scholarly journals The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Jiayu Li ◽  
Bohong Zheng ◽  
Xiao Chen ◽  
Zhe Li ◽  
Qi Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Hydrilla Verticillata ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Emergent Plants

The loss of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers in agricultural runoff is a global environmental problem, attracting worldwide attention. In the last decades, the constructed wetland has been increasingly used for mitigating the loss of nitrogen and phosphate from agricultural runoff, while the substrate, plants, and wetland structure design remain far from clearly understood. In this paper, the optimum substrates and plant species were identified by reviewing their treatment capacity from the related studies. Specifically, the top three suitable substrates are gravel, zeolite, and slag. In terms of the plant species, emergent plants are the most widely used in the constructed wetlands. Eleocharis dulcis, Typha orientalis, and Scirpus validus are the top three optimum emergent plant species. Submerged plants (Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum, and Vallisneria natans), free-floating plants (Eichhornia crassipes and Lemna minor), and floating-leaved plants (Nymphaea tetragona and Trapa bispinosa) are also promoted. Moreover, the site selection methods for constructed wetland were put forward. Because the existing research results have not reached an agreement on the controversial issue, more studies are still needed to draw a clear conclusion of effective structure design of constructed wetlands. This review has provided some recommendations for substrate, plant species, and site selections for the constructed wetlands to reduce nutrients from agricultural runoff.

scholarly journals The Elliot Ditch Constructed Wetlands

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Aaron A Zambo
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Detention Time ◽  
Wetland System ◽  
Contaminant Load

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the contaminant load reduction incurred using a constructed wetland with an average hydraulic detention time of five days in treating agricultural runoff. The main contaminants present in the runoff were nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural fertilizers. The findings of the experiment show that significant contaminant load reduction results can be achieved with a detention time, of as little as five days, in a properly constructed wetland system.

scholarly journals Aquatic macrophytes can be used for wastewater polishing but not for purification in constructed wetlands

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Tang ◽  
Sarah F. Harpenslager ◽  
Monique M. L. van Kempen ◽  
Evi J. H. Verbaarschot ◽  
Laury M. J. M. Loeffen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Azolla Filiculoides ◽  
Sediment Types

Abstract. The sequestration of nutrients from surface waters by aquatic macrophytes and sediments provides an important service to both natural and constructed wetlands. While emergent species take up nutrients from the sediment, submerged and floating macrophytes filter nutrients directly from the surface water, which may be more efficient in constructed wetlands. It remains unclear, however, whether their efficiency is sufficient for wastewater purification and how plant species and nutrient loading affects nutrient distribution over plants, water and sediment. We therefore determined nutrient removal efficiencies of different vegetation (Azolla filiculoides, Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum) and sediment types (clay, peaty clay and peat) at three nutrient input rates, in a full factorial, outdoor mesocosm experiment. At low loading (0.43 mg P m−2 d−1), plant uptake was the main pathway (100 %) for phosphorus (P) removal, while sediments showed a net P release. A. filiculoides and M. spicatum showed the highest biomass production and could be harvested regularly for nutrient recycling, whereas C. demersum was outcompeted by spontaneously developing macrophytes and algae. Higher nutrient loading only stimulated A. filiculoides growth. At higher rates ( ≥  21.4 mg P m−2 d−1), 50–90 % of added P ended up in sediments, with peat sediments becoming more easily saturated. For nitrogen (N), 45–90 % was either taken up by the sediment or lost to the atmosphere at loadings  ≥  62 mg N m−2 d−1. This shows that aquatic macrophytes can indeed function as an efficient nutrient filter but only for low loading rates (polishing) and not for high rates (purification). The outcome of this controlled study not only contributes to our understanding of nutrient dynamics in constructed wetlands but also shows the differential effects of wetland sediment types and plant species. Furthermore, the acquired knowledge may benefit the application of macrophyte harvesting to remove and recycle nutrients from both constructed wetlands and nutrient-loaded natural wetlands.

