Immunomorphological rationale for the use of beekeeping products to improve the productivity of quails

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
R. T. Mannapova ◽  
D. V. Svistunov ◽  
R. R. Shaikhulov ◽  
E. I. Kulikov
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Red Bone Marrow ◽  
Cortical Substance ◽  
High Degree

The effectiveness and high degree of biological effect of dead bees extract in medium doses on the nature and degree of morphofunctional rearrangements in the immunocompetent structures of the central and peripheral immune organs and immunocytological reactions in them have been established. A scientifically based scheme for the use of dead bees extract is proposed to improve the livability of livestock, increase live weight and improve the biochemical indicators of the quality of quail meat. Dead bees extract in low and especially in medium doses increase the production of the red bone marrow cells of the granular germ of white blood cells by 22,2 and 25,6 %, lymphoid cells by 4,7 and 6,9 %, erythroid germ by 2,3 and 11,0 %. Under the action of dead bees extract in the Fabricius bag quail strengthens the processes of maturation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes, which is manifested by extension immunocompetent cortical area in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups (30 and 60 days of experiment by 10,4 and 22,1 % and 12,3 and 24,3 %, respectively), a reduction in brain area. The increase in the weight of the Fabricius bag (despite its general involution) in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups on 30 and 60 days was 1,24 and 1,47, 2,59 and 3,0 times, respectively. In the thymus of quails under the influence of low and medium doses of dead bees extract the intensifi cation of maturation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cortical substance on 30, 60 and 90 days of 1,55 and 1,62, 1,42 and 1,73, 1,61 and 1,95 times, respectively, against the background of the depletion of brain matter, in excess of the thymus weight (with its expressed total involution) by 1,32 and 1,42, by 1,38 and 1,5, by 1,24 and 1,34 times, respectively. Dead bees extract activates the processes of antibody formation, increasing the immunological activity of the spleen in the form of expansion of the area of lymph nodes without light centers in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th experimental groups by 1,39, 1,83 and 1,5 times, respectively, and with light centers by 1,57, 1,79 and 1,19 times (B-zone). It increases the area of the perivascular lymphoid coupling (T-zone) by 1,5, 1,8 and 1,28 times, respectively, activates immunocytological reactions, increases the weight of the spleen of quails. The live weight of the males of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th experimental groups exceeded the control by 27,6, 31,8 and 18,9 g, and the females by 17,6, 27,7 and 9,9 g, respectively. The livability of livestock in the control group was 78,0 %, in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th experimental groups 89,0, 95,0 and 85,0 %, respectively.

Influence of DAFS-25+polizon composition on blood and functional state of liver of steers at fattening

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Inna R. Kilmetova ◽  
◽  
Igor A. Rodin ◽  
Nazira I. Khayrullina ◽  
Nikolay G. Fenchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional State ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Stimulation Of

Summary. The disbalanced feeding and the uneven distribution of micro- and macroelements in the environment leads to a trace element, in particular hypomelanosis. To accelerate the growth and preservation of young farm animals include in the diet of various biological additives and drugs, which include selenium. For stimulation of weight gain in the livestock industry, as well as for the prevention and treatment of pathological processes in addition to micro - and macrouse amino acids, primarily methionine. The aim of this work was to study the influence of composition of DAFS-25+Polizon on morpho-biochemical parameters of blood and functional state of the liver in fattening bulls of black-motley breed in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Experiments using were conducted on bull-calves of black-motley breed of the properties in the properties age from 6 to 15 months. The first experimental group during the experiment was additionally given the composition of DAFS-25+Polizon at a dose of 2 mg/kg, the animals of the control group received a standard diet. To assess the impact of the composition DAFS-25+Polizon on metabolism cattle studied morphological and biochemical indicators of blood and conducted histological examination of the liver. It is established that the use of the composition of DAFS-25+Polizon at a dose of 2 mg/kg increases the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the experimental group and reduces the amount of white blood cells. The serum content of total protein, phosphorus and calcium increases in the group of experimental animals. Microscopic examination of the liver revealed no changes in the structure of the organ and hepatocytes in the experimental group, whereas in the control group hemodynamic disorders and dystrophic changes in liver cells were observed. Thus, the use of the composition DAFS-25+Polizon at a dose of 2 mg/kg of live weight in fattening bulls black-and-white breed contributes to the increase of redox processes in the body, stimulation of metabolism, prevent the development of liver disorders of cellular mechanisms of metabolism, optimizes the structure of the liver, which generally provides higher productivity.

