scholarly journals Lactobacilli From Buffalo Milk and Yogurt With Antibacterial Activity Against Gram-Negative Uropathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
Sahar Baie ◽  
Ania Ahani Azari ◽  
Teena Dadgar
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
North East ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus strains isolated from buffalo milk and yogurt in Aliabad-e Katul city, Golestan province, north-east of Iran. Methods: Raw milk and yogurt samples were collected and cultured on MRS medium by incubating anaerobically at 37°C for 48 hours. The suspected colonies were identified on the basis of Gram staining, biochemical tests, and carbohydrates fermentation. The antibacterial activity of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) extracted from Lactobacillus strains was determined using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 11303, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 as well as gram-negative uropathogens previously isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Three isolates of E. coli (E1, E2, and E3), two isolates of P. aeruginosa (P1 and P2), and two isolates of K. pneumoniae (K1 and K2) were used in this study. Results: A total of 19 Lactobacillus strains were identified as L. plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, and L. helveticus. Based on the results of antibacterial activity test, the isolates had the highest and lowest inhibitory effects on the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. Among the isolates, only L. casei isolates showed inhibitory activity against K. pneumoniae isolates. Conclusions: In this study, Lactobacilli from buffalo milk and yogurt demonstrated a good inhibitory activity against E. coli as a common cause of urinary tract infection. Therefore, further studies are recommended to elucidate their potential for being used as an alternative to antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Assessment of antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse chestnut) bark against bacteria isolated from urine of patients diagnosed positive to urinary tract infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Khar’kov Yuriy ◽  
Mbarga Manga Joseph Arsene ◽  
V. Martynenkova Aliya ◽  
V. Podoprigora Irina ◽  
G. Volina Elena
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractThe search for new antimicrobials is essential to address the worldwide issue of antibiotic resistance which affects all areas requiring the use of antibiotics including the management of diseases such as urinary tract infections (UTIs).AimTo assess the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse chestnut) bark.Material and MethodBioactive compounds were extracted from A. hippocastanum bark using water and ethanol as solvent. The extracts were tested against 10 clinical strains isolated from urine of patients diagnosed positive to urinary tract infections and including five Gram-positive bacteria (Kocuria rhizophila 1542, Enterococcus avium 1669, Staphylococcus simulans 5882, Conybacterium spp 1638, Enterococcus faecalis 5960) and five Gram-negative (Proteus mirabilis 1543, Morganella morganii 543, Citrobacter freundi 426, Acynetobacter baumannii 5841 and Achromobacter xylosoxidans 4892). Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as standard Gram+ and Gram-respectively. The susceptibility of the test strains to antibiotic was assessed using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method while the antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the well diffusion method. We finally determined the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) by the microdilution method.ResultsA. hippocastanum bark possessed a dry matter content of 65.73%. The volume yield of the ethanolic and aqueous extract (AE) was 77,77% and 74,07% (v/v), respectively, whereas their mass yields were 13,4% and 24,3% (w/w), respectively. All the bacteria were susceptible to amoxiclav, imipenem and ceftriaxone, both standard bacteria (E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 6538) were sensitive to all antibiotics while the clinical strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic. K. rizophilia 1542 and Conybacterium spp 1638 were the most resistant bacteria both with multidrug resistance index of 0.45. Except AE on P. Mirabilis 1543 and E. faecalis 5960 (0 mm), both AE and EE were active against all the microorganisms tested with inhibition diameters (mm) which ranged from 5.5-10.0 for AE and 8.0-14.5 for EE. The MICs of EEs varied from 1-4 mg/ml while those of EAs varied from 4-16 mg/ml. Almost all the MBCs of AEs were indeterminate (>64 mg/ml) while those of EE were successfully determined. The ethanolic extracts (EE) were overall more active than the aqueous ones.ConclusionThe A. hippocastanum bark extracts had overall weak antibacterial activity (MIC ≥0.625 mg/ml) and bacteriostatic potential (MBC/MIC ≥16) on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, studies with other solvents (such as methanol and chloroform), other extraction techniques, and synergy tests with conventional antibiotics are needed to conclude on a potential better antimicrobial activity of this plant material.

