scholarly journals Nondestructive Phenomic Tools for the Prediction of Heat and Drought Tolerance at Anthesis in Brassica Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Chen ◽  
Yiming Guo ◽  
Xavier Sirault ◽  
Katia Stefanova ◽  
Renu Saradadevi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Photochemical Reflectance Index ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Genotypic Correlations

Oilseed Brassica species are vulnerable to heat and drought stress, especially in the early reproductive stage. We evaluated plant imaging of whole plant and flower tissue, leaf stomatal conductance, leaf and bud temperature, photochemical reflectance index, quantum yield of photosynthesis, and leaf gas exchange for their suitability to detect tolerance to heat (H) and/or drought (D) stress treatments in 12 Brassica genotypes (G). A replicated factorial experiment was set up with 7 d of stress treatment from the beginning of anthesis with various levels of three factors H, D, and G. Most phenomics tools detected plant stress as indicated by significant main effects of H, D, and H×D. Whole plant volume was highly correlated with fresh weight changes, suggesting that whole plant imaging may be a useful surrogate for fresh weight in future studies. Vcmax, the maximum carboxylation rate of photosynthesis, increased rapidly on day 1 in H and H+D treatments, and there were significant interactions of G×H and G×D. Vcmax of genotypes on day 1 in H and H+D treatments was positively correlated with their harvested seed yield. Vcmax on day 1 and day 3 were clustered with seed yield in H and H+D treatments as shown in the heatmaps of genotypic correlations. TPU, the rate of triose phosphate use, also showed significant positive genotypic correlations with seed yield in H+D treatments. Flower volume showed significant interactions of G×H and G×D on day 7, and flower volume of genotypes on day 7 in H was positively correlated with their harvested seed yield. There were few interactions of G×H or G×D for leaf stomatal conductance, leaf and bud temperature, photochemical reflectance index, and quantum yield of photosynthesis. Vcmax, TPU, and volume of flowers are potential nondestructive phenomic traits for heat or combined heat and drought stress tolerance screening in Brassica germplasm.

scholarly journals Influence of Spring and Fall Drought Stresses on Growth and Gas Exchange during Stress and Posttransplant of Container-grown Magnoli ×soulangiana `Jane'

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thomas Fernandez ◽  
Robert E. Schutzki ◽  
Kelly J. Prevete
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Severe Stress ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Whole Plant

Responses of Magnolia ×soulangiana (Soul.-Bod.) `Jane' (`Jane' saucer magnolia) to consecutive short term pretransplant drought stresses and recovery after transplanting were evaluated beginning October 1997 and June 1998. Plants were subjected to one (mild) or two (moderate) 3-day drought stress periods or a two 3-day and one 4-day (severe) drought stress period, each separated by two rewatering periods over 24 hours. One day after each stress period, plants were transplanted into the field and well watered to monitor recovery from stress. Plant response was determined by measuring whole-plant CO2 assimilation, leaf gas exchange (CO2 assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance) and canopy growth throughout stress and recovery periods. Whole-plant and leaf CO2 assimilation were lower for the stressed treatments for most of the measurements taken during stress in the fall and spring. After release from stress and transplanting, leaf CO2 assimilation returned to control levels for mild and moderate fall stresses within 2 to 3 d by the next measurement, while it was over 3 weeks until recovery from the severe stress. There was no difference in leaf gas exchange following release from stress and transplanting during the spring stress. More rapid defoliation occurred for the severe fall-stressed plants compared to the controls after release from stress in the fall. Flower number was reduced in spring for the fall-stressed plants. At termination of the experiment, the growth index was lower for severe fall-stressed plants but there were no differences for other fall stress treatments. There was no increase in growth for control or stressed plants for the spring experiment.

The Effects of Drought on Leaf Gas Exchange and Growth of Three Species of Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 540a-540
Author(s):  
K.J. Prevete ◽  
R.T. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Analysis System

