scholarly journals GIS-Based Geomorphological Map of the Calore River Floodplain Near Benevento (Southern Italy) Overflooded by the 15th October 2015 Event

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Magliulo ◽  
Alessio Valente
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
River Floodplain ◽  
River Terraces ◽  
Channel Adjustments ◽  
Geomorphological Map ◽  
Loose Sediments ◽  
Abandoned Channels ◽  
The 19Th Century

On 15 October 2015, the floodplain of the Calore River underwent a destructive flood, with a stream stage increase up to 10 m. In this paper, we describe the GIS-based, object-oriented geomorphological map of the overflooded sectors of the Calore River floodplain near Benevento. The map graphically represents the field-checked results of a detailed geomorphological study carried out by means of GIS analysis of historical and topographic maps and orthophotos. Particular attention was devoted to the analysis of the channel adjustments experienced by the Calore River since the end of the 19th century, which shaped most of the landforms in the floodplain. The results showed that the investigated floodplain is characterized by abandoned channels, anthropogenic landforms, and five orders of recent river terraces separated by gently-sloping inactive fluvial scarps, less than 2 m high. On the oldest and/or more distal sectors of the floodplain, landforms are badly preserved, probably due to the more prolonged reshaping by natural erosional processes and anthropogenic activities, and to the high erodibility of the loose sediments in which they are shaped. The proposed map could be a key tool for a correct flood hazard assessment in the Benevento area, permitting thematic maps that avoid or reduce the negative effects of events similar to the 15 October 2015 flood.

scholarly journals Multi-domain probiotic consortium as an alternative to chemical remediation of oil spills at coral reefs and adjacent sites

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise P. Silva ◽  
Helena D. M. Villela ◽  
Henrique F. Santos ◽  
Gustavo A. S. Duarte ◽  
José Roberto Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Corexit 9500 ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Beginning in the last century, coral reefs have suffered the consequences of anthropogenic activities, including oil contamination. Chemical remediation methods, such as dispersants, can cause substantial harm to corals and reduce their resilience to stressors. To evaluate the impacts of oil contamination and find potential alternative solutions to chemical dispersants, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with the fire coral Millepora alcicornis, which is sensitive to environmental changes. We exposed M. alcicornis to a realistic oil-spill scenario in which we applied an innovative multi-domain bioremediator consortium (bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeast) and a chemical dispersant (Corexit® 9500, one of the most widely used dispersants), to assess the effects on host health and host-associated microbial communities. Results The selected multi-domain microbial consortium helped to mitigate the impacts of the oil, substantially degrading the polycyclic aromatic and n-alkane fractions and maintaining the physiological integrity of the corals. Exposure to Corexit 9500 negatively impacted the host physiology and altered the coral-associated microbial community. After exposure, the abundances of certain bacterial genera such as Rugeria and Roseovarius increased, as previously reported in stressed or diseased corals. We also identified several bioindicators of Corexit 9500 in the microbiome. The impact of Corexit 9500 on the coral health and microbial community was far greater than oil alone, killing corals after only 4 days of exposure in the flow-through system. In the treatments with Corexit 9500, the action of the bioremediator consortium could not be observed directly because of the extreme toxicity of the dispersant to M. alcicornis and its associated microbiome. Conclusions Our results emphasize the importance of investigating the host-associated microbiome in order to detect and mitigate the effects of oil contamination on corals and the potential role of microbial mitigation and bioindicators as conservation tools. Chemical dispersants were far more damaging to corals and their associated microbiome than oil, and should not be used close to coral reefs. This study can aid in decision-making to minimize the negative effects of oil and dispersants on coral reefs.

scholarly journals Vliv historické těžby železných rud v Podbeskydské pahorkatině a Moravskoslezských Beskydech na současný reliéf

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Lenart
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Agglomeration ◽  
Landscape Changes ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
Present Rate ◽  
Mining Methods ◽  
Flysch Rocks ◽  
The 19Th Century

