Mortality Patterns in a Commercial Wean-To Finish Swine Production System

Modern commercial pig production is a complex process that requires successful producers to understand and resolve factors associated with perturbations in production. One important perturbation is inventory loss due to mortality. In this study, data on 60 lots of approximately 2000 weaned pigs (n = 115,213) from one commercial production system were collected through the wean-to-finish (WTF) cycle with the objective of establishing patterns of mortality, estimating differences in profit/loss among patterns of mortality, and identifying production practices associated with mortality patterns. Information provided by the production system included the number of pigs in each lot at the time of placement (beginning inventory), weaning weight, barn dimensions, number of dead pigs (NDP) daily, capacity placed (proportion pigs actually placed versus what had been planned to be placed) and average weight sold. Analysis of NDP revealed three mortality patterns (clusters I, II, III) composed of 6, 40, and 14 lots, respectively, that differed in the temporal onset and/or level of mortality. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated by growth phase for each cluster. An economic model showed profit differences among clusters due to poor biological performance by clusters I and III in the late finishing phase. Cluster II (n = 40) had fewer dead pigs and the highest profit compared to clusters I (n = 6) and III (n = 14). Area per pig (stocking density) was the only factor associated with the differences in mortality patterns. Routine monitoring and the analysis of mortality patterns for associations with production and management factors can help swine producers improve biological performance and improve profit.

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ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN DAN TINGKAT KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus) DENGAN PEMBERIAN PAKAN PELET DARI SUMBER YANG BERBEDA

ZIRAA'AH MAJALAH ILMIAH PERTANIAN ◽

10.31602/zmip.v46i1.3567 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 89

Author(s):

Elrifadah - Elrifadah

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Nile Tilapia ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Average Weight ◽

Average Yield ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Level 3 ◽

Pellet Feed

This study was aim to determine the different pellet feed source on the growth and survival rate of Nile tilapia. The purpose of this research was to provide information of the best feed for the growth and survival rate of Nile tilapia.Completely Randomized Design, with 3 treatments ( treatment A: community-made pellet, treatment B: commercial pellet PF500; treatment C: commercial pellet 885) and 3 replicate was used for the research. Nile tilapia with 3-4 cm length placed in nine aquariums with stocking density 6 fishes/L. Feeding treatment given twice a day at level 3 %/ body weight. The parameters observed include growth rates, survival, and feed conversion. Supporting data was observed for water quality. Observation was carried out for 30 days.The results showed that the average weight, in treatment A was 101,66 g, treatment B was 118.33 g, and treatment C was 128.33 g. The average yield of relative growth in treatment A was 111.44%, treatment B was 134.23%, and treatment C was 135.76%. Treatment C shows the highest value, then treatment B and treatment A. The average yield of feed conversion, treatment A was 1.11; treatment B 3.21; and treatment C was 3.37. Survival rate of all treatments was 100%.

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Effect of Production System and Age on the Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2019-0050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 219-229

Author(s):

Umut Sami Yamak ◽

Musa Sarica ◽

Mehmet Akif Boz ◽

Ahmet Ucar

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Production System ◽

Production Systems ◽

Carcass Traits ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Phasianus Colchicus ◽

Average Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Free Range ◽

Slaughter Age

AbstractA total of 211 pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were reared using two different production systems (free range and intensive) to determine the effect of production system and slaughter age on growth performance and carcass traits. Birds were slaughtered at 14, 16, and 18 weeks of age. Production system did not significantly affect body weight until 18 weeks; at this age, pheasants reared in free range exhibited a higher average weight (1149 g vs. 1012 g). Total feed consumption and feed conversion ratios did not differ among production systems. The most in-demand portions of the carcass (breast and leg) were not affected by differences in production system. The leg and breast proportions which were the most edible parts of the carcass were around 26% and 35%, respectively, in both free-range and intensive systems.