scholarly journals Perspectives approach to the assessment of the quality of the vaccine plague live in terms of immunogenicity. Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
S. E. Gostischeva ◽  
N. V. Abzaeva ◽  
E. L. Rakitina ◽  
D. G. Ponomarenko ◽  
M. V. Kostuchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Group ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Early Activation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Stimulation Of

Research objective–studying of a possibility of application antigen – stimulated cellular in vitro tests and technology of the cytometric analysis for control of immunogene activity of batches of vaccine plague live.Materials and methods.As biomodels used white laboratory mice, immunized commercial medicine of vaccine of the plague NIIEG line, live from a strain of Yersinia pestis EV, in doses – 8 х 102, 4 х 103, 2 х 104 and 1 х 105 of living microbic cells. Blood for a research was taken from intact mice and on 7, 14 and 21 days after immunization. The intensity of an antigenreaktivnost of lymphocytes was defined in cellular in vitro tests, analyzing a marker of early activation (CD45+CD3+CD25+) of lymphocytes with use of the monoclonal antibodies conjugated from fluorokhroma. As specific antigen used a complex of water-soluble antigens of a plague microbe.Results.As a result of a research it is shown that at the animals vaccinated by doses 4 х 103 – 1 х 105 living microbic cells, the highest level of an expression activation marker lymphocytes at anti-gene stimulation of in vitro is registered on 14 days after immunization, at the same time the quantity of CD25 – positive lymphocytes are on average 6.8 times higher, than in control group. High degree of direct link (coefficient of correlation of r = 1,000) quantities of the survived animals with increase in level of lymphocytes, expressiruyushchy markers of early activation – CD25 is established.Conclusions.The offered technique can be used as the additional test when studying degree of immunogenicity of new (kandidatny) vaccines against plague.

Influence of zeolite and zeolite-sapropel feed additives on the milk productivity of mares and the quality of kumiss under the conditions of Central Yakutia

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
V. V. Pankratov ◽  
A. A. Sidorov
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Central Yakutia ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Economic Experiment ◽  
The Republic

One of the main branches of agriculture in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is productive horse breeding. In this regard, we can use the valuable raw materials that the horse gives due to its high adaptability to local conditions. The development of productive horse breeding in particular dairy horse breeding under the conditions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) would allow providing the population with natural, dietary food and more efficient use of land resources. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of zeolite and zeolite-sapropel feed additives in the ration of mares of Megezhek breed on the milk productivity and quality of kumiss under the conditions of Central Yakutia. Two scientific and economic experiments have been carried out where the influence of zeolite from the Suntar deposit (experiment 1) and zeolite-sapropel feed additives (experiment 2) on the milk productivity and physiological parameters of mares of Megezhek breed has been studied. The optimal doses of the effect of zeolite and zeolite-sapropel feed additives on the profi tability of kumiss production have been determined. It has been found in the first scientific and economic experiment that when adding 0,4 g of zeolite per 1 kg of live weight to the daily ration of lactating mares the level of profi tability of milk production increased to 20,4 %, and when adding 0,5 g per 1 kg of live weight the profi tability index increased to 21,5 %, compared to 13,7 % in the control group. In the second scientific and economic experiment the infl uence of the zeolite-sapropel feed additive on the intensity of digestion and assimilation of nutrients in the mares’ rations has been determined. The analysis of the experimental data indicates a high economic efficiency of using zeolite-sapropel feed additive in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups of mares, where the level of profi tability of production was equal to 27,34 and 32,33 %, respectively, compared to 16,09 % in the control group.

Effectiveness of anti-stress drug use in the feeding of pigs

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
S. I. Nikolaev ◽  
O. V. Korneeva ◽  
V. V. Shkalenko ◽  
A. K. Karapetyan ◽  
L. A. Syuliev
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Indicators ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
Experimental Group