Although relatively extensive extraction of the pelocarbonate iron ore in the Podbeskydská pahorkatina Upland and the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. have terminated until the end of the 19th century, the remnants are rarely preserved in the recent relief as collapsed shafts, mining pits, dumps or their combinations. The adits are occurring infrequently, because the majority of them are completely collapsed or at least the entrance is filled up with rocks. Similarly, the shafts formerly many meters deep, are recently reflected only as shallow concave hollows. Distinct post-mining landforms are still preserved e.g. in Chlebovice, Libotín near Štramberk, Čeladná or Kozlovice villages. The causes of wrong preservation of these forms, which stood at the beginning of the Ostrava industrial agglomeration, are as: (i) mining in the incoherent fine flysch rocks, (ii) primitive mining methods without wooden setts, and (iii) intensive anthropogenic activities after the mining termination in the landscape. Some of the localities with preserved free underground spaces are remnants after the mining of the other or the related materials, or even crevice type caves. Because of the historical importance of the iron ore mining in the wider area, I would recommend consideration of at least some basic protection of preserved landforms. Otherwise, at the present rate of the landscape changes intensity, they would shortly vanish. 

scholarly journals Modeling the sensitivity of soil mercury storage to climate-induced changes in soil carbon pools

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 11403-11441 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Hararuk ◽  
D. Obrist ◽  
Y. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Community Land Model ◽  
C Pools ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Soil Hg

Abstract. Substantial amounts of mercury (Hg) in the terrestrial environment reside in soils and are associated with soil organic carbon (C) pools, where they accumulated due to increased atmospheric deposition due to anthropogenic activities. The purpose of this study was to examine potential sensitivity of surface soil Hg pools to global change variables, particularly affected by predicted changes in soil C pools, in the contiguous US. To investigate, we included a soil Hg component in the Community Land Model based on empirical statistical relationships between soil Hg / C ratios and precipitation, latitude and clay; and subsequently explored the sensitivity of soil C and soil Hg densities (i.e. areal-mass) to climate scenarios in which we altered annual precipitation, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, and temperature. Our model simulations showed that current sequestration of Hg in the contiguous US accounted for 15 230 metric tons of Hg in the top 0–40 cm of soils. In the simulations, these soil Hg pools were most sensitive to changes in precipitation because of strong effects on soil C pools plus a direct effect of precipitation on soil Hg / C ratios. Soil Hg pools were predicted to increase beyond present-day values following an increase in precipitation amounts and decrease following a reduction in precipitation. We found pronounced regional differences in sensitivity of soil Hg to precipitation, which were particularly high along high-precipitation areas along the West and East Coasts. Modeled increases in CO2 concentrations to 700 ppm stimulated soil C and Hg densities, while increased air temperatures had small negative effects on soil C and Hg. The combined effects of increased CO2, increased temperature, and increased or decreased precipitation were strongly governed by precipitation and CO2 showing pronounced regional patterns. Based on these results, we conclude that the combination of precipitation and CO2 should be emphasized when assessing how climate-induced changes in soil C may affect sequestration of Hg in soils.

Age, Genesis, and Seismogenic Deformations of the Vuoksa River Terraces on the Karelian Isthmus (Northwestern Russia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 1308-1329
Author(s):  
S.V. Shvarev ◽  
D.A. Subetto ◽  
N.E. Zaretskaya ◽  
A.N. Molodkov
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Karelian Isthmus ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
River Terraces ◽  
Holocene Sediments ◽  
Loose Sediments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Northwestern Russia

Abstract —Terraces at four hypsometric levels were studied in the Vuoksa River basin (northern part of the Karelian Isthmus, NW Russia). New data on nine sections of late Quaternary–Holocene sediments have been obtained. Their age has been determined (for the first time for surface deposits in the studied region) in the interval from 90 to 2 ka. The terrace sediments are disturbed by deformations (faults, folds, and liquefaction) caused by six strong earthquakes in that period. The relationships among the terrace levels, ages, stratigraphy, and structures of loose sediments point to their formation under the impact of differentiated tectonic motions triggered by the activation of the ancient “Vuoksa” fault zone in the late Neopleistocene and Holocene.