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Performance of Assaf Lambs Fed Two Upgraded Agricultural Wastes

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2019.2711 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 455-461

Author(s):

Jamal ABO OMAR ◽

Jihad ABDALLAH

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Average Weight ◽

Growth Experiment ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Fixed Amount ◽

Biological Treatments ◽

Fiber Fractions ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Total Gain

Effects of ensiled greenhouse wastes (GHW), alkali-treated GHW and almond hulls (AH) on growth performance were studied on 24 Assaf lambs. All lambs were males with an average weight of 36.2 kg (S.D. = 2.1 kg) at the beginning of the experiment. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 lambs each. Lambs in each group received individually corn-soybean meal (SBM) total mixed rations (TMR). Rations were incorporated with a fixed amount (200 g/kg) of the treated raw ingredients: ensiled greenhouse wastes, alkali-treated GHW and ensiled AH. All rations were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The growth experiment lasted 80 d. Both chemical and biological treatments had significant effects on improving crude protein (CP) and fiber fractions. At termination of the experiment, lambs fed treated ingredients (i.e., ensiled GHW, alkali-treated GHW, ensiled AH) had better (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratios and consumed less (P < 0.05) feed. Treated GHW and AH had no effect on average daily gain (P = 0.14) and total gain (P = 0.21). Cost of gain was significantly lower in lambs fed the treated ingredients.

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THE EFFECTS OF SHEARING AND RALGRO IMPLANTS ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF LAMBS DURING THE SUMMER

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas90-093 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 743-750 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. F. LANE ◽

R. A. KEMP

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Response ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Average Weight ◽

Feeding Period ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Initial Weight ◽

Feedlot Performance ◽

Feedlot Lambs ◽

Daily Gain

To evaluate the effects of shearing and Ralgro® implants on the performance of fast-gaining feedlot lambs during the summer, 84 group-fed crossbred wether lambs (34.8 ± 1.8 kg) were shorn on day 0 of the feeding period (ES), shorn 3 wk later (LS), or left unshorn (NS), and either implanted with 12 mg Ralgro on day 0 (R) or not implanted (C). Lambs were blocked by initial weight. Heavy and light pens of lambs were shipped to market when the average weight within a pen was 52 kg after 40 and 55 d, respectively. Between days 0 and 40, mean average daily gain (ADG) of all lambs was 384 g and feed conversion was 4.38 kg dry matter kg−1 gain. During the first 40 d of the feeding period, shearing did not affect ADG (P > 0.05), but ES lambs had higher feed intake and poorer feed conversion than NS lambs (P < 0.05). Performance of the LS lambs was similar to the NS lambs prior to shearing, and similar to the ES lambs after shearing. A delay period between implantation and growth response was observed. Ralgro did not affect ADG between days 0 and 21 (P > 0.05) but improved ADG by 14.2% between days 21 and 40 (P < 0.01), giving an overall growth improvement of 6.5% between days 0 and 40 (P < 0.06). Ralgro had no effect on ADG after day 40. There were no interactions between the effects of shearing and Ralgro implantation on ADG (P > 0.05). Key words: Lambs, shearing, Ralgro, feedlot, summer

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Soybean silage and sugarcane tops silage on lamb performance

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782013005000098 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (8) ◽

pp. 1478-1484 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Josiane Aparecida de Lima ◽

Ivana Lícia de Campos Gavioli ◽

Cristina Maria Pacheco Barbosa ◽

Alexandre Berndt ◽

Flávia Maria de Andrade Gimenes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Conversion Ratio ◽

Feed Conversion Ratio ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Average Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Total Weight Gain ◽

Similar Weight ◽

Daily Gain

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of sheep fed with diets consisting of different proportions of soybean silage and sugarcane tip silage. Twenty four lambs from Morada Nova breed were used, with an average age of 75 days and average weight of 16.98±2.62kg. The following diets were evaluated: T1 = 20% sugarcane tops silage + 80% concentrate, T2 = 20% sugarcane tops silage + 30% soybean silage + 50% concentrate, T3 = 20% sugarcane tops silage + 60% soybean silage + 20% concentrate. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eight repetitions and each animal was a repetition. It was evaluated the intake of dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio and efficiency. The total weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and efficiency were similar, with average values of 7.9kg animal-1, 133.3g animal-1 day-1, 6.2 and 0.17, respectively. Diets based on sugarcane tops silage enriched with soybean silage + concentrate provide greater nutrient intake in relation to diet composed only of sugarcane tops silage + concentrate. Sugarcane tops silage supplemented with protein concentrate or enriched with soybean silage with lower inclusion of concentrate resulted in similar weight gains and feed conversion efficiency.