The experiment has been carried out on a crossbred stock of young pigs in the period 2015–2017 under the conditions of JSC CHC “Krasnodonskoe” in the Ilovlinsky district in the Volgograd region. The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of the effect of the anti-stress drug Feed-Food Magic Antistress Mix in intensive pig rearing on the productive traits and quality of the products obtained, as well as the estimated economic indicators. In order to conduct a scientific and economic experiment at the age of 60 days young pigs were divided into 2 experimental groups (control and experimental) according to the principle of pair analogs. Each group contained 25 heads. The difference between the control and experimental groups was that the animals in the control group have received the main diet, and the experimental group has received the anti-stress drug Feed-Food Magic Antistress Mix in addition to the main diet. In the experimental group of pigs when this drug was administered in the age 180 days the live weight parameter was higher than in the control group by 1,55 kg. Clinical indicators of young pigs were within the physiological norm. The pre-slaughter weight in the experimental group has increased by 4,86 % compared to the control group. Due to the use of an anti-stress drug the slaughter weight of animals in the experimental group has increased by 6,69 %. In comparison with the control group the slaughter yield in the experimental group has increased by 1,18 %, in which this indicator was at the level of 67,62 %. The morphological composition of carcasses in animals of the experimental group was also improved. Meat yield has increased by 0,95 %. The yield of fat and bones has decreased by 0,59 and 0,36 %. The weight of internal organs was also superior in the experimental group of pigs. Due to the use of the anti-stress drug the level of profitability in the experimental group of animals has increased by 11,69 %.

The quality of pork when included in the diet of the drug Permaite

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
N. I. Kulmakova ◽  
L. B. Leontiev
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Potassium Oxide ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chuvash Republic ◽  
On Farm

It is well known that the growth rate of an animal depends on the level of feeding. However, the diets used in farms do not always meet the body’s needs for biologically active substances. In recent years numerous studies have been conducted to study the eff ect of natural and synthetic complex biologically active drugs on the productivity, metabolism of pigs and the quality of the products obtained. The imbalance or lack of certain nutrients in the diet reduces the productivity of animals, reduces the conversion of feed. The purpose of our research was to study the effect of the drug Permaite included in the diet of pigs on some indicators of the quality and safety of pork. Permaite is a standardized zeolite-containing trepel of the Chuvash Republic. Its chemical composition is (%): silicon oxide – 64,39, iron oxide – 3,25. aluminum oxide – 8,42, titanium oxide – 0,45, calcium oxide – 7,74, calcium carbonate – 14,7, magnesium oxide – 1,71, potassium oxide – 1,81, sodium oxide – 0,03, phosphorus pentoxide – 0,20 and other impurities – 11,9. Experimental studies have been conducted on 2 groups of pigs on rearing and subsequent fattening. Pigs of the experimental group have been received the main diet with the inclusion of the drug Permaite at a dose of 3 % to the dry matter of the main diet in the form of a fraction of 0,1–0,3 mm. The drug has been prescribed once a day in a mixture with compound feed for 60 days. The control group of pigs during this period was on farm diet without the inclusion of the drug. Upon reaching the live weight of 100–110 kg the pigs have been sent for slaughter. The results of the research allow us to conclude that the inclusion of the drug Permaite in the dose of 3 % to the dry matter of the main diet provides the increase in the nutritional, biological, energy value, technological properties and safety of pork.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS FORMS OF SELENIUM ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND METABOLISM OF FATTENED YOUNG PIGS IN PRODUCTION CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
M.G. CHABAEV ◽  
◽  
E.YU. TSIS ◽  
R.V. NEKRASOV ◽  
M.I. KLEMENTEV
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Large White ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Young Pigs

Selenium plays an important role for maintaining complex and adequate nutrition of fattened young pigs. It also has a big biological importance to maintain growth and health, as well as for biochemical and physiological processes This study presents the results of a production experiment to determine the effect of organic and inorganic forms of selenium on growth indicators, immunohematological blood parameters and slaughter qualities of fattened pigs in period I and II. Test feeding with various forms of selenium has been implemented with two groups of analogs (N = 60; n = 30), taking into account age and live weight. The experiment was conducted on castrates of large white breed, which were divided into two groups of 30 heads each following the principle of analogues (taking into account their age, live weight). The studied fattened pigs received standard complete feeds of the SK-5 and SK-6 types for a period of 105 days. Growing pigs were fed with organic selenium for 20 mg/kg as part of the feed 64 mixture per head in the first and second period of fattening, while the animals of the control group were fed with 0.3 mg/kg of the inorganic form of selenium. Including a chelated form of selenium in the complete feed of castrates at the rate established in the course of scientific and economic studies has led to 757 g of average daily gain, which is 8.1% more as compared to the control group. The concentration of red blood cells in the blood of growing pigs fed with 20 mg/kg of selenium chelate increased by 6.3%, hemoglobin – by 2.4%, and white blood cells – by 7.1% as compared to the control. Feeding organic selenium to fattened young pigs contributed to a significant increase in specific units of protein activity by 38.65% (p < 0.01), BASC – by 7.63%, as well as lysis – by 40.06% (p < 0.05), and phagocytic activity by 3.33% in blood serum as compared to the control. The half-carcasses of hogs who had received fed rations including selenium chelate fetured slaughter weight and slaughter yield, respectively, higher – by 6.4 and 0.6% as compared with the control analogues. The use of the established norm of organic selenium in the diets of fattened young pigs according to the results of production testing is economically profitable and contributes to a per-head profit of 420 rubles.

