scholarly journals Epidemiology of the Rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Etiology Study

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1249
Author(s):  
Vicky L. Baillie ◽  
David P. Moore ◽  
Azwifarwi Mathunjwa ◽  
Henry C. Baggett ◽  
Abdullah Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Case Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Asian Children ◽  
Community Controls ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Control Study

Rhinovirus (RV) is commonly detected in asymptomatic children; hence, its pathogenicity during childhood pneumonia remains controversial. We evaluated RV epidemiology in HIV-uninfected children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia and among community controls. PERCH was a case-control study that enrolled children (1–59 months) hospitalized with severe and very severe pneumonia per World Health Organization clinical criteria and age-frequency-matched community controls in seven countries. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected for all participants, combined, and tested for RV and 18 other respiratory viruses using the Fast Track multiplex real-time PCR assay. RV detection was more common among cases (24%) than controls (21%) (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI:1.3–1.6). This association was driven by the children aged 12–59 months, where 28% of cases vs. 18% of controls were RV-positive (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI:1.8–2.5). Wheezing was 1.8-fold (aOR 95%CI:1.4–2.2) more prevalent among pneumonia cases who were RV-positive vs. RV-negative. Of the RV-positive cases, 13% had a higher probability (>75%) that RV was the cause of their pneumonia based on the PERCH integrated etiology analysis; 99% of these cases occurred in children over 12 months in Bangladesh. RV was commonly identified in both cases and controls and was significantly associated with severe pneumonia status among children over 12 months of age, particularly those in Bangladesh. RV-positive pneumonia was associated with wheezing.

FAKTOR - FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN PREEKLAMSIA BERAT PADA IBU BERSALIN DI RS. MUHAMMADIYAH PALEMBANG TAHUN 2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Astari Martina Astari
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Severe Preeclampsia ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACT According to the World Health Organization (WHO 2010) approximately 99% of cases of maternal deaths occur during labor and postpartum. One of the causes of maternal death due to preeclampsia. Country - developing countries maternal mortality rate of 450 / 100,000 live births, this is a very high number. In the hospital Palembang obtained Muhammaddiyah severe preeclampsia incidence by 2013 as many as 85 cases. Many things that cause severe preeclampsia include maternal age, parity, educational level, employment. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of maternal age, parity, educational level, work simultaneously with perinatal death. This type of research is a case control study conducted retrospectively. The population in this study were all women giving birth in hospital Muhammadiyah Palembang in the year 2013 that berjumlah2565. The study sample totaled 225 respondents. In this study conducted univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyzes. From the analysis we found no association with maternal age incidence of severe preeclampsia (P Value 0.043 OR 1.799), no parity relationship with the incidence of severe preeclampsia (P Value 0.010 OR 0.617), no correlation with the incidence rate of severe preeclampsia education (P Value 0.027 OR 1.394) , there is a relationship how to work with the incidence of severe preeclampsia (P Value 0.024 OR 0.576), the most dominant variable is the age of the mother. It is suggested to the leadership of Muhammadiyah hospital Palembang is hoped to be able to further improve health care programs for women giving birth so as to prevent the occurrence of complications during labor and to increase outreach programs about the importance of prenatal care and provide knowledge about the complications - complications during childbirth to facilitate the birth process. References       : 16 (2002-2013)     ABSTRAK Menurut World Health Organization (WHO 2010) sekitar 99 % kasus kematian ibu terjadi pada masa persalinan dan pasca persalinan. Salah satu penyebab kematian ibu karena preeklamsia. Dinegara – negara berkembang angka kematian ibu sebesar 450/100.000 kelahiran hidup, ini merupakan angka yang sangat tinggi. Di Rumah Sakit Muhammaddiyah Palembang didapatkan kejadian preeklamsia berat pada tahun 2013 sebanyak 85 kasus. Banyak hal yang menyebabkan preeklamsia berat diantaranya umur ibu, paritas, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan umur ibu, paritas, tingkat pendidikan, pekerjaan secara simultan dengan kematian perinatal. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian case control study yang dilakukan secara retrospektif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ibu bersalin di rumah sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang pada Tahun 2013 yang berjumlah2565. Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 225 responden. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan ada hubungan umur ibu dengan kejadian preeklamsia berat (P Value 0,043 OR 1,799), ada hubungan paritas dengan kejadian preeklamsia berat (P Value 0,010 OR 0,617), ada hubungan tingkat pendidikan dengan kejadian preeklamsia berat (P Value 0,027 OR 1,394), ada hubungan cara pekerjaan dengan kejadian preeklamsia berat (P Value 0,024 OR 0,576), Variabel paling dominan adalah umur ibu. Disarankan kepada pimpinan rumah sakit Muhammadiyah Palembang Diharapkan untuk dapat lebih meningkatkan program pelayanan kesehatan kepada ibu bersalin sehingga  mencegah terjadinya komplikasi selama persalinan serta meningkatkan program penyuluhan tentang pentingnya pemeriksaan kehamilan  dan memberikan pengetahuan mengenai komplikasi – komplikasi selama masa persalinan untuk memperlancar proses persalinan.

