disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta Nylund ◽  
Reetta Satokari ◽  
Seppo Salminen ◽  
Willem M. de Vos
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Life Impact ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

In the first years after birth, the intestinal microbiota develops rapidly both in diversity and complexity while being relatively stable in healthy adults. Different life-style-related factors as well as medical practices have an influence on the early-life intestinal colonisation. We address the impact of some of these factors on the consecutive microbiota development and later health. An overview is presented of the microbial colonisation steps and the role of the host in that process. Moreover, new early biomarkers are discussed with examples that include the association of microbiota and atopic diseases, the correlation of colic and early development and the impact of the use of antibiotics in early life. Our understanding of the development and function of the intestinal microbiota is constantly improving but the long-term influence of early-life microbiota on later life health deserves careful clinical studies.

scholarly journals The Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis: Can Genetically Engineered Probiotics Treat the Disease?

Diseases ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Kohl ◽  
Andrea R. Castillo ◽  
Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽  
Initial Work ◽  
And Function ◽  
Work Done ◽  
The Impact

There is an increasing interest in the intestinal microbiota as a critical regulator of the development and function of the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. Experimental work in animal models has provided the foundation for clinical studies to investigate associations between microbiota composition and function and human disease, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Initial work done using an animal model of brain inflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests the existence of a microbiota–gut–brain axis connection in the context of MS, and microbiome sequence analyses reveal increases and decreases of microbial taxa in MS intestines. In this review, we discuss the impact of the intestinal microbiota on the immune system and the role of the microbiome–gut–brain axis in the neuroinflammatory disease MS. We also discuss experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that modulating the intestinal microbiota through genetically modified probiotics may provide immunomodulatory and protective effects as a novel therapeutic approach to treat this devastating disease.

scholarly journals Enteric Virus Infections and Diarrhea in Healthy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 2873-2877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary B. Liste ◽  
Ivelisse Natera ◽  
José A. Suarez ◽  
Flor H. Pujol ◽  
Ferdinando Liprandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Negative

Forty-three stool samples from 27 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive children and 38 samples from 38 HIV-negative children, collected during a 15-month period, were examined for enteric viruses. Diagnostic assays included enzyme immunoassays for rotavirus, adenovirus, and Norwalk virus; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for picobirnavirus and atypical rotavirus; and PCR for astrovirus and enterovirus. Specimens from HIV-positive children were more likely than those of HIV-negative children to have enterovirus (56 versus 21%;P < 0.0002) and astrovirus (12 versus 0%;P < 0.02), but not rotavirus (5 versus 8%;P > 0.5). No adenoviruses, picobirnaviruses, or Norwalk viruses were found. The rates of virus-associated diarrhea were similar among HIV-positive and HIV-negative children. Enteroviruses were excreted for up to 6 months in HIV-positive children; however, no evidence for prolonged excretion of poliovirus vaccine was observed. These results suggest that although infection with enterovirus and astrovirus may be frequent in HIV-infected children, enteric viruses are not associated with the diarrhea frequently suffered by these children.

scholarly journals Development and Function of the Intestinal Microbiome and Potential Implications for Pig Production

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Nowland ◽  
Kate Plush ◽  
Mary Barton ◽  
Roy Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
System Development ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The intestinal microbiota has received a lot of attention in recent times due to its essential role in the immune system development and function. Recent work in humans has demonstrated that the first year of life is the most critical time period for microbiome development with perturbations during this time being proven to have long term health consequences. In this review, we describe the literature surrounding early life events in humans and mice that contribute to intestinal microbiota development and function, and compare this to piglets predominantly during their lactation period, which focuses on the impact lactation management practices may have on the intestinal microbiota. Although extensive research has been conducted in this area in humans and mice, little research exists in pigs during perceivably the most critical time period of development, which is the lactation period. The research reviewed outlines the importance of appropriate intestinal microbiota development. However, further research is needed in order to understand the full extent routine farm practices have on a piglet’s intestinal microbiota.

Whole Grains, Dietary Fibers and the Human Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review of Existing Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadith Tangestani ◽  
Hadi Emamat ◽  
Hamid Ghalandari ◽  
Sakineh Shab-Bidar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Population Demographic ◽  
The Impact

Background: The health benefits of dietary fibers have been proved for a long time. The importance of microbiota has been identified in human health and there is a growing interest to study the factors affecting it. Objective: This systematic review aimed to investigate the impact of fiber and whole grains (WGs) on human gut microbiota in a patent-based review. Methods: All related clinical trials were systematically searched on PubMed and Scopus search engines from inception up to Feb 2020. Interventional human studies reporting changes in microbiota by using any type of grains/fibers were included. The following information was extracted: date of the publication, location and design of the study, sample size, study population, demographic characteristics, the amount of dietary WGs/fiber, the duration of intervention, the types of grains or fibers, and changes in the composition of the microbiota. Results: Of 138 studies which were verified, 35 studies with an overall population of 1080 participants, met the inclusion criteria and entered the systematic review. The results of interventional trials included in this review suggest some beneficial effects of consuming different amounts and types of WGs and fibers on the composition of intestinal microbiota. Most included studies showed that the intake of WGs and fibers increases bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and reduces the pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and clostridia in the human gut. Conclusion: The consumption of WGs/fibers may modify the intestinal microbiota and promote the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Nevertheless, further research is warranted in different populations and pathological conditions.