Bacterial Pattern of Community acquired Urinary Tract Infections: A Challenge for Antimicrobial Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
Nader A. Nemr ◽  
Rania M. Kishk ◽  
Mohammed Abdou ◽  
Hassnaa Nassar ◽  
Noha M Abu bakr Elsaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered one of the most common bacterial infections seen in health care. To our knowledge, there is no available antimicrobial resistance surveillance system for monitoring of community-acquired UTIs (CA- UTIs) in our country. Objectives: we aimed to discuss the bacterial pattern and resistance profile of CA-UTIs in Ismailia, Egypt. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 400 patients suffering from symptoms of acute UTIs. Urine specimens were collected by clean-catch mid-stream method, examined microscopically and inoculated immediately on blood agar and MacConkey's agar plates. Colony counting, isolation and identification of the urinary pathogens were performed by the conventional biochemical tests according to the isolated organism. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Interpretation was performed according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: out of 400 specimens, 136 of them revealed no bacterial growth or insignificant bacteriuria. Most of participants with UTI were females (81.8%) (p=0.008) and 54.5% of them were married (P=0.1). Gram negative bacteria were more common than Gram positive representing 66 % and 34% respectively. E. coli was the most common isolated organism (39%) followed by S. aureus (32%), K. Pneumoniae and Pseudomonas (10.5% for each), Proteus (6%) and Enterococci (2%). E. coli isolates showed the highest susceptibility to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Most of our patients were diabetics (64.8%) (p=0.004). The mean ± SD of HbA1c was 6.4±2.0 with 4 to 12.6 range, S.E was 0.1 and 95% C.I was 6.2- 6.7. The highest mean ± SD of HbA1c was in S. aureus infections. Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria were most common than Gram positive with predominance of E. coli with significant relation to the presence of diabetes.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiograms of Uropathogens from the Suspected Cases of Urinary Tract Infections in Bharatpur Hospital, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-266
Author(s):  
Sanjib Adhikari ◽  
Sujan Khadka ◽  
Sanjeep Sapkota ◽  
Jid Chani Rana ◽  
Santosh Khanal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the uropathogens among the patients attending Bharatpur Hospital. Methods: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the patients attending Bharatpur Hospital from December 2017 to February 2018. Aseptically collected clean catch mid-stream urine samples from 200 clinically suspected patients were cultured and processed for the identification of the uropathogens in the laboratory using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed for all the isolates against commonly used antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines 2017. Results: Out of 200 samples collected, 59(29.5%) of the samples showed the presence of pathogens causing urinary tract infection (UTI). Among them, 43(72.9%) were Gram-negative and 16(27.1%) were Gram-positive bacteria. UTI was found to be the most prevalent in females compared to the males and in the age group of 21-30 years. E. coli (72.0%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (50.0%) were the most predominant Gram-negative and Gram-positive isolates respectively. The isolates were resistant to cefpodoxime (54.2%) and least resistant to gentamicin (10.2%). Twenty (33.9%) isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR). Conclusions: Higher frequency of antibiotic resistance among UTI patients alerts for continuous surveillance to assure effective control of this infection. Awareness of good hygienic practice especially in females and prudent use of antibiotics in case of infection can be sug-gested. Keywords: antibiotic susceptibility test; E. coli; MDR; urine.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Uropathogenic E. coli and its Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern with Special Reference to Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (Esbl)

