scholarly journals Achievements and Challenges of Classical Swine Fever Eradication in Brazil

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1327
Author(s):  
Luís Guilherme de Oliveira ◽  
Igor Renan Honorato Gatto ◽  
Marina Lopes Mechler-Dreibi ◽  
Henrique M. S. Almeida ◽  
Karina Sonálio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Recent Occurrence

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes one of the most critical diseases in the porcine industry worldwide. In Brazil, the first description of the infection was reported in 1888, and the national recognition of the first free zone (FZ) occurred in 2001. Brazil has been recently recognized (2015–2016) by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) with an FZ involving 15 states and the Federal District, corresponding to 95% of the industrial production of pigs in the country, and a non-free zone (NFZ), comprised by the North and Northeast regions of the country, with approximately 18% of the national pig herd and 5% of industrial production. This review aims to describe the history, the control and eradication actions, the recent occurrence of outbreaks in the NFZ, and the results obtained by the surveillance systems’ action in the FZ for CSF in Brazil since its creation. In the passive surveillance system, the notification of the suspect cases of classical swine fever (CSF) is mandatory while in the active surveillance system adopted in the FZ consists of serological monitoring of certified swine breeding farms (CSBFs), intensive pig farming (IPF), non-technified pig herds (NTPig), surveillance in slaughterhouses and monitoring the populations of wild pigs. In this region, the last outbreaks of the disease occurred in 1998, while in the NFZ, 28 outbreaks were detected from 2005 to 2017, with an apparent lethality rate of 93.96% (840/894). However, in 2018 and 2019, 68 new outbreaks were registered with an apparent lethality rate of 75.05% (1095/1459). Therefore, in 2019, the Brazil CSF-Free Strategic Plan was created to eradicate the infection from the country’s NFZ, since outbreaks in this region present a risk of reintroducing the disease FZ. Finally, differences in characteristics between the regions show factors that still need to be considered for the construction of a robust surveillance system in the NFZ and some improvements in the FZ. Thus, the control of CSF throughout the Brazilian territory requires strict sanitary guidelines, promoting animal health and, consequently, the national production chain’s competitiveness.

scholarly journals HOSTED—England’s Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset: preliminary findings from a novel passive surveillance system of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Hall ◽  
R J Harris ◽  
A Zaidi ◽  
S C Woodhall ◽  
G Dabrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
The North ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Evaluation Dataset ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Lower Transmission

Abstract Background Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is an important component of the community spread of the pandemic. Little is known about the factors associated with household transmission, at the level of the case, contact or household, or how these have varied over the course of the pandemic. Methods The Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset (HOSTED) is a passive surveillance system linking laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases to individuals living in the same household in England. We explored the risk of household transmission according to: age of case and contact, sex, region, deprivation, month and household composition between April and September 2020, building a multivariate model. Results In the period studied, on average, 5.5% of household contacts in England were diagnosed as cases. Household transmission was most common between adult cases and contacts of a similar age. There was some evidence of lower transmission rates to under-16s [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66–0.74). There were clear regional differences, with higher rates of household transmission in the north of England and the Midlands. Less deprived areas had a lower risk of household transmission. After controlling for region, there was no effect of deprivation, but houses of multiple occupancy had lower rates of household transmission [aOR 0.74 (0.66–0.83)]. Conclusions Children are less likely to acquire SARS-CoV-2 via household transmission, and consequently there was no difference in the risk of transmission in households with children. Households in which cases could isolate effectively, such as houses of multiple occupancy, had lower rates of household transmission. Policies to support the effective isolation of cases from their household contacts could lower the level of household transmission.

scholarly journals Towards an integrated animal health surveillance system in Tanzania: making better use of existing and potential data sources for early warning surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeth George ◽  
Barbara Häsler ◽  
Erick Komba ◽  
Calvin Sindato ◽  
Mark Rweyemamu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Spatial Coverage