scholarly journals Phytophthora Species Associated with Plants in Constructed Wetlands and Vegetated Channels at a Commercial Plant Nursery Over Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 736-744
Author(s):  
Garrett A. Ridge ◽  
Natasha L. Bell ◽  
Andrew J. Gitto ◽  
Steven N. Jeffers ◽  
Sarah A. White
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Wetland Plants ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Commercial Plant ◽  
Plant Nursery ◽  
Irrigation Runoff

Constructed wetlands have been used for decades in agricultural settings to remediate nutrients and other agrichemicals from irrigation runoff and drainage; however, little is known about the presence and distribution of Phytophthora species within irrigation runoff water being treated in constructed wetlands. Therefore, we collected plant samples from within vegetated runoff collection channels and treatment stages of two constructed wetland systems receiving irrigation runoff at a commercial plant nursery in Cairo, GA, to determine if roots of wetland plants were infested by species of Phytophthora. Samples were collected 12 times, at 1- to 2-month intervals, over a 19-month period, from Mar. 2011 through Sept. 2012. The sample period covered all four seasons of the year, so we could determine if the association of Phytophthora species with roots of specific plant species varied with season. Approximately 340 samples from 14 wetland plant species were collected, and 22 isolates of Phytophthora species were recovered. Phytophthora species were typically isolated from plants in channels receiving runoff water directly from plant production areas; Phytophthora species were not detected on plants where water leaves the nursery. No seasonal patterns were observed in plant infestation or presence of species of Phytophthora. In fact, Phytophthora species were rarely found to be associated with the roots of the wetland plants collected; species of Phytophthora were found infesting roots of only 6.5% of the 336 plants sampled. Species of Phytophthora were not found to be associated with the roots of golden canna (Canna flaccida), lamp rush (Juncus effusus var. solutus), duckweed (Lemna valdiviana), or sedges (Carex sp.) during the study period. The exotic invasive plant species marsh dayflower [Murdannia keisak (33% of samples infested)] and alligatorweed [Alternanthera philoxeroides (15% of samples infested)] were found to have the first and third highest, respectively, incidences of infestation, with smooth beggartick (Bidens laevis) having the second highest incidence of samples infested (22%). Management of invasive species in drainage canals and constructed wetland systems may be critical because of their potential propensity toward infestation by Phytophthora species. Plant species recommended for further investigation for use in constructed wetlands to remediate irrigation runoff include golden canna, marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata), pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), and broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia). The results from this study provide an important first look at the associations between species of Phytophthora and wetland plants in constructed wetland systems treating irrigation runoff and will serve to further optimize the design of constructed wetlands and other vegetation-based treatment technologies for the removal of plant pathogens from irrigation runoff.

Landfill leachate treatment by an experimental subsurface flow constructed wetland in tropical climate countries

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ujang ◽  
E. Soedjono ◽  
M.R. Salim ◽  
R.B. Shutes
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Emergent Plants ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Better Than

Municipal leachate was treated in an experimental unit of constructed wetlands of subsurface flow type. The parameters studied were organics (BOD and COD), solids and heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr and Pb). Using two types of emergent plants of Scirpus globulosus and Eriocaulon sexangulare, more than 80% removal was achieved for all the parameters. E. sexangulare removed organics and heavy metals better than Scirpus globulosus. A higher concentration of heavy metals in the influent did not change the removal efficiency.

scholarly journals Changes of the CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> production potential of rewetted fens in the perspective of temporal vegetation shifts