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
V. Naveen Kumar ◽  
Chitralekha Saikumar
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbial Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common bacterial infection among the humans. One of the most important factors impacting the management of UTI over the past decade is emergence of anti-microbial resistance among uropathogens. ESBL production is one of the most common mechanisms of anti-microbial resistance, the other being Amp C β-lactamases in gram negative bacteria. This study was undertaken to establish the prevalence of ESBL producing strains and their anti-microbial susceptibility pattern to newer agents to guide therapy for urinary tract infection. The present studies isolates and identify Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern with special reference to ESBL. The emergence of β-lactamase is a Metter of serious concern .The drug resistance in gram negative bacilli is due to production of β-lactamases, AmpC lactamases, Efflux mechanisms and Porin deficiency. Out of the total 3580 urine samples, 987 samples (27.56%) showed No growth, 1786 (49.88%) showed the presence of Gram negative bacteria. Totally, 1081 E. coli species were isolated and < 30% of them were found to be ESBL positive. Uropathogenic E. coli   isolates are highly susceptible towards Meropenem and Imipenem antibiotics and highly resistant towards β-lactam and Cephalosporins antibiotics. Hence, the present study urged to implement the management plan for using those antibiotics in patients for preventing the antibiotic resistance.

In Vitro antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from goat’s raw milk of Mostaganem (West Algeria) against Gram negative bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Zergoug Amina ◽  
Cheriguene Abderrahim ◽  
Chougrani Fadela
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
West Algeria

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a serious bacterial pathological challenges all over the world, leading to respiratory infections, that’s why new strategies don’t cease to develop. Lactic acid bacteria having shown beneficial effects for years in various areas, may prove to be excellent candidates in medical field. The current research focused on the selection of lactic acid bacteria having the potential of an antibacterial activity against Gram negative bacteria responsible for UTI, for an eventual use as a therapeutic agent. A total of 40 isolates were isolated from goat’s raw milk of Mostaganem (West Algeria). In vitro tests were conducted in order to determine the efficiency of the isolates to produce antibacterial agents in interaction with uropathogens. Among 40 isolates, only 10 isolates identified as Lactobacilli and Lactococci were performant. The Screening showed that the inhibitor agent was proteinaceous substance. Therfore, it is noted that a treatment with presence of LAB is very encouraging as a result of the production of bacteriocin-like substance. On the other hand, LAB can be considered as a good alter-native to the large extent to the antibiotics in the treatment of UTI.

Antibiogram of Gram Negative Uropathogens in a Tertiary Care Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Milind Davane ◽  
Sanjivani Mundhe
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Background: Globally, urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered a major public health concern and the second most common bacterial infection affecting individuals of different ages worldwide. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by multiplicity of microorganisms. The chronicity of different bacterial isolates and their propensity to various antibiotics may differ widely, particularly in hospitalized patients, that makes the study of susceptibility pattern mandatory for a proper selection of antibiotics. Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the Gram negative organisms isolated from urine cultures of hospitalized patients. Material and Methods: A total of 500 urine samples from hospitalized patients which showed significant bacteriuria were studied. Samples were inoculated on Blood agar and MacConckey agar. Further identification and study of organisms was done by standard Microbiological methods. Antimicrobial Susceptibility pattern was studied by Modified Kirby- Bauer’s disc diffusion method with the panel of 15 drugs as per Clinical Laboratories Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: UTIs were found more common in females 290 (58%). Commonest organism found was Escherichia coli 260 (52%) followed by Klebsiella spp. 120 (24%), Pseudomonas spp. 40 (8%), Proteus spp. 38 (7.6%), Citrobacter spp. 25 (5%) and Acinetobacter spp. 17 (3.4%). Majority of the strains were found sensitive to nitrofurantoin followed by amikacin, piperacillin-tazobactam and cotrimoxazole. Commonly prescribed fluroquinolones were found least effective for treatment of UTI. All the strains were found sensitive to imipenem. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) was noted in E.coli and in Klebsiella spp. Conclusion: To discourage the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and to prevent further development of bacterial drug resistance, proper knowledge of susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in particular area is very important before prescribing any empirical antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Uropathogenic E. Coli Isolates from Jordanian Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yacoub R. Nairoukh ◽  
Azmi M. Mahafzah ◽  
Amal Irshaid ◽  
Asem A. Shehabi
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
St131 Clone