Abstract Background Effective animal health surveillance systems require reliable, high-quality, and timely data for decision making. In Tanzania, the animal health surveillance system has been relying on a few data sources, which suffer from delays in reporting, underreporting, and high cost of data collection and transmission. The integration of data from multiple sources can enhance early detection and response to animal diseases and facilitate the early control of outbreaks. This study aimed to identify and assess existing and potential data sources for the animal health surveillance system in Tanzania and how they can be better used for early warning surveillance. The study used a mixed-method design to identify and assess data sources. Data were collected through document reviews, internet search, cross-sectional survey, key informant interviews, site visits, and non-participant observation. The assessment was done using pre-defined criteria. Results A total of 13 data sources were identified and assessed. Most surveillance data came from livestock farmers, slaughter facilities, and livestock markets; while animal dip sites were the least used sources. Commercial farms and veterinary shops, electronic surveillance tools like AfyaData and Event Mobile Application (EMA-i) and information systems such as the Tanzania National Livestock Identification and Traceability System (TANLITS) and Agricultural Routine Data System (ARDS) show potential to generate relevant data for the national animal health surveillance system. The common variables found across most sources were: the name of the place (12/13), animal type/species (12/13), syndromes (10/13) and number of affected animals (8/13). The majority of the sources had good surveillance data contents and were accessible with medium to maximum spatial coverage. However, there was significant variation in terms of data frequency, accuracy and cost. There were limited integration and coordination of data flow from the identified sources with minimum to non-existing automated data entry and transmission. Conclusion The study demonstrated how the available data sources have great potential for early warning surveillance in Tanzania. Both existing and potential data sources had complementary strengths and weaknesses; a multi-source surveillance system would be best placed to harness these different strengths.

scholarly journals The Development of an Abattoir-Based Surveillance System in Lao PDR for the Detection of Zoonoses in Large Ruminants: Q Fever and Brucellosis Seroepidemiology as a Pilot Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont ◽  
Bounlom Douangngeun ◽  
Watthana Theppangna ◽  
Syseng Khounsy ◽  
Phouvong Phommachanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Large Ruminant ◽  
Antibody Elisa

Although animal health surveillance programmes are useful for gaining information to help improve global health and food security, these programmes can be challenging to establish in developing economies with a low-resource base. This study focused on establishing a national surveillance system initiated by the Lao PDR government using a passive surveillance system of abattoir samples as a pilot model, and to gain information on contagious zoonoses, particularly Q fever and brucellosis, in the large ruminant population. A total of 683 cattle and buffalo samples were collected from six selected provinces of Lao PDR between March–December 2019. Out of 271 samples tested, six samples (2.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.0, 4.8) were positive in the Q fever antibody ELISA test. Only one sample (out of 683; 0.2%, 95% CI 0.0, 0.8) tested positive to the Brucella antibody ELISA test. Seroprevalence of these important zoonoses in Lao PDR were relatively low in cattle and buffaloes; however, extensive animal movement within the country was identified which could increase risks of spreading transboundary diseases. The study highlights the importance of ongoing animal health surveillance and the need to find cost-effective approaches for its long-term sustainability.

scholarly journals Mobile phone-based surveillance for animal disease in rural communities: implications for detection of zoonoses spillover

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1782) ◽  
pp. 20190020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel M. Thumbi ◽  
M. Kariuki Njenga ◽  
Elkanah Otiang ◽  
Linus Otieno ◽  
Peninah Munyua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Animal Populations

Improving the speed of outbreak detection and reporting at the community level are critical in managing the threat of emerging infectious diseases, many of which are zoonotic. The widespread use of mobile phones, including in rural areas, constitutes a potentially effective tool for real-time surveillance of infectious diseases. Using longitudinal data from a disease surveillance system implemented in 1500 households in rural Kenya, we test the effectiveness of mobile phone animal syndromic surveillance by comparing it with routine household animal health surveys, determine the individual and household correlates of its use and examine the broader implications for surveillance of zoonotic diseases. A total of 20 340 animal and death events were reported from the community through the two surveillance systems, half of which were confirmed as valid disease events. The probability of an event being valid was 2.1 times greater for the phone-based system, compared with the household visits. Illness events were 15 times (95% CI 12.8, 17.1) more likely to be reported through the phone system compared to routine household visits, but not death events (OR 0.1 (95% CI 0.09, 0.11)). Disease syndromes with severe presentations were more likely to be reported through the phone system. While controlling for herd and flock sizes owned, phone ownership was not a determinant of using the phone-based surveillance system, but the lack of a formal education, and having additional sources of income besides farming were associated with decreased likelihood of reporting through the phone system. Our study suggests that a phone-based surveillance system will be effective at detecting outbreaks of diseases such as Rift Valley fever that present with severe clinical signs in animal populations, but in the absence of additional reporting incentives, it may miss early outbreaks of diseases such as avian influenza that present primarily with mortality. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.

scholarly journals Validation of a Real Time PCR for Classical Swine Fever Diagnosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natanael Lamas Dias ◽  
Antônio Augusto Fonseca Júnior ◽  
Anapolino Macedo Oliveira ◽  
Érica Bravo Sales ◽  
Bruna Rios Coelho Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
The World ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Different Tissues