scholarly journals Adaptive Mechanisms of Halophytes and Their Potential in Improving Salinity Tolerance in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10733
Author(s):  
Md. Mezanur Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Golam Mostofa ◽  
Sanjida Sultana Keya ◽  
Md. Nurealam Siddiqui ◽  
Md. Mesbah Uddin Ansary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
Biochemical Adaptation ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Soil salinization, which is aggravated by climate change and inappropriate anthropogenic activities, has emerged as a serious environmental problem, threatening sustainable agriculture and future food security. Although there has been considerable progress in developing crop varieties by introducing salt tolerance-associated traits, most crop cultivars grown in saline soils still exhibit a decline in yield, necessitating the search for alternatives. Halophytes, with their intrinsic salt tolerance characteristics, are known to have great potential in rehabilitating salt-contaminated soils to support plant growth in saline soils by employing various strategies, including phytoremediation. In addition, the recent identification and characterization of salt tolerance-related genes encoding signaling components from halophytes, which are naturally grown under high salinity, have paved the way for the development of transgenic crops with improved salt tolerance. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive update on salinity-induced negative effects on soils and plants, including alterations of physicochemical properties in soils, and changes in physiological and biochemical processes and ion disparities in plants. We also review the physiological and biochemical adaptation strategies that help halophytes grow and survive in salinity-affected areas. Furthermore, we illustrate the halophyte-mediated phytoremediation process in salinity-affected areas, as well as their potential impacts on soil properties. Importantly, based on the recent findings on salt tolerance mechanisms in halophytes, we also comprehensively discuss the potential of improving salt tolerance in crop plants by introducing candidate genes related to antiporters, ion transporters, antioxidants, and defense proteins from halophytes for conserving sustainable agriculture in salinity-prone areas.

scholarly journals Diagnóstico antropogeomorfológico das vertentes do baixo curso da bacia hidrográfica do córrego do Facão – município de Araras (SP).

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Valéria Coghi Bernardelli ◽  
Cenira Maria Lupinacci
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Controlled System ◽  
Land Cover Dynamics ◽  
Environmental Damages ◽  
Geomorphological Map ◽  
Land Cover Map ◽  
Geomorphological Features

As alterações provocadas pelo homem nas formas de relevo têm sido dinamizadas durante o processo de expansão da mancha urbana de vários municípios, acarretando distintos prejuízos ambientais, com destaque a intensificação dos processos erosivos, ao assoreamento dos cursos fluviais e consequentemente a ocorrência de enchentes. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as alterações do relevo provocadas pela expansão da mancha urbana do município de Araras (SP) nas vertentes do baixo curso da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Facão entre 1997 a 2016. Para compreender as implicações geomorfológicas oriundas da atividade antropogênica no cenário de estudo, utilizaram-se os princípios da Teoria Geral dos Sistemas, os quais proporcionaram a compreensão da área de estudo como um sistema controlado. A confecção das cartas geomorfológicas, de uso e ocupação da terra e de declividade assim como o trabalho de campo possibilitaram coletar dados cuja análise permitiu identificar as feições geomorfológicas ocasionadas pela expansão da mancha urbana na área de estudo. Assim, as principais mudanças constatadas referem-se à alteração na forma do canal em virtude do processo de canalização, a diminuição das rupturas topográficas naturais e o surgimento das feições erosivas lineares. Slopes anthropogeomorphological diagnosis of low course of Facão’s stream watershed – Araras city, São Paulo (SP) A B S T R A C TThe alterations caused by the man in the landforms have been dynamized during the process of urban growth, resulting different environmental damages mainly intensification of erosive process, silting of rivers and consequently the occurrence flooding. Thereby, the aim of this work is to analyze the alterations caused by the urban growth of Araras city (SP) in the slopes of low course of Facão’s stream watershed from 1997 to 2016. To understand the geomorphological implications coming from anthropogenic activities in the study area in this time, the principles of Systems General Theory which allowed the comprehension of area as controlled system due to anthropic interference. The confection of geomorphological map, land cover map and declivity map as well as fieldwork allowed to collect data whose analyses made it possible to identify the geomorphological features brought by the urban growth. Therefore, the main changes observed refer to alteration in the feature of waterway due to process of channeling, decrease natural topographic breaks and advent erosive features.Keywords: anthropogeomorphology; geomorphological cartographic; land cover dynamics; slope.

scholarly journals ROMANIAN ACHIEVEMENTS IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Stoicescu ◽  
Eugen Mihail Ionescu
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Oil And Gas Reservoirs ◽  
The 19Th Century

Petroleum has been and still remains, in equal measure, a friend and an enemy to humanity: a friend for its use in numerous applications over the years, from the lubrication of cart axles to jet fuel; an enemy for creating permanent conflicts between countries, leading to a global conflagration. This layout has perpetuated for over two millennia, until today.The problem of petroleum has a multitude of aspects: economic, political, financial, social, military, legislative and, last but not least, scientific and technical. It has taken a share of sacrifices, which may not be overlooked, to be rightfully called “black gold.” Subject to continuous development, petroleum is still indispensable to our quotidian life, although attempts have been made to replace it with alternative energy sources due to its negative effects on the planet, which are increasingly visible.The present state of petroleum industry is the result of a continuous labor of many generations of researchers, professors, engineers, technicians, foremen, and workers, especially from petroleum producing countries.  Romania is one of the first petroleum producers and ranked first in Europe and among the first nations worldwide until the end of the 19th century.  During the 20th century, a large number of oil and gas reservoirs were discovered in many countries on all continents; even today Romania still remains an important producer with encouraging perspectives.Romanian contributions to the progress of petroleum industry are noticeable, being appreciated and implemented by the major companies worldwide.  This work intends to present just several of these contributions, some of which are highlighted and highly regarded.

