Land potential of Non-chernozem region, its use and influence on the quality of life in rural areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Polunin ◽  
V.V. Alakoz

The article provides a brief analysis of certain norms of the Russian land legislation in the field of protection and use of land resources for the agricultural production. The authors underline the importance of land management in the organization of work aimed at preserving and protection soil fertility and environment. The main subjects, entrusted with powers to carry out activities on soil fertility preservation have been identified in this paper. It was found that the state actually freed the owners of land plots, land users, landowners and tenants of agricultural lands from the need to finance the measures for the reproduction of land fertility that was an integral part of agricultural technologies in the past. So, since the mid-90s, land management as an institution of development doesn’t exist in Russia anymore. As a result, the removal of nitrogen by crops from the soil exceeded its input with organic and mineral fertilizers, provoking the decrease in soil fertility. The characteristics of the labor and land potential of the subjects of the Russian Federation that are part of the Non-Chernozem Economic Zone of the country are considered in this article.

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Н.Т. Чеботарев ◽  
Н.Н. Шергина

Пахотные угодья Республики Коми в основном представлены дерново-подзолистыми почвами с низким естественным плодородием, которые без применения удобрений быстро подвергаются деградационным процессам, что резко снижает их продуктивность. Цель исследований: оценка эффективности долговременного применения органических и минеральных удобрений при выращивании картофеля в кормовом севообороте в условиях Республики Коми. Методической основой выполнения работ были комплексные исследования дерново-подзолистых почв, клубней картофеля на участках многолетнего полевого эксперимента, заложенного на землях Института агробиотехнологий ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН в соответствии с «Методическими указаниями географической сети опытов с удобрениями». Длительный период исследований (более 40 лет) характеризовался различными климатическими условиями, которые отразились на количестве урожая и качестве клубней картофеля. Было проведено 7 ротаций (14 лет) с выращиванием картофеля. Вносили органические удобрения – торфонавозный компост (ТНК) в дозах 40 и 80 т/га (1 и 2 фон, соответственно) под картофель и минеральные удобрения – NPК в дозах 1/3; 1/2 и 1 для восполнения выноса растениями элементов питания. Установлено положительное влияние комплексного применения органических и минеральных удобрений на урожайность и качество картофеля, а также на плодородие дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой среднеокультуренной почвы в кормовом севообороте в почвенно-климатических условиях Республики Коми. В результате применения шестипольного севооборота и комплексного внесения удобрений с 1978 года к 2019 году в почвах снизилась обменная и гидролитическая кислотность; повысилось содержание гумуса на 0,5% (в контроле); на 0,2–0,5% (с тремя дозами минеральных удобрений); на 0,3–1,1% (с ТНК); на 0,2–1,6% (при совместном применении органических и минеральных удобрений). Наибольшие урожаи картофеля получены при совместном применении органических (80 т/га) и минеральных удобрений (1 NPК) и составили 37,1 т/га клубней (8,5 тыс/га кормовых единиц). При таком соотношении удобрений показано высокое качество клубней картофеля: содержание крахмала 15,5%, витамина С – 19,4 мг%, сырого протеина – 14,1%. Количество нитратного азота не превышало ПДК (ПДК 250 мг.с.м.). Экономические расчеты показали, что при внесении ТНК 40 т/га + 1 NPК в дерново-подзолистые почвы с.-х. использования в среднетаежной зоне Республики Коми при выращивании картофеля, условный чистый доход составит 68,4 тыс. р. с 1 га, себестоимость 1 т картофеля – 2,8 тыс. р., рентабельность 188,7%. The arable land of the Republic of Komi is mainly represented by dern-sub-ground soils with low natural fertility, which without the use of fertilizers are quickly subjected to degradation processes, which dramatically reduces their productivity. The aim of the research is to evaluate the efficiency of long-term use of organic and mineral fertilizers in the growing of potatoes in feed crop rotation in the conditions of the Komi Republic. The methodological basis for carrying out the works was comprehensive studies of dern-subhead soils, potato tubers on the sites of a multi-year field experiment laid on the lands of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the FRC Komi SC UB RAS in accordance with the «Methodological Instructions of the Geographical Network of Experiments with Fertilizers». A long period of research (more than 40 years) was characterized by different climatic conditions, which affected the number of crops and the quality of potato tubers. There were 7 rotations (14 years) with potato cultivation. Organic fertilizers – peat-avous compost (TNK) in doses of 40 and 80 t/ha (1 and 2 background, respectively) for potatoes and mineral fertilizers – NPK in doses of 1/3; 1/2 and 1 to replenish the carry-out of food elements by plants. The positive effect of the integrated use of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of potatoes, as well as on the fertility of soddy-podzolic light loamy medium cultivated soil in fodder crop rotation in the soil and climatic conditions of the Komi Republic, has been established. As a result of the use of six-bed crop rotation and the integrated application of fertilizers, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity decreased in soils from 1978 to 2019; humus content increased by 0.5% (in control); 0.2–0.5% (with three doses of mineral fertilizers); 0.3–1.1% (with TNCs); 0.2–1.6% (with combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers). The largest potato yields were obtained from the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha tubers (8.5 thousand/ha feed units). The largest potato harvests were obtained with the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha of tubers (8.5 thousand/ha of feed units). With this ratio of fertilizers, the high quality of potato tubers was also determined: the starch content was 15.5%, vitamin C – 19.4 mg%, crude protein – 14.1%. The amount of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed the MPC (MPC 250 mg.s.m.). Economic calculations showed that if TNK is added 40 t/ha 1 NPK to the dern-sub-ground soils of agricultural use in the medium-sized zone of the Komi Republic when growing potatoes, the conditional net income will be 68.4 thousand rubles from 1 ha, the cost of 1 t of potatoes – 2.8 thousand rubles, profitability 188.7%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
M. G. LESHCHEVA ◽  
◽  
T. N. STEKLOVA ◽  
T. N. URYADOVA ◽  
◽  
...  