The viral disease classical swine fever (CSF), caused by aPestivirus, is one of the major causes of economic losses for pig farming. The aim of this work was to validate a RT-qPCR using Taqman for detection of CSF in swine tissues. The parameters for the validation followed the specifications of the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the guide ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025:2005. The analysis of the 5′NTR region of CSF virus was performed in 145 samples from 29 infected pigs and in 240 samples from 80 pigs originated in the Brazilian CSF-free zone. The tissues tested were spleen, kidney, blood, tonsils, and lymph nodes. Sequencing of the positive samples for 5′NTR region was performed to evaluate the specificity of the RT-qPCR. Tests performed for the RT-qPCR validation demonstrated that the PCR assay was efficient in detecting RNA from CSF virus in all materials from different tissues of infected animals. Furthermore, RNA from CSF virus was not detected in samples of swine originated from the Brazilian CSF-free zone. Hence, it is concluded that RT-qPCR can be used as a complementary diagnostic for CSF.

scholarly journals Canadian Dairy Network for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance (CaDNetASR): An On-Farm Surveillance System

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Fonseca ◽  
Luke C. Heider ◽  
David Léger ◽  
J. Trenton Mcclure ◽  
Daniella Rizzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
E Coli ◽  
On Farm

Canada has implemented on-farm antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance systems for food-producing animals under the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance (CIPARS); however, dairy cattle have not been included in that program yet. The objective of this manuscript was to describe the development and implementation of the Canadian Dairy Network for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance (CaDNetASR). An Expert Panel (EP) of researchers was created to lead the development of the dairy surveillance system. The EP initiated a draft document outlining the essential elements of the surveillance framework. This document was then circulated to a Steering Committee (SC), which provided recommendations used by the EP to finalize the framework. CaDNetASR has the following components: (1) a herd-level antimicrobial use quantification system; (2) annually administered risk factor questionnaires; and (3) methods for herd-level detection of AMR in three sentinel enteric pathogens (generic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., and Salmonella spp.) recovered from pooled fecal samples collected from calves, heifers, cows, and the manure pit. A total of 144 dairy farms were recruited in five Canadian provinces (British-Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Québec, and Nova-Scotia), with the help of local herd veterinarians and regional field workers, and in September 2019, the surveillance system was launched. 97.1 and 94.4% of samples were positive for E. coli, 63.8, and 49.1% of samples were positive for Campylobacter spp., and 5.0 and 7.7% of samples were positive for Salmonella spp., in 2019 and 2020, respectively. E. coli was equally distributed among all sample types. However, it was more likely that Campylobacter spp. were recovered from heifer and cow samples. On the other hand, it was more common to isolate Salmonella spp. from the manure pit compared to samples from calves, heifers, or cows. CaDNetASR will continue sampling until 2022 after which time this system will be integrated into CIPARS. CaDNetASR will provide online access to farmers and veterinarians interested in visualizing benchmarking metrics regarding AMU practices and their relationship to AMR and animal health in dairy herds. This will provide an opportunity to enhance antimicrobial stewardship practices on dairy farms in Canada.

scholarly journals PROJECT DEVELOPMENTS OF "LUKOIL-NIZHNEVOLZHSKNEFT" LLC ON THE CASPIAN SHELF

2017 ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
Irina Ivanovna Potapova ◽  
Evgeniy Olegovich Magotin
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Budget

A significant part of the economic base of the Astrakhan region is strongly dependent on external factors, mainly on the oil and gas markets, which are subject to cyclical fluctuations with a period of several years (up to ten years). The positive dynamics of the volume of industrial production was influenced by the production growth by the type of economic activity "mining", specifically, the output of million tons of oil produced by the Oil company "Lukoil" from the Caspian shelf. The Russian government is counting on the Astrakhan region as a "locomotive of the Russian economy in the Southern Federal District (SFD)". According to the forecast of long-term social and economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030, the growth of industrial production in the Southern Federal District should be 183%, and in the Astrakhan region by 2030 it should increase by 7.8 times. The comprehensive development of the oil fields in the North Caspian, according to the Lukoil program, involves construction of more than 30 offshore oil and gas field hydraulic engineering structures. The implementation of the project in the Caspian Sea will change the whole industrial structure not only in the south of Russia, but also in the Astrakhan region, facilitating the creation of new large enterprises and prospective taxpayers into the regional budget.