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2455-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zak ◽  
H. Reuter ◽  
J. Augustin ◽  
T. Shatwell ◽  
M. Barth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Ceratophyllum Demersum ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Vegetation Shifts ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Rewetting of long-term drained fens often results in the formation of eutrophic shallow lakes with an average water depth of less than 1 m. This is accompanied by a fast vegetation shift from cultivated grasses via submerged hydrophytes to helophytes. As a result of rapid plant dying and decomposition, these systems are highly dynamic wetlands characterised by a high mobilisation of nutrients and elevated emissions of CO2 and CH4. However, the impact of specific plant species on these phenomena is not clear. Therefore we investigated the CO2 and CH4 production due to the subaqueous decomposition of shoot biomass of five selected plant species which represent different rewetting stages (Phalaris arundinacea, Ceratophyllum demersum, Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis and Carex riparia) during a 154 day mesocosm study. Beside continuous gas flux measurements, we performed bulk chemical analysis of plant tissue, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and plant polymer dynamics. Plant-specific mass losses after 154 days ranged from 25% (P. australis) to 64% (C. demersum). Substantial differences were found for the CH4 production with highest values from decomposing C. demersum (0.4 g CH4 kg−1 dry mass day) that were about 70 times higher than CH4 production from C. riparia. Thus, we found a strong divergence between mass loss of the litter and methane production during decomposition. If C. demersum as a hydrophyte is included in the statistical analysis solely nutrient contents (nitrogen and phosphorus) explain varying greenhouse gas production of the different plant species while lignin and polyphenols demonstrate no significant impact at all. Taking data of annual biomass production as important carbon source for methanogens into account, high CH4 emissions can be expected to last several decades as long as inundated and nutrient-rich conditions prevail. Different restoration measures like water level control, biomass extraction and top soil removal are discussed in the context of mitigation of CH4 emissions from rewetted fens.

scholarly journals PARAMETERS EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER AFTER TREATMENT USING SUB SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND IN EKANT PARK BHOPAL

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Shalini Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Public Park ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Natural Wetlands

Land areas which are wet during part or all of the year are referred as wetlands. Constructed wetlands are manmade systems that mimic the functions of natural wetlands and applied for wastewater treatment. Aim of the present study is to investigate the feasibility of using a Tracheophyte, Phragmiteskarka in constructed wetland for treatment of wastewater in an public park. The daily inlet and outlet wastewater physico-chemical parameters were analysed during the period of two months. The parameters studied were pH, BOD, COD, DO, Total Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrogen and Phosphorus. The percentage removal of the parameters were analysed and studied until the percent removal rate gets stabilized. The study showed that the subsurface flow constructed wetlands are best alternative among modern treatments.

scholarly journals Wetland Technologies for Nursery and Greenhouse Compliance with Nutrient Regulations

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1103-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. White
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Treatment Wetlands ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Floating Treatment Wetlands

The need to protect our water resources and increasing public awareness of the importance of cleaner water for ecological and human health reasons are driving regulations limiting nutrient release from traditionally exempt, non-point source agricultural contributors. Modification of production practices alone may not be adequate to meet regulated nutrient criterion limits for irrigation and stormwater runoff entering surface waters. Three constructed wetland technologies are well suited to help agricultural producers meet current and future regulations. The first two technologies, surface- and subsurface-flow constructed wetlands, have been in use for over 40 years to cleanse various types of wastewater, whereas floating treatment wetlands are an emerging remediation technology with potential for both stormwater and agricultural runoff treatment applications. The mechanisms driving removal of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in constructed wetland systems are discussed. Surface-flow constructed wetlands remediate N contaminants from both container nursery and greenhouse production wastewater, whereas P remediation is variable and tied most closely to active plant growth as the constructed wetland ages. Subsurface-flow constructed wetlands effectively remediate N from production wastewater and can be tailored to increase consistency of P remediation through selection of P-sorbing root-bed substrates. Floating treatment wetlands effectively remediate both N and P with a designed surface area of a pond covered depending on the target effluent concentration or regulated total maximum daily load. The choice of treatment technology applied by growers to meet regulated water quality targets should be based on both economic and site-specific considerations.