The high quality of life of the population in rural areas is the key to the safety of the latter. The article discusses the methodology for developing a set of measures to improve the quality of life and testing this technique in a particular locality. To determine possible measures, the current state programs of the Russian Federation, the departmental subprograms included in them, national and federal projects were analyzed. The analysis allowed us to conclude that the main sources of financing of program activities are budgetary funds. Along with them, grant support can be used, as well as funds from investors.


2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Hasil Cəmil oğlu Bağırov ◽  
◽  
Vüqar İmanəli oğlu Cəfərov ◽  
Arzu Vidadi qızı Həşimova ◽  
Rəşidə Elşən qızı Şükürova ◽  
...  

Without knowing the main quality indicators of agricultural products, it is impossible to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of this or that agro-technical measure. One of the factors influencing the quality of sugar beet and watermelon is the effective application of fertilizers. Fertilizers increase the quality indicators of the product along with its expansion. From this point of view, the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the quality indicators of sugar beet and watermelon product in the meadow-gray soils of Mugan-Salyan region was studied. The combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the quality indicators of sugar beet and watermelon. Key words: organic and mineral fertilizers, sugar beet, watermelon, phosphorus, potassium, productivity, soil, quality


Urban History ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Luckin

Now that the debate about the standard of living during the first half of the nineteenth century appears to have entered a relatively quiescent phase, historians have begun to turn their attention towards the more elusive concept of the quality of life. The incidence of fatal and non-fatal disease is clearly central to research of this type and so, too, is a delineation of the physical context in which infections have flourished and in which those who have been afflicted by them have lived. Although there has been a tendency to underestimate the ferocity of epidemics in rural areas in the period after about 1750, historians working on disease in the modern period are inevitably most usually concerned with processes which are specifically urban in character. And urban historians, especially those interested in such topics as the development of utilities, the growth of administrative bureau-cracies or the spatial segregation and different life experiences of the classes, can undoubtedly benefit from a knowledge of patterns of infection in the past.


2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Costel SAMUIL ◽  
Vasile VINTU ◽  
Culita SIRBU ◽  
Mihai STAVARACHE

This investigation examines the influence of fertilization with organic and mineral fertilizers on the biodiversity of grasslands containing Festuca rubra, Agrostis capillaris and Nardus stricta. Permanent meadows were studied in terms of production of food, and of biodiversity. The current strategy of using organic fertilizers has raised concerns about resource conservation and environmental protection. The increase in the number of species is due to the fertilizers that have been applied leading to changes in the soil fertility status. This change in soil fertility has allowed other mesotrophic and eutrophic species to become established in fertilized meadows. In Romania, meadows belonging to this category occupy an area of approximately 1,600,000 hectares and have relatively low production rates. The experiment was located at Pojorata, Suceava County (Romania), in two different natural grasslands that had different floristic compositions. Manure improved the growth of a number of species, especially in the "plants from other botanical families" category, because of the pool of seeds that it contains. Using a management system based on fertilization with small amounts of organic and mineral fertilizers can help preserve the biodiversity of these meadows. The results of this study, in an area considered representative for large parts of the mountainous areas of Romania, indicated that fertilization treatments were able to maintain a high species diversity.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Chernykh