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The application of phytoremediation Lemna perpusilla to increase the production performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in a recirculation system

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.17.1.34-42 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Rina Hesti Utami ◽

Kukuh Nirmala ◽

Iman Rusmana ◽

Daniel Djokosetiyanto ◽

Yuni Puji Hastuti

Keyword(s):

Nile Tilapia ◽

Physiological Condition ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Production Performance ◽

Average Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Commercial Diet ◽

Normal Physiological Condition ◽

Recirculation System ◽

Lemna Perpusilla

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the production performance and physiological of Nile tilapia using Lemna perpusilla as a phytoremediator in a recirculation system. A completely randomized design with two treatments and three replications was applied. The treatments were Nile tilapia cultured with L. perpusilla (TL) and without L. perpusilla (L). The experimental fish in this study was the juvenile of Nile tilapia with a body length of 9.98 ± 0.08 cm and an average weight of 36.27 ± 1.07 g. The stocking density was 46 fish/pond and the container size was 275×100×60 cm3 and was separated in two areas using a fiber separator screen of 55.9% area for fish culture and 44.1% for L. perpusilla. The Nile tilapias were reared for 60 days, fed with commercial diet and fresh L. Perpusilla with amount 2% and 1% of biomass, respectively. They were fed three times a day with fresh L. perpusilla at noon and commercial diet in the morning and afternoon. The results showed that the Nile tilapia reared with L. perpusilla phytoremediation had normal physiological condition and production performance. The predominances of this system were lower feed conversion ratio value, more optimal values of feeding efficiency, and higher coefficient of weight uniformity. Keywords: Lemna perpusilla, physiological condition, phytoremediation, production performance. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kinerja produksi dan fisiologi ikan nila dengan penggunaan Lemna perpusilla sebagai fitoremediator pada sistem resirkulasi. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah acak lengkap dengan dua perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Ikan nila dipelihara pada kolam tanpa L. perpusilla (TL) dan ikan nila dipelihara pada kolam dengan L. perpusilla (L). Ikan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah benih ikan nila dengan panjang baku 9,98 ± 0,08 cm dan bobot rata-rata 36,27 ± 1,07 g. Padat tebar ikan tiap kolam pemeliharaan 46 ekor/kolamdengan ukuran kolam 275×100×60 cm3. Setiap kolam diberi sekat dengan luasan 44,1% L. perpusilla dari luasan kolam. Ikan nila dipelihara selama 60 hari pemeliharaan dengan pakan berupa pakan komersial dan L. perpusilla dengan jumlah pakan masing-masing 2% dan 1% dari biomassa. Pada pagi dan sore hari diberi pakan komersial, dan siang hari ikan diberi pakan L. perpusilla. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ikan nila yang dipelihara dengan fitoremediasi L. perpusilla menghasilkan kinerja produksi dan kondisi fisiologis yang normal. Keunggulan sistem ini adalah menghasilkan nilai konversi pakan yang lebih rendah, nilai efisiensi pemberian pakan, dan koefisien keseragaman bobot yang lebih tinggi. Kata kunci : fitoremediasi, Lemna perpusilla, kondisi fisiologis, kinerja produksi.

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The effects of density on the growth, survival and feed conversion of Tenebrio molitor larvae

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2021.0057 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

D. Deruytter ◽

C.L. Coudron

Keyword(s):

Wheat Bran ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Areal Density ◽

Tenebrio Molitor ◽

Average Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Mealworm Larvae ◽

Tenebrio Molitor Larvae

An appropriate stocking density is beneficial to run an efficient business and improve animal welfare. In most traditional livestock this is defined as the number of animals per area. However, the larvae of the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), one of the most important commercial insects, live both on top and inside their feed. In this study we assessed if different areal stocking densities (2D, range 0.6-10.4 larvae/cm2) resulted in a different growth rate and feed efficiency when the volumetric stocking density remained constant (1 larvae/cm3). In a first experiment the larvae received wheat bran once at the start, but in the second experiment wheat bran was added throughout the experiment to ensure that the larvae remained at 1 larvae/cm3. The results indicate that, given a stable volumetric density, the areal density can vary between 0.6 and 10.4 larvae/cm2 without extreme variation in growth, survival or feed efficiency. The lowest assessed densities did result in a slightly lower average weight and yield. A maximum yield per volume of feed was observed at 2.5 larvae/cm2 (feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.76 dry feed/live larvae). Yet, the overall highest yield was observed at 10.4 larvae/cm2 as the increased areal density far outweighed the slight decrease in FCR. In conclusion: when mealworm larvae are provided with an equal volume of wheat bran the influence of areal density is low and could be as high as 10.4 larvae/cm2 for optimal yield.