Evaluation of animal and public health surveillance systems: a systematic review

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. DREWE ◽  
L. J. HOINVILLE ◽  
A. J. C. COOK ◽  
T. FLOYD ◽  
K. D. C. STÄRK
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARYDisease surveillance programmes ought to be evaluated regularly to ensure they provide valuable information in an efficient manner. Evaluation of human and animal health surveillance programmes around the world is currently not standardized and therefore inconsistent. The aim of this systematic review was to review surveillance system attributes and the methods used for their assessment, together with the strengths and weaknesses of existing frameworks for evaluating surveillance in animal health, public health and allied disciplines. Information from 99 articles describing the evaluation of 101 surveillance systems was examined. A wide range of approaches for assessing 23 different system attributes was identified although most evaluations addressed only one or two attributes and comprehensive evaluations were uncommon. Surveillance objectives were often not stated in the articles reviewed and so the reasons for choosing certain attributes for assessment were not always apparent. This has the potential to introduce misleading results in surveillance evaluation. Due to the wide range of system attributes that may be assessed, methods should be explored which collapse these down into a small number of grouped characteristics by focusing on the relationships between attributes and their links to the objectives of the surveillance system and the evaluation. A generic and comprehensive evaluation framework could then be developed consisting of a limited number of common attributes together with several sets of secondary attributes which could be selected depending on the disease or range of diseases under surveillance and the purpose of the surveillance. Economic evaluation should be an integral part of the surveillance evaluation process. This would provide a significant benefit to decision-makers who often need to make choices based on limited or diminishing resources.

scholarly journals Towards an Integrated Animal Health Surveillance System in Tanzania: Making Better use of Existing and Potential data Sources for Early Warning Surveillance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeth George ◽  
Barbara Häsler ◽  
Erick Komba ◽  
Calvin Sindato ◽  
Mark Rweyemamu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Traceability System ◽  
Spatial Coverage

Abstract Background: Effective animal health surveillance systems require reliable, quality, and timely data for decision-making. The animal health surveillance system in Tanzania has been relying on a few data sources, which suffer from delays in reporting, underreporting, and high cost of data collection and transmission. The integration of data from multiple sources can enhance early detection and response to animal diseases and consequently facilitate the early control of outbreaks. The study aimed to identify and assess the existing and potential data sources for animal health surveillance system in Tanzania and how they can better be used for early warning surveillance. The study used mixed-method design to identify and assess data sources. Data were collected through document reviews, internet search, cross-sectional survey, key informant interviews, site visits, and non-participant observation. The assessment was done using pre-defined criteria.Results: A total of 13 data sources were identified and assessed. Most surveillance data came from livestock farmers, slaughter facilities, and livestock markets, while animal dip sites were the least used sources. Commercial farms and veterinary shops, electronic surveillance tools like AfyaData and Event Mobile Application (EMA-i) and information systems such as Tanzania National Livestock Identification and Traceability System (TANLITS) and Agricultural Routine Data System (ARDS) show potential to generate relevant data for the national animal health surveillance system. The common variables found across most sources were: the name of the place (12/13), animal type/species (12/13), syndromes (10/13) and number of affected animals (8/13). The majority of the sources had good surveillance data contents and were accessible with medium to maximum spatial coverage. However, there was significant variation in terms of data frequency, accuracy and cost. There were limited integration and coordination of data flow from the identified sources with minimum to non-automated data entry and transmission. Conclusion: The study demonstrated how the available data sources have great potential for early warning surveillance in Tanzania. Both existing and potential data sources had complementary strengths and weaknesses; a multi-source surveillance system would be best placed to harness these different strengths.

OASIS: an assessment tool of epidemiological surveillance systems in animal health and food safety

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
pp. 1486-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HENDRIKX ◽  
E. GAY ◽  
M. CHAZEL ◽  
F. MOUTOU ◽  
C. DANAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Radar Chart

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to develop a standardized tool for the assessment of surveillance systems on zoonoses and animal diseases. We reviewed three existing methods and combined them to develop a semi-quantitative assessment tool associating their strengths and providing a standardized way to display multilevel results. We developed a set of 78 assessment criteria divided into ten sections, representing the functional parts of a surveillance system. Each criterion was given a score according to the prescription of a scoring guide. Three graphical assessment outputs were generated using a specific combination of the scores. Output 1 is a general overview through a series of pie charts synthesizing the scores of each section. Output 2 is a histogram representing the quality of eight critical control points. Output 3 is a radar chart representing the level reached by ten system attributes. This tool was applied on five surveillance networks.

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