Under the influence of a number of economic, technological and demographic drivers, platform employment has radically increased in the world over the past decade. The regulation of platform employment is an important issue concerning the labor market as a whole and its individual actors. Currently, regulation is provided by the platforms themselves. Such forms of regulation can lead to unfair competition between platforms, the problem of confidentiality of personal data, information asymmetry. Despite the potential of digital labor platforms in terms of providing new employment opportunities, the elements of precarious employment with the development of platforms are expanding their penetration into the sphere of labor relations. Thus, improving the quality of working life will require government intervention and labor compliance. It is necessary to create legal norms that provide basic protection for workers, transparency and equal conditions for all participants in platform employment. This is recognized by both labor market experts, labor unions, and politicians. The article analyzes the international experience in regulating digital labor platforms. The necessity of regulation of platform employment is substantiated. A number of practical recommendations relevant to the Russian Federation have been made, problem fields have been identified that require further research.


Author(s):  
Andriy Sava ◽  
Borys Sydoruk ◽  
Roman Voloshyn

Introduction. Under decentralization, there is a gradual transfer of powers and resources to local governments. In this case, one of the most urgent problem for rural areas, is the organization of rational land management from the position of financial support improving through the disposing of lands, and using available lands for community needs. Methods. General and special methods – monographic and abstract-logical, methods of generalization, comparison and analysis have been applied for data processing. Results. During the decentralization reform, it was found that 488 rural united territorial communities were formed, covering almost half the area of all UTCs created. In addition, nearly 800 village councils joint to the city-based UTCs. The ways of the redistribution of powers on the UTC land resources management are established at the expense of acquiring their own powers, obtaining delegated ones, as well as acquiring the rights of other institutions. Emphasis is placed on the benefits of managing land resources of rural communities at the local level. It has been determined that the applicable law restrict communal land use of UTC. At the same time, the importance of agricultural land outside the settlement transfer to the disposal of communities is emphasized. The importance of the land payment in the structure of local budget revenues is analyzed in detail, the key problems and contradictions that accompany the process of land management powers reallocation are identified. Suggestions are made to improve the rural communities land resources management through their inventory, accounting and monitoring, revision of rental rates for communal property, strengthening control over compliance with the terms of land use agreements, use of free lands in the interests of communities. Discussion. Further studies in this area are going to be aimed at developing a comprehensive mechanism for ensuring effective management of land resources in rural areas after the completion of decentralization. Keywords: land resources, rural territories, decentralization, united territorial communities, local governments.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Nataliia Stoiko ◽  
Nadiia Kryshenyk ◽  
Olha Soltys ◽  
Oksana Cherechon

The research studies the issue of ecological stability of rural territories that is the most important component of the national environmental policy of Ukraine. A special attention is paid to degradation of arable lands as the main ecological problem of land management. On the example of Lviv region, the authors calculated the index of ecological nonconformity of current use of arable lands, proving a considerable excess of permissible ploughing of lands in the region. The carried analysis confirms that no measures were performed concerning land protection, including conservation that in the recent years. In this context it is necessary to improve land resources management on the basis of sustainable development. Integration is considered to be the main principle of land resources management. The research proves that solution of ecological problems of land management requires achievement of a set of coordinated targets concerning development of rural territories, land resources management and national environmental policy based on the principles of suitable development. The targets include: planning of land use outside settled areas on the landscape and ecological basis; land inventory; formation of the land bank of agricultural lands; development and support of alternative kinds of activity on rural area; development of an efficient mechanism to encourage performance of land protection measures; improvement of environmental responsibility of population and development of ecological education. The methodological basis of the research is the concept of sustainable development, which expects support for a continuous character of development in order to meet the current needs along with ensuring the needs of future generations. The fulfilment of the task requires examination of scientific works on the issue of sustainable management of land resources and an ecological component of rural territory development.


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