Three species of herbaceous perennials were tested on their ability to withstand and recover from drought stress periods of 2, 4, and 6 days. Eupatorium rugosum and Boltonia asteroides `Snowbank' were chosen because of their reported drought intolerance, while Rudbeckia triloba was chosen based on its reported drought tolerance. Drought stress began on 19 Sept. 1997. Plants were transplanted into the field the day following the end of each stress period. The effects of drought on transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic rate were measured during the stress and throughout recovery using an infrared gas analysis system. Leaf gas exchange measurements were taken through recovery until there were no differences between the stressed plants and the control plants. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of Rudbeckia and Boltonia were not affected until 4 days after the start of stress. Transpiration of Eupatorium decreased after 3 days of stress. After rewatering, leaf gas exchange of Boltonia and Rudbeckia returned to non-stressed levels quicker than Eupatorium. Growth measurements were taken every other day during stress, and then weekly following transplanting. Measurements were taken until a killing frost that occurred on 3 Nov. There were no differences in the growth between the stressed and non-stressed plants in any of the species. Plants will be monitored throughout the winter, spring, and summer to determine the effects of drought on overwintering capability and regrowth.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Phosphorus Addition to Soil Improves Seed Yield, Foliar Stomatal Conductance, and the Photosynthetic Response of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Zangani ◽  
Kamran Afsahi ◽  
Farid Shekari ◽  
Eileen Mac Sweeney ◽  
Andrea Mastinu
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effects of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on the physiological traits, yield, and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), were studied in a farm research project of Zanjan University. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 75, and 150 kg/ha) were considered. The results showed that an increase in nitrogen level caused an increase in the leaf chlorophyll content so that the application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the chlorophyll content of the leaves until the mid-grain filling stage. Nitrogen application lowered leaf stomatal conductance in the early flowering stage whereas the stomatal conductance was increased during the late flowering stage. Nitrogen application (100 and 200 kg/ha) also increased the quantum yield of photosystem II. On the other hand, with the application of 150 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha of phosphorus, the leaf stomatal conductance and the quantum yield of photosystem II in the early flowering stage increased respectively. The results showed that the application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen and 75 kg/ha of phosphorus significantly increased seed and oil yield compared to the control. In addition, the number of siliques per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds showed an increasing trend that was affected by nitrogen and phosphorus levels. This study demonstrated that nitrogen enhanced the chlorophyll content, leaf area, and consequently, the quantum yield of photosystem II. Nitrogen also augmented the seed filling duration, seed yield, and oil yield by increasing gas exchange. As a result, the application of 100 kg/ha of nitrogen together with 75 kg/ha phosphorus showed the greatest effect on the qualitative and quantitative yield of rapeseed. However, the application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen alone or in combination with different levels of phosphorus did not significantly increase many of the studied traits.

scholarly journals Isoprene emission and photosynthesis during heatwaves and drought in black locust

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 3649-3667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Bamberger ◽  
Nadine K. Ruehr ◽  
Michael Schmitt ◽  
Andreas Gast ◽  
Georg Wohlfahrt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Isoprene Emission

Abstract. Extreme weather conditions like heatwaves and drought can substantially affect tree physiology and the emissions of isoprene. To date, however, there is only limited understanding of isoprene emission patterns during prolonged heat stress and next to no data on emission patterns during coupled heat–drought stress or during post-stress recovery. We studied gas exchange and isoprene emissions of black locust trees under episodic heat stress and in combination with drought. Heatwaves were simulated in a controlled greenhouse facility by exposing trees to outside temperatures +10 °C, and trees in the heat–drought treatment were supplied with half of the irrigation water given to heat and control trees. Leaf gas exchange of isoprene, CO2 and H2O was quantified using self-constructed, automatically operating chambers, which were permanently installed on leaves (n = 3 per treatment). Heat and combined heat–drought stress resulted in a sharp decline of net photosynthesis (Anet) and stomatal conductance. Simultaneously, isoprene emissions increased 6- to 8-fold in the heat and heat–drought treatment, which resulted in a carbon loss that was equivalent to 12 and 20 % of assimilated carbon at the time of measurement. Once temperature stress was released at the end of two 15-day-long heatwaves, stomatal conductance remained reduced, while isoprene emissions and Anet recovered quickly to values of the control trees. Further, we found that isoprene emissions covaried with Anet during nonstress conditions, while during the heatwaves, isoprene emissions were not related to Anet but to light and temperature. Under standard air temperature and light conditions (here 30 °C and photosynthetically active radiation of 500 µmol m−2 s−1), isoprene emissions of the heat trees were by 45 % and the heat–drought trees were by 27 % lower than in control trees. Moreover, temperature response curves showed that not only the isoprene emission factor changed during both heat and heat–drought stress, but also the shape of the response. Because introducing a simple treatment-specific correction factor could not reproduce stress-induced isoprene emissions, different parameterizations of light and temperature functions are needed to describe tree isoprene emissions under heat and combined heat–drought stress. In order to increase the accuracy of predictions of isoprene emissions in response to climate extremes, such individual stress parameterizations should be introduced to current BVOC models.

scholarly journals Seedling performance of cocoa genotypes (Theobroma cacao L.) in Drought Stress Condition.