Antibiotics involved in Clostridium difficile-associated disease increase colonization factor gene expression

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 732-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Denève ◽  
Claudine Deloménie ◽  
Marie-Claude Barc ◽  
Anne Collignon ◽  
Claire Janoir
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Barrier Effect ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Colonization Factors ◽  
The Impact

Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Antibiotics are presumed to disturb the normal intestinal microbiota, leading to depletion of the barrier effect and colonization by pathogenic bacteria. This first step of infection includes adherence to epithelial cells. We investigated the impact of various environmental conditions in vitro on the expression of genes encoding known, or putative, colonization factors: three adhesins, P47 (one of the two S-layer proteins), Cwp66 and Fbp68, and a protease, Cwp84. The conditions studied included hyperosmolarity, iron depletion and exposure to several antibiotics (ampicillin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin and kanamycin). The analysis was performed on three toxigenic and three non-toxigenic C. difficile isolates using real-time PCR. To complete this work, the impact of ampicillin and clindamycin on the adherence of C. difficile to Caco-2/TC7 cells was analysed. Overall, for the six strains of C. difficile studied, exposure to subinhibitory concentrations (1/2 MIC) of clindamycin and ampicillin led to the increased expression of genes encoding colonization factors. This was correlated with the increased adherence of C. difficile to cultured cells under the same conditions. The levels of gene regulation observed among the six strains studied were highly variable, cwp84 being the most upregulated. In contrast, the expression of these genes was weakly, or not significantly, modified in the presence of ofloxacin, moxifloxacin or kanamycin. These results suggest that, in addition to the disruption of the normal intestinal microbiota and its barrier effect, the high propensity of antibiotics such as ampicillin and clindamycin to induce C. difficile infection could also be explained by their direct role in enhancing colonization by C. difficile.

scholarly journals The Impact of Smoking on Subgingival Plaque and the Development of Periodontitis: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxin Zhang ◽  
Jialu Yu ◽  
Jinge Dou ◽  
Pingyue Hu ◽  
Qiang Guo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Subgingival Plaque ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subgingival Microbiota

Smoking seriously affects oral health and causes a variety of oral diseases. Numerous clinical data show that smoking significantly increases the risk of periodontitis, and the duration and amount of smoking are positively correlated with the severity of periodontitis. In fact, smoking creates an environment conducive to the colonization of periodontopathogens, which affects the process of periodontitis. Since subgingival plaque which harbors periodontopathogens is the initiation factor of periodontitis, it is critical to study the impact of smoking on subgingival microbiota for understanding the relationship between smoking and periodontitis. Continuous advances have been made on the understanding of effects of smoking on subgingival plaque and the development of periodontitis. Smoking is observed to enhance the pathogenicity of periodontopathogens, especially the red complex microorganisms, via promoting their colonization and infection, and regulating the expression and function of multiple virulence factors. Furthermore, smoking has a negative impact on periodontal microecological homeostasis, which is reflected in the decrease of commensal bacteria and the increase of periodontopathogens, as well as the changes in the interaction between periodontopathogens and their commensal microbes in subgingival biofilm, thus influencing the pathogenicity of the subgingival plaque. In summary, the mechanism of smoking on subgingival plaque microorganisms represented by the red complex and its effect on the periodontal microecology still need to be further explored. The relevant research results are of great significance for guiding the periodontal clinical treatment of smoking population. This review summarizes the effects and relevant mechanisms of smoking on subgingival plaque and the development of periodontitis.

scholarly journals Intestinal commensal microbiota and cytokines regulate Fut2+ Paneth cells for gut defense

2022 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. e2115230119
Author(s):  
Mariko Kamioka ◽  
Yoshiyuki Goto ◽  
Kiminori Nakamura ◽  
Yuki Yokoi ◽  
Rina Sugimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Paneth Cells ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Interleukin 22 ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
And Function

Paneth cells are intestinal epithelial cells that release antimicrobial peptides, such as α-defensin as part of host defense. Together with mesenchymal cells, Paneth cells provide niche factors for epithelial stem cell homeostasis. Here, we report two subtypes of murine Paneth cells, differentiated by their production and utilization of fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2), which regulates α(1,2)fucosylation to create cohabitation niches for commensal bacteria and prevent invasion of the intestine by pathogenic bacteria. The majority of Fut2− Paneth cells were localized in the duodenum, whereas the majority of Fut2+ Paneth cells were in the ileum. Fut2+ Paneth cells showed higher granularity and structural complexity than did Fut2− Paneth cells, suggesting that Fut2+ Paneth cells are involved in host defense. Signaling by the commensal bacteria, together with interleukin 22 (IL-22), induced the development of Fut2+ Paneth cells. IL-22 was found to affect the α-defensin secretion system via modulation of Fut2 expression, and IL-17a was found to increase the production of α-defensin in the intestinal tract. Thus, these intestinal cytokines regulate the development and function of Fut2+ Paneth cells as part of gut defense.

Surgery for Lung Cancer and the Consequences for the Swallow

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Pippa Hales ◽  
Corinne Mossey-Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Vocal Cord Palsy ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Physiological Reserve ◽  
Palliative Phase ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Swallow Function

Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers across Northern America and Europe. Treatment options offered are dependent on the type of cancer, the location of the tumor, the staging, and the overall health of the person. When surgery for lung cancer is offered, difficulty swallowing is a potential complication that can have several influencing factors. Surgical interaction with the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can lead to unilateral vocal cord palsy, altering swallow function and safety. Understanding whether the RLN has been preserved, damaged, or sacrificed is integral to understanding the effect on the swallow and the subsequent treatment options available. There is also the risk of post-surgical reduction of physiological reserve, which can reduce the strength and function of the swallow in addition to any surgery specific complications. As lung cancer has a limited prognosis, the clinician must also factor in the palliative phase, as this can further increase the burden of an already compromised swallow. By understanding the surgery and the implications this may have for the swallow, there is the potential to reduce the impact of post-surgical complications and so improve quality of life (QOL) for people with lung cancer.

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