scholarly journals Influences of water deficiency on the productivity of young plants at different sites

2018 ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Katalin Sárdi
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Site Characteristics

Water deficiency has become one of the most limiting factors of crop production in Hungary as the tendency in annual amounts of precipitation shows a decreasing tendency; therefore, it has become similar to those of Southern Europe. The most significant decrease in precipitation occurs typically during spring, approximately 20% of the data expressed in the averages of the last century. Studying the relationship between water deficiency as a stress factor and nutrient supply is important in order to improve the production efficiency of crops. Nowadays, this problem receives outstanding attention presented in numerous papers both in Hungary and globally, however, there are several questions yet to be answered. Our pot experiments were carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions in order to establish new data on these relationships. Experimental soils were typical for Western Transdanubia, taken from long-term field experiments representing four different site characteristics of the region. It was concluded from the results that drought periods during the early growth stages (i.e. 4–5 weeks after emergence) of plants may result in significant decreases in both dry matter production, nutrient concentrations, nutrient uptake and shoot:root ratios. Better nutrient supply, especially potassium, plays a significant role in reducing the negative effects of water deficiency.

scholarly journals Severe Water Deficiency during the Mid-Vegetative and Reproductive Phase has Little Effect on Proso Millet Performance

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grašič ◽  
Golob ◽  
Vogel-Mikuš ◽  
Gaberščik
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Proso Millet

Climate change can result in extreme droughts, significantly affecting crop production. C4 crop proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) has the lowest water consumption among all of the cereal crops. Understanding its survival mechanisms is thus crucial for agriculture. Furthermore, yield reduction does not only occur directly due to water shortage, but is also a consequence of an impaired element uptake during drought. This study aimed to examine the effect of water deficiency on proso millet leaf traits, plant biomass partition, and yield. In addition, leaf element contents were analysed, including silicon, which is an important multifunctional element for grasses. The majority of the measured parameters showed little change from the control to the moderate and severe water shortage treatments, even though the soil moisture levels differed significantly. The most pronounced reduction in comparison to the control was for leaf biomass, leaf stomatal conductance, and leaf silicon, phosphorus, calcium, and sulphur contents. Conversely, an increase was obtained for leaf potassium and chlorine contents. Panicle biomass was the same for all plant groups. Leaf silicon was positively correlated to reflectance in the UV region, while leaf calcium was negatively correlated to reflectance in the visible regions, which might prevent damage due to short-wave UV radiation and provide sufficient visible light for photosynthesis. The efficient light and water management, reduction of leaf biomass, and same-sized root system may be the mechanisms that mitigate the negative effects of water shortage in proso millet.

scholarly journals Purple acid phosphatase 10c encodes a major acid phosphatase that regulates plant growth under phosphate-deficient conditions in rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (14) ◽  
pp. 4321-4332
Author(s):  
Suren Deng ◽  
Linghong Lu ◽  
Jingyi Li ◽  
Zezhen Du ◽  
Tongtong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Purple Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Native Promoter ◽  
Constitutive Overexpression ◽  
Major Acid

Abstract Whilst constitutive overexpression of particular acid phosphatases (APases) can increase utilization of extracellular organic phosphate, negative effects are frequently observed in these transgenic plants under conditions of inorganic phosphate (Pi) sufficiency. In this study, we identified rice purple acid phosphatase 10c (OsPAP10c) as being a novel and major APase that exhibits activities associated both with the root surface and with secretion. Two constructs were used to generate the OsPAP10c-overexpression plants by driving its coding sequence with either a ubiquitin promoter (UP) or the OsPAP10c-native promoter (NP). Compared with the UP transgenic plants, lower expression levels and APase activities were observed in the NP plants. However, the UP and NP plants both showed a similar ability to degrade extracellular ATP and both promoted root growth. The growth performance and yield of the NP transgenic plants were better than the wild-type and UP plants in both hydroponic and field experiments irrespective of the level of Pi supply. Overexpression of APase by its native promoter therefore provides a potential way to improve crop production that might avoid increased APase activity in untargeted tissues and its inhibition of the growth of transgenic plants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Ground Penetrating Radar to Map the Root Architecture of HLB-infected Citrus Trees

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Derival ◽  
Albrecht ◽  
Ampatzidis
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Tree Root System ◽  
Ground Penetrating

This paper investigates the influences of several limiting factors on the performance of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in accurately detecting huanglongbing (HLB)-infected citrus roots and determining their main structural characteristics. First, single-factor experiments were conducted to evaluate GPR performance. The factors that were evaluated were (i) root diameter; (ii) root moisture level; (iii) root depth; (iv) root spacing; (v) survey angle; and, (vi) soil moisture level. Second, two multi-factor field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the GPR in complex orchard environments. The GPR generated a hyperbola in the radar profile upon root detection; the diameter of the root was successfully determined according to the width of the hyperbola when the roots were larger than 6 mm in diameter. The GPR also distinguished live from dead roots, a capability that is indispensable for studying the effects of soil-borne and other diseases on the citrus tree root system. The GPR can distinguish the roots only if their horizontal distance is greater than 10 cm and their vertical distance is greater than 5 cm if two or more roots are in proximity. GPR technology can be applied to determine the efficacy of advanced crop production strategies, especially under the pressures of disease and environmental stresses.