Nutrient Removal from Polluted River Water by Using Vertical and Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 1304-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
En Shi ◽  
Zong Lian She ◽  
Tian Xie ◽  
Jian Wu ◽  
Xiao Hui Fu
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Experiment Research ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Polluted River ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland

The main purpose of this study was to treat organic pollutants, nitrogen and phosphorus in polluted river water by the use of constructed wetland (CW) systems. A laboratory experiment research was conducted on subsurface flow constructed wetland systems operated in vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) mode. The systems were unplanted and hydraulic retention times were identically 2.7 days. The average removal efficiencies for HFCW and VFCW were NH+ 4-N 64.9% and 75.2%, NO- 3-N 92.3% and 40.1%, COD 97.5% and 90.1%, TP 94.6% and 96.2%, respectively. The removal of NH+ 4-N and NO- 3-N in the different CW units were in order of VFCW (drained) > VFCW (flooded) > HFCW and HFCW > VFCW (flooded) > VFCW (drained), respectively. When the water level in the VFCW was changed, an obvious fluctuation of the effluent NH+ 4-N and NO- 3-N concentrations was observed.

scholarly journals Aquatic Macrophytes in Constructed Wetlands: A Fight against Water Pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9202
Author(s):  
Leticia Y. Kochi ◽  
Patricia L. Freitas ◽  
Leila T. Maranho ◽  
Philippe Juneau ◽  
Marcelo P. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Ecological Problem ◽  
Artificial Wetlands

There is growing concern among health institutions worldwide to supply clean water to their populations, especially to more vulnerable communities. Although sewage treatment systems can remove most contaminants, they are not efficient at removing certain substances that can be detected in significant quantities even after standard treatments. Considering the necessity of perfecting techniques that can remove waterborne contaminants, constructed wetland systems have emerged as an effective bioremediation solution for degrading and removing contaminants. In spite of their environmentally friendly appearance and efficiency in treating residual waters, one of the limiting factors to structure efficient artificial wetlands is the choice of plant species that can both tolerate and remove contaminants. For sometimes, the chosen plants composing a system were not shown to increase wetland performance and became a problem since the biomass produced must have appropriated destination. We provide here an overview of the use and role of aquatic macrophytes in constructed wetland systems. The ability of plants to remove metals, pharmaceutical products, pesticides, cyanotoxins and nanoparticles in constructed wetlands were compared with the removal efficiency of non-planted systems, aiming to evaluate the capacity of plants to increase the removal efficiency of the systems. Moreover, this review also focuses on the management and destination of the biomass produced through natural processes of water filtration. The use of macrophytes in constructed wetlands represents a promising technology, mainly due to their efficiency of removal and the cost advantages of their implantation. However, the choice of plant species composing constructed wetlands should not be only based on the plant removal capacity since the introduction of invasive species can become an ecological problem.

scholarly journals Response diversity of free-floating plants to nutrient stoichiometry and temperature: growth and resting body formation

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrient Stoichiometry ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Response Diversity ◽  
Floating Plants ◽  
Floating Plant

Free-floating plants, like most groups of aquatic primary producers, can become nuisance vegetation under certain conditions. On the other hand, there is substantial optimism for the applied uses of free-floating plants, such as wastewater treatment, biofuel production, and aquaculture. Therefore, understanding the species-specific responses of floating plants to abiotic conditions will inform both management decisions and the beneficial applications of these plants. I measured the responses of three floating plant species common in the northeast United States (Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza,andWolffia brasiliensis) to nutrient stoichiometry (nitrogen and phosphorus) and temperature in the laboratory. I also used survey data to determine the pattern of species richness of floating plants in the field and its relationship with the dominance of this group. Floating plant species exhibited unique responses to nutrient stoichiometry and temperature in the laboratory, especially under low temperatures (18 °C) and low nutrient conditions (0.5 mg N L−1, 0.083 mg P L−1). The three species displayed an apparent tradeoff with different strategies of growth or dormancy. In the field, water bodies with three or more species of floating plants were not more frequently dominated by this group. The response diversity observed in the lab may not be associated with the dominance of this group in the field because it is masked by environmental variability, has a weak effect, or is only important during transient circumstances. Future research to develop applied uses of floating plants should examine response diversity across a greater range of species or clones and environmental conditions.

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