scholarly journals PRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF THE SIMMENTAL BREED BULLS BY PROBIOTICS VETOSPORIN SUSPENSION FEEDING

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Фаргат Вагапов ◽  
Fargat Vagapov ◽  
Наталья Гизатова ◽  
Natal'y Gizatova
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Different Doses

The purpose of research is increase of beef productivity and beef quality of Simmental calves at introduc-tion in a diet of feeding different doses of the drug Vetosporin suspension. Of the half-yearly animals, 40 males were selected and formed into group IV for the experiment. The differences were only in feeding. The young were fed the studied additive Vetosporin suspension. In this case, the supplement was an addi-tion to the basic diet of animals of the experimental II-IV groups. The volume of the additive added was 0.1; 1.0; and 2 ml per 10 kg of live weight, respectively. Control group I, consumed exclusively a diet that does not contain an additive. Based on the results of the experiment at the age of 18 months. The prevalence of bulls of the experimental live weight over peers was observed, which was 4.4-25.3 kg (0.78-4.67%). The study of the studied indicators after control slaughter in the context of groups showed the superiority of bulls of experimental groups in all the periods studied. It is established that at the age of 15 months. The size of the removable live weight of the youngest of the control group was less by 8.0-19.7 kg (1.75-4.29%) than in the animals of the test groups. In this case, the leading position was occupied by the youngest of group III, the prevalence of which was 0.7-11.7 (0.14 -2.51%). It should be noted that after 3 months a simi-lar picture of the distribution of the studied quantities was observed. As for the output of carcass, we can note the following. Outsider among the animals of the experimental groups was the control group. So the bulls of group I were inferior to those who received the additive by 0.7-1.3%. At 18 months, as well as at 15 months, the dominant position was occupied by gobies of experimental groups. It should be noted that among the animals of the experimental groups the leading place was occupied by the bulls receiving the feed additive in a dose of 1.0 ml per 10 kg of live weight, that is, the youngest of the III group.

scholarly journals Hematological parameters and incubation quality of eggs for different levels of tryptophan in the diet of geese of the parent flock

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (90) ◽  
pp. 104-107
Author(s):  
V. M. Volovich ◽  
S. A. Vovk
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Synthetic Analogue ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Experimental Group

The aim of the work was comparative study of the effect of various amounts of tryptophan in the diet of the herds geese on changes in the parameters of protein metabolism in the blood, their eggs laying capacity and the incubation quality of the eggs, as well as the elimination of herbs and their preservation. The research was carried out during the 4-month reproductive period (December-March) on the gray Obroshino breed group of geese in the research enterprise (SE). The experimental farm (Myklashiv) of the Myklashiv Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian region of NAAS (Myklashiv village, Pustomytiv district, Lviv region). For this purpose, 4 groups of geese-analogues by age and live weight were selected. The control group did not receive synthetic tryptophan supplements for feed additives. The level of this amino acid in this group amounted to 0.16 g per 100 g of mixed fodder. To the diet of the geese of 2-, 3-, 4-th experimental group additionally injected, respectively, 0.04; 0.09 and 0.14 grams of synthetic tryptophan per 100 g of mixed fodder. The conducted studies have shown that increasing the level of tryptophan in mixed fodders of geese with respect to the norms in force in Ukraine from 0.16 to 0.25 g due to its synthetic analogue per 100 g of mixed fodder during the oviposition period increases the hemoglobin level in the blood by 0.6 g %, white blood cells – by 10.2%, ammonium nitrogen – by 10.5%, stimulates fertility and improves the quality of incubation eggs. While analyzing productivity indices of geese, it should be noted that they were the highest in the 3rd experimental group receiving an additive of 0.09 grams of synthetic tryptophan per 100 grams of mixed fodder. The isolation of the caterpillars was the highest in the 3rd group and amounted to 79.3%. An important indicator, as the egg mass was the largest in the 3rd experimental group and was 172.7 grams or 3.1 g more than in the 1st control geese group. The analysis, namely width and length, shows that the most optimal egg shape index was found in the 3rd experimental group (1.8% higher than in the control group). The thickness of the shell of eggs in the experimental and control groups did not change significantly. It has been experimentally proved that the optimization of tryptophan levels in the feed grain of the gray Obroshin genera of geese in the reproductive period has a significant effect on the hematological parameters and the incubation quality of the eggs.