scholarly journals A New Curve of Critical Leaf Potassium Concentration Based on the Maximum Root Dry Matter for Diagnosing Potassium Nutritional Status of Sweet Potato

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zunfu Lv ◽  
Guoquan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
K Concentration

Critical leaf nutrient concentrations have often been used to diagnose the nutritional status of crops. Determining critical leaf potassium (K) concentrations for the maximum root dry matter (RDM) will provide a reliable means of linking leaf K nutrient concentrations to the yield of sweet potato. Three field experiments, using varying K application rates (0–300 kg K ha−1) and two sweet potato cultivars, were performed in the Zhejiang Province of China. A new critical leaf K curve (Kleaf) based on the maximum RDM was determined to assess K nutrition in sweet potato and described by the equation Kleaf=4.55×RDMmax-0.075. A critical root K curve (Kroot) based on the maximum RDM was also determined to assess K nutrition and described by the equation Kroot=2.36×RDMmax-0.087. The K nutrition index (KNI) was constructed to identify the situations of K-limiting and non-K-limiting treatments. The leaf KNI (KNIleaf) ranged from 0.56 to 1.17, and the root K KNI (KNIroot) ranged from 0.52 to 1.35 during the growth period of sweet potato. The results showed that the critical leaf K concentration curve can be used as an accurate leaf K status diagnostic tool at critical growth stages that connected leaf nutrient concentration and sweet potato tuber yield. This K curve will contribute to K management of sweet potato during its growth period in China.

OPTIMIZED TIMING OF USING CANOPY TEMPERATURE TO SELECT HIGH-YIELDING CULTIVARS OF WINTER WHEAT UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAOYU ZHANG ◽  
XIYING ZHANG ◽  
SUYING CHEN ◽  
HONGYONG SUN ◽  
LIWEI SHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Water Regimes

SUMMARYSelecting high-yielding cultivars under drought is an important practice to improve crop production. Canopy temperature (T) shows a relative reliable association with grain yield. In this study, we compared the suitability of canopy T and other agronomic as well as physiological traits associated with grain yield under different water regimes. Field experiments over two seasons (2011–2012 and 2012–2013) were carried out under three water regimes, represented about 64, 76 and 89% of potential evapotranspiration, with 16 local winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in each season. Results showed that cultivars with higher yield usually performed consistently lower canopy T under three water regimes, while the relationships of grain yield with other agronomic or physiological traits were more influenced by soil moisture. In addition, the relationship between canopy T and grain yield varied with different growth stages: From the time of heading to early grain filling stages, a more significant negative linear relationship (p < 0.001) existed under the three irrigation levels.

Influence of NPK fertilization on weed flora in maize field

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Lehoczky ◽  
M. Kamuti ◽  
N. Mazsu ◽  
J. Tamás ◽  
D. Sáringer-Kenyeres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Weed Flora ◽  
Npk Fertilization

Plant nutrition is one of the most important intensification factors of crop production. The utilization of nutrients, however, may be modified by a number of production factors, including weed presence. Thus, the knowledge of occurring weed species, their abundance, nutrient and water uptake is extremely important to establish an appropriate basis for the evaluation of their risks or negative effects on crops. That is why investigations were carried out in a long-term fertilization experiment on the influence of different nutrient supplies (Ø, PK, NK, NPK) on weed flora in maize field.The weed surveys recorded similar diversity on the experimental area: the species of A. artemisiifolia, S. halepense and D. stramonium were dominant, but C. album and C. hybridum were also common. These species and H. annuus were the most abundant weeds.Based on the totalized and average data of all treatments, density followed the same tendency in the experimental years. It was the highest in the PK treated and untreated plots, and significantly exceeded the values of NK fertilized areas. Presumably the better N availability promoted the development of nitrophilic weeds, while the mortality of other small species increased.Winter wheat and maize forecrops had no visible influence on the diversity and the intensity of weediness. On the contrary, there were consistent differences in the density of certain weed species in accordance to the applied nutrients. A. artemisiifolia was present in the largest number in the untreated control and PK fertilized plots. The density of S. halepense and H. annuus was also significantly higher in the control areas. The number of their individuals was smaller in those plots where N containing fertilizers were used. Contrary to them, the density of D. stramonium, C. album and C. hybridum was the highest in the NPK treatments.