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Effects of stocking density on growth and skin quality of grower Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v51i2.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 142-150

Author(s):

E.C. Webb ◽

D.M. Veldsman ◽

J.G. Myburgh ◽

G.E. Swan

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Production Systems ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Total Body Length ◽

Average Weight ◽

Low Density ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Total Body ◽

Skin Quality ◽

Density Treatment

Intensive Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) farming operates with considerable variation in housing and stocking density. In this study, current commercial stocking densities for crocodilians were investigated using 261 grower-phase crocodiles (15 months old, average total body length 94.5 cm, and average weight 2.7 kg). Low (2.60 m2 per crocodile), medium (1.24 m2 per crocodile), and high (0.41 m2 per crocodile) stocking densities were tested. Growth, morphometric measures, Fulton’s condition scores and skin qualities were assessed over a six-month (May - November 2017) period. High stocking density had no adverse effects on the growth of grower Nile crocodiles. Crocodiles stocked at medium and high densities outperformed those that were stocked at low density in Fulton’s body condition scores, change in body condition from the start to the end of the trial, and feed conversion efficiencies. However, the high and, to a lesser extent, the medium stocking densities resulted in lower skin quality scores compared with those in the low-density treatment because of teeth marks from more aggressive behaviour. The results indicated that the medium pen density treatment is closer to the ideal than either the high or low stocking density groups. Stocking densities that provide 0.41 m2 per crocodile or less should be avoided because of lower skin quality scores, which weigh more heavily than growth and feed efficiency responses in the financial viability of commercial crocodile farming in typical South African production systems.

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Evaluation of the Effects of Different Inclusion Rates of Balanites aegyptiaca Seed Oil on the Growth Performance and Survival of Clarias anguillaris Fries

Aquatic Science and Technology ◽

10.5296/ast.v7i1.14519 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Mariama Sagne ◽

Jean Fall ◽

Abdoulaye Loum ◽

Ibrahima Thiaw ◽

Diegane Ndong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Fish Growth ◽

High Price ◽

Average Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Balanites Aegyptiaca ◽

Fisheries Resources

One of the main problems facing aquaculture is the lack and high price of fishmeal and fish oil supply. The continued growth of aquaculture production cannot depend on these finite fisheries resources. It is imperative that inexpensive and readily available alternatives that do not compromise fish growth and product quality are found. It is in this specific context that this study consisting of a test of the Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil incorporated in the feed of Clarias anguillaris fries was conducted.The experiment lasted eight (8) weeks and included five treatments of two tanks each. This corresponds to a total of 10 tanks for 150 fries with a stocking density of 15 fish per tank. Five diets supplemented with 0% (R.0), 1% (R.1), 2% (R.2), 3% (R.3) and 4% (R.4) of the lipid source were administered twice daily for eight weeks. Growth was regularly monitored and mortalities recorded to assess the effects of each diet. The results revealed significant effects on growth performance and survival of Clarias anguillaris fries. For the average weight gain and the specific growth rate, the best result was obtained with the fish fed with diet containing 2% Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil (R.2). The best feed conversion ratio was recorded with the diet incorporating 2% of this oil. The best survival rates (66.67% and 70%) were observed in fries fed with diets incorporating respectively 2% and 3% of the oil. The experimental study has shown that a 2% incorporation rate is the most appropriate for the successful rearing of Clarias anguillaris fries.

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Lot-fed goats - the advantages of using an enriched environment

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea99119 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 473 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. Flint ◽

P. J. Murray

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Animal Welfare ◽

Aggressive Behaviour ◽

Environmental Enrichment ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Health Problems ◽

Average Weight ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Reducing Stress

By reducing the stress associated with high stocking density in a feedlot it is likely that goats will utilise their feed more efficiently and suffer fewer health problems. One possible method of reducing stress is to enrich the feedlot environment. In a feedlot of 160 castrated goats (average weight 24.6 ± 2.6 kg), 2 types of feedlot structures were compared; a typical feedlot and an ‘environmentally enriched’ feedlot, and goats stocked at 2 densities; a high stocking density (1667 goats/ha) and a relatively low stocking density (897 goats/ha). Over a 42-day period, environmental enrichment (old car/truck tyres and wooden railway sleepers to climb on and PVC piping to mouth and butt) increased weight gain by 83% (P = 0.04) and reduced the occurrence of inanition by 36%. Aggressive behaviour at the feed trough was reduced by 30% (P = 0.03) in pens of lower density when compared with pens of higher density. We conclude that lot feeding goats in environmentally enriched surroundings will increase feed conversion and reduce the number of non-eaters when compared with typically bare pen structures. Doubling in liveweight gain of goats within enriched feedlot surroundings when compared with typical structures shows promise as a cost effective, animal-welfare-orientated practice.

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