scholarly journals Examining the effects of adding boric acid at different doses into mixed feed on fattening performance, carcass characteristics, and bone quality of Japanese quails

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-009
Author(s):  
Ulku Gulcihan Simsek ◽  
Sultan Aslan ◽  
Nurgul Birben ◽  
Burak Altundal
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mixed Feed ◽  
Fattening Performance ◽  
Bone Properties ◽  
Different Doses

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of adding different doses of boric acid (H3BO3) to the mixed feed of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) on fattening performance, carcass and bone properties. For this purpose, a total of 96 quails aged 15 days were balanced according to their live weight and sex, and 4 trials were randomly divided into groups. Each group is composed of 4 repetitions. Trial groups; the control group (C) given mixed feed, the group with 100 mg / kg boric acid (BA) added to the feed BA100; 300 mg / kg boric acid was added to the feed group BA300 and 500 mg / kg boric acid added to the feed group BA500. Data for the fattening period were followed for 15-43 days. At the end of the experiment, carcass and bone characteristics of 8 quails (two quails from each repeat) from each group were examined. The live weight and live weight gain of the quail was similar among the experimental groups (P>0.05). Adding boric acid to feed did not affect feed consumption and feed utilization rate (P>0.05). While the breast rate decreased significantly due to the increasing levels of boric acid addition (P<0.01), an increase in the back and neck ratio was detected (P <0.05). The highest thigh ratio was found in BA300 and BA500 groups (P<0.05). Carcass yield, wing and liver rates were similar between the groups (P>0.05). Tibia and femur weights and dimensions were not affected by the addition of boric acid (P>0.05). The highest femoral ash level was determined in the BA300 group (P=0.05). The tibia ash level increased from the Control group towards BA300 and was the lowest in the BA500 group (P<0.05). As a result, while the addition of boric acid to the feed cannot be affected to the fattening performance of quail, its effect on carcass and bone properties has been found significant.

scholarly journals The effect of selenium source on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ševčíková ◽  
M. Skřivan ◽  
G. Dlouhá ◽  
M. Koucký
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Selenium Concentration ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Group I

The effect of dietary supplementation of selenium in an organic form on performance, carcass traits and selenium content in tissues of broiler cockerels Ross 308 was studied. The soya-wheat-maize diet contained 50 mg vitamin E/kg. The experiment was conducted on 810 straight-run broiler cockerels randomly divided into 3 groups: group I &ndash; control, without selenium supplement; experimental group: II &ndash; 0.3 mg Se/kg, Se-enriched yeast was applied as a Se source; III &ndash; 0.3 mg Se/kg, Se-enriched alga Chlorella as a Se source. The broiler chickens were slaughtered at 42 days of age. In performance traits higher (P &le; 0.05) live weight of broiler chickens was recorded in the experimental groups (II &ndash; 2&nbsp;430.6 g and III &ndash; 2 425.2 g). There were no significant differences between the groups in feed conversion and mortality. Se-enriched alga had the best feed conversion, and selenium supplementation slightly increased mortality in both experimental groups. No significant differences between the groups were found out in carcass traits and dressing percentage. The content of selenium in breast and thigh muscle, feathers and excrements increased (P &le; 0.05) in both experimental groups compared to the control group. Higher values in breast and thigh muscle and in feathers were measured in the group supplemented with selenium from Se-enriched yeast, also in comparison with the group supplemented with selenium from Se-enriched alga Chlorella. The broiler chickens receiving Chlorella had a higher (P &le; 0.05) selenium content in excrements compared to the group with Se-enriched yeast. The selenium concentration in liver was higher (P &le; 0.05) in both experimental groups compared to the control. The supplement of selenium from Se-yeast and Chlorella in the diet for broiler chickens increased the microelement concentration in muscle. &nbsp; &nbsp;

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