scholarly journals Faktor Risiko Kejadian COVID-19 Pada Pasien Di RSUD Sayang Rakyat Kota Makassar

2022 ◽  
pp. 1487-1497
Author(s):  
Wa Ode Nurfalah ◽  
Nur Ulmy Mahmud ◽  
Sumiaty ◽  
Mansur Sididi ◽  
Nurul Hikmah
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Control Study

COVID-19 adalah penyakit menular yang baru ditemukan pada Desember 2019 di Wuhan yang disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2. Mulai januari 2020, virus ini menyebar ke luar Tiongkok, pertama di Thailand, Korea Selatan, dan Jepang. Sehingga pada tanggal 11 Maret 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) menyatakan COVID-19 sebagai pandemi. COVID-19 pertama dilaporkan di Indonesia pada tanggal 2 Maret 2020 sejumlah 2 kasus. Virus ini dapat menyerang siapa saja, baik balita, anak-anak, orang dewasa, orang tua, ibu hamil maupun ibu yang sedang menyusui. Namun, beberapa orang memiliki risiko lebih tinggi untuk terinfeksi COVID-19. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor risiko kejadian COVID-19 pada pasien COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Sayang Rakyat Kota Makassar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional analitik dengan rancangan Case Control study. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa umur merupakan faktor risiko yang tidak bermakna terhadap kejadian COVID-19 dengan nilai OR=6,556 95% CI 0,764-56,219. Kebiasaan merokok merupakan faktor risiko yang bermakna terhadap kejadian COVID-19 dengan nilai OR=1,447 95% CI 1,447-15,046. Kontak erat merupakan faktor risiko yang bermakna terhadap kejadian COVID-19 dengan nilai OR=188,500 95% CI 38,284-928,114. Komorbid merupakan faktor risiko yang bermakna terhadap kejadian COVID-19 dengan nilai OR=3,406 95% CI 1,486-7,809.  Sebagai saran dalam penelitian ini masyarakat diharapkan untuk mengkonsumsi makanan yang dapat meningkatkan imun tubuh, mengurangi atau bahkan berhenti merokok, selalu mematuhi protokol kesehaatan serta bagi masyarakat yang memiliki komorbid diharapkan dapat mengendalikan komorbidnya.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anaemia in paediatric patients with HIV infection in Kano

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
IU Umar ◽  
F Hassan-Hanga ◽  
M Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mild Anaemia ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Disease Stages ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Hiv Negative ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: HIV infection affects virtually all systems of the body including the haematological system.Objective: To determine the prevalence of anaemia in HIV infected children and compare with apparently healthy HIV negative age-sex matched controls.Design: Case control hospitalbased study.Methods: A total of 60 confirmed HIV infected antiretroviral naïve children and 60 HIV negative children were enrolled in a case control study of baseline haematological indices. In all cases, haemoglobin, total white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelet counts were determined using SYSMEX XT- 2000i Haematologic auto-analyser. Children with HIV/AIDS were classified according to clinical disease stages using the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) staging criteria. Data was analysed using MINITAB 12.21 Atlanta USA statistical software.Result: Anaemia (˂110 g/L) was present in 88.0% of the HIVinfected children, compared to 15.0% of controls (p = 0.001). Mild anaemia (70 – 109 g/L) was observed in 85.0% of HIVinfected children, compared to 15.0% of controls. Moderate anaemia (50 – 69 g/L) was present in 3.3% of HIV-infected children, but in none of the control. Leucopenia (˂4 × 109/L) was seen in 11.6% of HIV-infected children and in 5.0% of controls. Neutropenia (˂1.5 × 109/L) affected13% of infected children and 5% of controls. Lymphocytopenia (˂1.2 × 109/L) was observed in 3.3% of infected children but in none ofcontrols. Corresponding figures for thrombocytopenia (˂100 × 109/L) were6.7% of HIV infected children and 1.7% of controls.Conclusion: All cells lines arereduced in HIV/AIDS and anaemia is the most frequent haematological manifestation seen in HIV/AIDS infection.Key words: Prevalence, Anaemia; HIV, Paediatrics, Patients

scholarly journals The Patent Fact about Alcohol and Getting Stroke: A Case Control Study