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Agung Wahyu Susilo ◽  
Sobir Sobir ◽  
Adinda Wuriandani ◽  
Desta Wirnas
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Available Water Content ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Main Plot

Drought stress can affect changes in physiological, morphological, biochemical,and molecular of plant. Plant in drought stress showed slower growthand development than in normal condition. This research aimed to determine the response of cocoa genotypes in seedling phase to drought stress in morphological and stomata character. This research conducted with split-plot design with main plot were water regimes (25% and 100% available water content). Eleven genotypes were used in this research consisted of six genotypes crosses and five genotypes parents. Variables observed were stem diameter, root volume, root length, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root/shoot ratio, and stomatal conductance. Drought stress decreased values associated with all observed morphological characters and stomata characters. Root/shoot ratio and stomatal conductance can be used to determine genotype with tolerance to drought. Sulawesi 3 x ICCRI 09 showed heighest in root/shoot ratio and stomatal conductance. Sulawesi 3 x ICCRI 09 can be used as candidate of plant material tolerant to drought.

scholarly journals Isoprene emission and photosynthesis during heat waves and drought in black locust

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Bamberger ◽  
Nadine K. Ruehr ◽  
Michael Schmitt ◽  
Andreas Gast ◽  
Georg Wohlfahrt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Drought Treatment

Abstract. Extreme weather conditions, like heat waves and drought, can substantially affect tree physiology and the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), including isoprene. To date, however, there is only limited understanding of BVOC emission patterns during prolonged heat and coupled heat–drought stress as well as post-stress recovery. To assess the impacts of heat and heat–drought stress on BVOC emissions, we studied gas exchange and isoprene emissions of black locust trees under controlled environmental conditions. Leaf gas exchange of isoprene, CO2 and H2O was quantified using branch chambers connected to a protontransfer-reaction mass spectrometer and an infrared gas analyzer. Heat and heat–drought stress resulted in a sharp decline of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Simultaneously, isoprene emissions increased six- to eight-fold in the heat and heat–drought treatment and resulted in a carbon loss that was equivalent to 12 % and 20 % of assimilated carbon at the time of measurement. Once temperature stress was released at the end of two 15 days long heat waves, stomatal conductance remained reduced, while isoprene emissions and photosynthesis recovered quickly to values of the control trees. Further, we found isoprene emissions to co-vary with net photosynthesis during non-stressful conditions, while during the heat waves, isoprene emissions could be solely described by non-linear functions of light and temperature. However, when isoprene emissions betweentreatments were compared under the same temperature and light conditions (e.g., T = 30° C, PAR = 500 µmol m−2 s−1), heat and heat–drought stressed trees would emit less isoprene than control trees. Ourfindings suggest that different parameterizations of light and temperature functions are needed in order to predict tree isoprene emissions under heat and combined heat–drought stress.

scholarly journals Some photosynthetic and growth responses of Annona glabra L. seedlings to soil flooding

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo S. Mielke ◽  
Elyabe M. Matos ◽  
Virginia B. Couto ◽  
Alex-Alan F. de Almeida ◽  
Fábio P. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Soil Flooding ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Annona Glabra

An experiment was conducted with the aim to analyze the effects of soil flooding and leaf position on net primary productivity and whole plant carbon balance of Annona glabra L. (Annonaceae) seedlings, a highly flood-tolerant tree, native to the tropical Americas. All seedlings survived a period of 56 days of flooding without symptoms of stress. Flooding induced significant increments in root, stem and whole-plant biomass (P <0.01), and in the root:shoot mass ratio (P <0.05). Measurements of leaf gas exchange were conducted at days four, 11, 18 and 56 after flooding, on the first (L1), fourth (L4) and seventh (L7) fully expanded leaves from the apex of each seedling. The mean values of stomatal conductance to water vapour (g s) and net photosynthetic rate (A) in the control seedlings were around 0.26 mol m-2s-1 and 8.8 µmol m-2s-1, respectively. Significant reductions (P <0.05) in A were observed from L1 to L7 in controls at all four days of measurements. Reductions in A with increasing leaf age also ocurred for flooded plants, but only at days four and 18. Flooding induced significant changes in gs (P <0.05), reaching 65% of controls at day four but 152% of controls at day 56. Based on the results we conclude that the high survival and growth rates of A. glabra seedlings are directly related to the capacity to mantain a high stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate under soil flooding.