The questions of methodology of field experiments in agriculture and crop production

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (94) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
А.M. Malienkо ◽  
N.E. Borуs ◽  
N.G. Buslaeva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Increase Labor Productivity ◽  
Biometric Parameters ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
High Condition

In the article, the results of research on the methodology for conducting studies with corn culture under various methods of sowing and weather conditions. The aim of the research was to establish and evaluate the reliability and high accuracy of the experiment, with a decrease in the area's acreage and taking one plant per repetition. Based on the results of the analysis of biometric parameters and yields, the possibility of sampling from 5 to 108 plants was established statistically and mathematically to establish the accuracy of the experiment. The established parameters of sites in experiments with maize indicate the possibility of obtaining much more information from a smaller unit of area, that is, to increase labor productivity not only with tilled crops. This is the goal of further scientific research with other field crops taking 1 plant of repetitions, observing the conditions of leveling the experimental plot according to the fertility of the soil and sowing seeds with high condition. The data obtained give grounds for continuing research on the minimum space required and the sample in the experiments.

scholarly journals Deep Learning-Based Growth Prediction System: A Use Case of China Agriculture

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1551
Author(s):  
Tamoor Khan ◽  
Jiangtao Qiu ◽  
Hafiz Husnain Raza Sherazi ◽  
Mubashir Ali ◽  
Sukumar Letchmunan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
System A ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Agricultural Yields

Agricultural advancements have significantly impacted people’s lives and their surroundings in recent years. The insufficient knowledge of the whole agricultural production system and conventional ways of irrigation have limited agricultural yields in the past. The remote sensing innovations recently implemented in agriculture have dramatically revolutionized production efficiency by offering unparalleled opportunities for convenient, versatile, and quick collection of land images to collect critical details on the crop’s conditions. These innovations have enabled automated data collection, simulation, and interpretation based on crop analytics facilitated by deep learning techniques. This paper aims to reveal the transformative patterns of old Chinese agrarian development and fruit production by focusing on the major crop production (from 1980 to 2050) taking into account various forms of data from fruit production (e.g., apples, bananas, citrus fruits, pears, and grapes). In this study, we used production data for different fruits grown in China to predict the future production of these fruits. The study employs deep neural networks to project future fruit production based on the statistics issued by China’s National Bureau of Statistics on the total fruit growth output for this period. The proposed method exhibits encouraging results with an accuracy of 95.56% calculating by accuracy formula based on fruit production variation. Authors further provide recommendations on the AGR-DL (agricultural deep learning) method being helpful for developing countries. The results suggest that the agricultural development in China is acceptable but demands more improvement and government needs to prioritize expanding the fruit production by establishing new strategies for cultivators to boost their performance.

scholarly journals Opportunities and limits of controlled-environment plant phenotyping for climate response traits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Langstroff ◽  
Marc C. Heuermann ◽  
Andreas Stahl ◽  
Astrid Junker
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Response Traits

AbstractRising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns will affect agricultural production substantially, exposing crops to extended and more intense periods of stress. Therefore, breeding of varieties adapted to the constantly changing conditions is pivotal to enable a quantitatively and qualitatively adequate crop production despite the negative effects of climate change. As it is not yet possible to select for adaptation to future climate scenarios in the field, simulations of future conditions in controlled-environment (CE) phenotyping facilities contribute to the understanding of the plant response to special stress conditions and help breeders to select ideal genotypes which cope with future conditions. CE phenotyping facilities enable the collection of traits that are not easy to measure under field conditions and the assessment of a plant‘s phenotype under repeatable, clearly defined environmental conditions using automated, non-invasive, high-throughput methods. However, extrapolation and translation of results obtained under controlled environments to field environments is ambiguous. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges of phenotyping approaches under controlled environments complementary to conventional field trials. It gives an overview on general principles and introduces existing phenotyping facilities that take up the challenge of obtaining reliable and robust phenotypic data on climate response traits to support breeding of climate-adapted crops.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Leaf and Seed Applications of the Biostimulant ComCat® under Stress Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Roland Gerhards ◽  
Fructueuse N. Ouidoh ◽  
André Adjogboto ◽  
Vodéa Armand Pascal Avohou ◽  
Berteulot Latus Sètondji Dossounon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Yield Data

Although clear evidence for benefits in crop production is partly missing, several natural compounds and microorganisms have been introduced to the market as biostimulants. They are supposed to enhance nutrient efficiency and availability in the rhizosphere, reduce abiotic stress, and improve crop quality parameters. Biostimulants often derive from natural compounds, such as microorganisms, algae, and plant extracts. In this study, the commercial plant extract-based biostimulant ComCat® was tested in two field experiments with maize in the communities of Banikoara and Matéri in Northern Benin and six pot experiments (four with maize and two with winter barley) at the University of Hohenheim in Germany. Maize was grown under nutrient deficiency, drought, and weed competition, and winter barley was stressed by the herbicide Luximo (cinmethylin). ComCat® was applied at half, full, and double the recommended field rate (50, 100, and 200 g ha−1) on the stressed and unstressed control plants as leaf or seed treatment. The experiments were conducted in randomized complete block designs with four replications. The above-ground biomass and yield data of one experiment in Benin were collected. The biostimulant did not promote maize and winter barley biomass production of the unstressed plants. When exposed to stress, ComCat@ resulted only in one out of eight experiments in higher barley biomass compared to the stressed treatment without ComCat® application. There was a reduced phytotoxic effect of cinmethylin after seed treatment with ComCat®. Crop response to ComCat® was independent of the application rate. Basic and applied studies are needed to investigate the response of crops to biostimulants and their mechanisms of action in the plants before they should be used in practical farming.

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