Healthline ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Kuntalkumar H Patel ◽  
Shreyashkumar Gandhi ◽  
Dhruti Vaidya
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Case Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Heart Attacks ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: Globally 17.9 million people die each year from CVDs (Cardio Vascular Diseases) and 85% of all CVD deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 15 million people worldwide suffer from stroke every year and after ischemic heart disease, stroke is the second most leading cause of death. Objective: To study alcohol consumption as a risk factor in patients with acute strokes. Method: Case control study was conducted among 148 newly diagnosed cases of CT scan / MRI-confirmed stroke and 148 non-stroke controls attending the tertiary hospital of central Gujarat. Sample size calculation was done, assuming the power ratio of the number of controls same as numbers of cases i.e.,1:1, specifying values for two-sided confidence level=95% (error=5%), power of study=80%, odd ratio=2.15, percent of cases with exposure=82% and percent of controls with exposure=68%. Patients who are willing to participate in the study were included. The data were analyzed using the EPI INFO TM 7.0.8.0 software. Results: Out of the total 148 cases, 100 (67.56 per cent) were male and 48 (32.43 per cent) were female. The odds of getting stroke among alcoholic was two times more as compared to non-alcoholic patients. Heavy alcohol drinkers have a significant association. Conclusion: According to the study results male married patients who drank heavily had a higher risk of stroke than light/moderate alcoholics.

scholarly journals COVID-19—The Potential Beneficial Therapeutic Effects of Spironolactone during SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kotfis ◽  
Kacper Lechowicz ◽  
Sylwester Drożdżal ◽  
Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej ◽  
Tomasz K. Wojdacz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Dual Action ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease

In March 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The clinical course of the disease is unpredictable but may lead to severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It has been shown that pulmonary fibrosis may be one of the major long-term complications of COVID-19. In animal models, the use of spironolactone was proven to be an important drug in the prevention of pulmonary fibrosis. Through its dual action as a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist and an androgenic inhibitor, spironolactone can provide significant benefits concerning COVID-19 infection. The primary effect of spironolactone in reducing pulmonary edema may also be beneficial in COVID-19 ARDS. Spironolactone is a well-known, widely used and safe anti-hypertensive and antiandrogenic medication. It has potassium-sparing diuretic action by antagonizing mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs). Spironolactone and potassium canrenoate, exerting combined pleiotropic action, may provide a therapeutic benefit to patients with COVID-19 pneumonia through antiandrogen, MR blocking, antifibrotic and anti-hyperinflammatory action. It has been proposed that spironolactone may prevent acute lung injury in COVID-19 infection due to its pleiotropic effects with favorable renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and ACE2 expression, reduction in transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) activity and antiandrogenic action, and therefore it may prove to act as additional protection for patients at highest risk of severe pneumonia. Future prospective clinical trials are warranted to evaluate its therapeutic potential.

scholarly journals A multi-centre prospective case-control study of campylobacter infection in persons aged 5 years and older in Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. STAFFORD ◽  
P. SCHLUTER ◽  
M. KIRK ◽  
A. WILSON ◽  
L. UNICOMB ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Community Controls ◽  
Population Attributable Risks ◽  
Campylobacter Infection ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYThere are an estimated 277 000 cases of campylobacteriosis in Australia each year, most of which are thought to be sporadically acquired. To explore causes for these infections, we conducted a multi-centre case-control study of patients and community controls across five Australian States during 2001–2002. A total of 881 campylobacter cases and 833 controls aged ⩾5 years were recruited into the study. Crude logistic analyses were conducted within various food and non-food exposure groups. A final most parsimonious multivariable logistic regression model was developed and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived together with adjusted population attributable risks (PAR). Consumption of undercooked chicken (aOR 4·7, 95% CI 2·6–8·4) and offal (aOR 2·0, 95% CI 1·0–4·0), ownership of domestic chickens aged <6 months (aOR 12·4, 95% CI 2·6–59·3) and domestic dogs aged <6 months (aOR 2·1, 95% CI 1·1–4·2) were found to be independent risk factors for illness in the final model. The PAR proportions indicate that eating chicken meat, either cooked or undercooked may account for approximately 30% of campylobacter cases that occur each year in Australia. These results justify the continued need for education of consumers and foodhandlers about the risks associated with the handling of raw chicken and the potential for cross-contamination.

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