Penconazole and calcium ameliorate drought stress in canola by upregulating the antioxidative enzymes

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Rezayian ◽  
Vahid Niknam ◽  
Hassan Ebrahimzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Antioxidative Enzymes ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Effects Of Drought

The aim of this research was to gauge the alternations in the lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activity in two cultivars (cv. RGS003 and cv. Sarigol) of canola under drought stress and drought tolerance amelioration by penconazole (PEN) and calcium (Ca). Plants were treated with different polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 15%) without or with PEN (15 mg L–1) and Ca (15 mM). The Ca treatment prevented the negative effects of drought on fresh weight (FW) in RGS003 and Sarigol at 5 and 15% PEG respectively. Ca and PEN/Ca treatments caused significant induction in the proline content in Sarigol at 15% PEG; the latter treatment was accompanied by higher glycine betaine (GB), lower malondialdehyde (MDA) and growth recovery. Hydrogen peroxide (HO2) content in Sarigol was proportional to the severity of drought stress and all PEN, Ca and PEN/Ca treatments significantly reduced the H2O2 content. PEN and PEN/Ca caused alleviation of the drought-induced oxidative stress in RGS003. RGS003 cultivar exhibited significantly higher antioxidative enzymes activity at most levels of drought, which could lead to its drought tolerance and lower MDA content. In contrast to that of Sarigol, the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased with Ca and PEN/Ca treatments in RGS003 under low stress. The application of PEN and Ca induced significantly P5CS and SOD expression in RGS003 under drought stress after 24 h. Overall, these data demonstrated that PEN and Ca have the ability to enhance the tolerance against the drought stress in canola plants.

scholarly journals Candidate genes and SNPs associated with stomatal conductance under drought stress in Vitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Trenti ◽  
Silvia Lorenzi ◽  
Pier Luigi Bianchedi ◽  
Daniele Grossi ◽  
Osvaldo Failla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Snp Array ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Raffinose Synthase ◽  
Response To Water

Abstract Background Understanding the complexity of the vine plant’s response to water deficit represents a major challenge for sustainable winegrowing. Regulation of water use requires a coordinated action between scions and rootstocks on which cultivars are generally grafted to cope with phylloxera infestations. In this regard, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach was applied on an ‘ad hoc’ association mapping panel including different Vitis species, in order to dissect the genetic basis of transpiration-related traits and to identify genomic regions of grape rootstocks associated with drought tolerance mechanisms. The panel was genotyped with the GrapeReSeq Illumina 20 K SNP array and SSR markers, and infrared thermography was applied to estimate stomatal conductance values during progressive water deficit. Results In the association panel the level of genetic diversity was substantially lower for SNPs loci (0.32) than for SSR (0.87). GWAS detected 24 significant marker-trait associations along the various stages of drought-stress experiment and 13 candidate genes with a feasible role in drought response were identified. Gene expression analysis proved that three of these genes (VIT_13s0019g03040, VIT_17s0000g08960, VIT_18s0001g15390) were actually induced by drought stress. Genetic variation of VIT_17s0000g08960 coding for a raffinose synthase was further investigated by resequencing the gene of 85 individuals since a SNP located in the region (chr17_10,497,222_C_T) was significantly associated with stomatal conductance. Conclusions Our results represent a step forward towards the dissection of genetic basis that modulate the response to water deprivation in grape rootstocks. The knowledge derived from this study may be useful to exploit genotypic and phenotypic diversity in practical applications and to assist further investigations.

scholarly journals Accumulation of Silicon and Changes in Water Balance under Drought Stress in Brassica napus var. napus L.

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Diana Saja-Garbarz ◽  
Agnieszka Ostrowska ◽  
Katarzyna Kaczanowska ◽  
Franciszek Janowiak
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Abscisic Acid Level

The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation of silicon in oilseed rape and to characterize the changes in chosen water balance parameters in response to drought. The following parameters were estimated: water content, osmotic and water potential, evapotranspiration, stomatal conductance and abscisic acid level under optimal and drought conditions. It was shown that oilseed rape plants accumulate silicon after its supplementation to the soil, both in the case of silicon alone and silicon together with iron. It was revealed that silicon (without iron) helps maintain constant water content under optimal conditions. While no silicon influence on osmotic regulation was observed, a transpiration decrease was detected under optimal conditions after silicon application. Under drought, a reduction in stomatal conductance was observed, but it was similar for all plants. The decrease in leaf water content under drought was accompanied by a significant increase in abscisic acid content in leaves of control plants and those treated with silicon together with iron. To sum up, under certain conditions, silicon is accumulated even in non-accumulator species, such as oilseed rape, and presumably improves water uptake under drought stress.

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