scholarly journals Kartini’s Views On Opium Problems In Java At The End Of The 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Abdul Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Native People ◽  
Government Reform ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
Public Scrutiny ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 1890s, the discourse on the negative effects of opium consumption among Native people turned into a political movement, which demanded that the Dutch colonial government reform its policies on opium. In the same period, Raden Ajeng Kartini, a priyayi (noble) woman from Jepara, developed her intellectual capabilities and thinking. Her letters, it was later discovered, contained critical ideas concerning the disadvantaged position of Javanese women. In addition to this, as an issue attracting greater public scrutiny, the opium problem also drew Kartini’s attention, as evinced in at least two letters to Stella Zeehadnelaar and Mrs. Abendanon-Madri. Curiously, Kartini’s views on the opium problem have been given little scholarly attention in the rich literature on her life, with most scholarly work focusing on her “feminist” thoughts and ideas. For that reason, this article offers an analysis on this very specific aspect of Kartini’s thoughts, delving further into its historical context and what it means in terms of her existing historical persona.

scholarly journals Responses to Drought and Salinity in the Endangered Species Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass.

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Andreea Natalia Matei ◽  
Mohamad Al Hassan ◽  
Monica Boscaiu ◽  
Valeriu Alexiu ◽  
Oscar Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Stress Biomarker

The negative effects of environmental stress factors on plant distribution and survival are increasing due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. We have analysed some responses to abiotic stress in Ligularia sibirica, a postglacial relict that is critically endangered in Europe. L. sibirica seedlings were subjected to water or salt stress treatments in the greenhouse. After the treatments, plant material was harvested and several growth parameters were measured; leaf contents of common osmolytes, the degree of oxidative stress affecting the plants and the level of antioxidant phenolic compounds were also determined. Both, drought and, especially, salt stress had a negative effect on the growth of L. sibirica plants. Treated plants showed an increase in proline (Pro) and total soluble sugars (TSS) levels, stronger under salt stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidative stress biomarker) contents almost doubled, and antioxidant phenolics increased significantly in salt-stressed, but not in water-stressed plants. Pro accumulation can be used as a salt and drought stress biomarker in L. sibirica and, together with TSS, likely contributes to osmotic adjustment under stress. Increase of antioxidant phenolics appears to partly compensate the salt-induced generation of oxidative stress.

scholarly journals The Initial Period of the Investigation of the Relief and Landscape of the Oka River Valley (the 19th Century — the 1940s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
А.Ю. Воробьев
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Quaternary Geology ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
The South ◽  
River Terraces ◽  
Vladimir Region ◽  
The 19Th Century

Рассматриваются изданные с середины XIX века до 1940-х годов работы, посвященные физико-географическим исследованиям в пределах долины средней Оки в Рязанской области, юго-востока Московской области и юга Владимирской области. Отмечен повышенный интерес к вопросам четвертичной геологии и распределения высот в террасовом комплексе долины. Выделены достижения в области разработки вопросов типизации археологических памятников и геоморфологического районирования. Обозначены тенденции, существовавшие в распределении акцентов в физико-географических исследованиях региона за период с середины XIX века по 40-е годы ХХ столетия. Определены главные методологические черты исследовательской работы, осуществлявшейся ведущими и региональными научными физико-географическими школами в обозначенный период и предметом которой были современное состояние долинных геокомплексов средней Оки и их облик в древности. The article treats research works published in the period between the mid 19th century and the 1940s and devoted to the investigation of the Oka river valley in the Ryazan region, the southeast of the Moscow region and the south of the Vladimir region. The article underlines that the issues of quaternary geology and architecture of river terraces have been investigated by many researchers. The article analyzes works devoted to the classification of archeological and geomorphological structures. It investigates tendencies associated with geographic research of the region during the mid 19th century – the 1940s. It identifies major methodological characteristics of the research of the architecture of the Oka river valley performed by leading and local geographic societies.

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