Background: Emergence of multi-drug resistant uropathogenic E. coli strains is an increasing problem to empirical treatment of urinary tract infections in many countries. This study investigated the magnitude of this problem in Jordan. Methods: A total of 262 E. coli isolates were recovered from urine samples of Jordanian patients which were suspected to have urinary tract infections (UTIs). All isolates were primarily identified by routine biochemical tests and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion method. Fifty representative Multidrug Resistance (MDR) E. coli isolates to 3 or more antibiotic classes were tested for the presence of resistance genes of blaCTX-M- 1, 9 and 15, carbapenemase (blaIMP, blaVIM, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-48), fluoroquinolones mutated genes (parC and gyrA) and clone of ST131 type using PCR methods. Results: A total of 150/262 (57.3%) of E. coli isolates were MDR. Urine samples of hospitalized patients showed significantly more MDR isolates than outpatients. Fifty representative MDR E. coli isolates indicated the following molecular characteristics: All were positive for mutated parC gene and gyrA and for ST131 clone, and 78% were positive for genes of CTX-M-15, 76% for CTX-M-I and for 8% CTX-M-9, respectively. Additionally, all 50 MDR E. coli isolates were negative for carbapenemase genes (blaIMP, blaVIM, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-48), except of one isolate was positive for blaKPC-2 . Conclusion: This study indicates alarming high rates recovery of MDR uropathogenic E. coli from Jordanian patients associated with high rates of positive ST131 clone, fluoroquinolone resistant and important types of blaCTX-M.

scholarly journals Detection of plasmid-mediated qnr genes among the quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (07) ◽  
pp. 818-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Firoozeh ◽  
Mohammad Zibaei ◽  
Younes Soleimani-Asl
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, which complicates treatment, has been increasingly identified in Escherichia coli isolates worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify the plasmid-mediated qnrA and qnrB genes among the quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Iran. Methodology: A total of 140 Escherichia coli isolates were collected between March and October 2012 from urinary tract infections in Khorram Abad, Iran. All isolates were tested for quinoloe resistance using the disk diffusion method. Also, all quinolone-resistant isolates were screened for the presence of the qnrA and qnrB genes by polymerase chain reaction. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin for the qnr-positive isolates were determined. Results: One hundred sixteen (82.8%) of 140 Escherichia coli isolates were nalidixic acid-resistant; among them, 14 (12.1%) and 9 (7.8%) were qnrA and qnrB-positive, respectively. Two quinolone-resistant isolates harbored both qnrA and qnrB. Among 63 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, 14 (22.2%) and 9 (14.3%) were found to carry qnrA and qnrB genes, respectively. The ciprofloxacin MIC range was 0.25–512 μg/mL for 23 qnr-positive Escherichia coli isolates, 18 of which had MICs values of 4–512 μg/mL. Conclusion: Our study shows that the frequency of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among E. coli isolates in Iran is high.

scholarly journals Prevalence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM Genes in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated From Urinary Tract Infection Samples of Patients in the Intensive Care Unit in Qom, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Sadat Lesani ◽  
Mohammad Soleimani ◽  
Pegah Shakib ◽  
Mohammad Reza Zolfaghari
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Escherichia coli is considered as one of the causes of opportunistic infections. Nowadays, due to the increase in drug resistance, the treatment of these infections has become very difficult and they are recognized as the main causes of death in hospitalized patients. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes in E. coli strains isolated from the urinary tract infection in patients in Intensive Care Units of three different hospitals in Qom, Iran. Methods: This study was conducted in three months from October to December 2014. A total of 200 E. coli samples were taken from the patients with urinary tract infections in Intensive Care units of Qom hospital. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility pattern of antibiotic and phenotypic confirmatory tests for screening of the expanded spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) isolates. The presence of blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes was evaluated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results: Of 200 samples, ampicillin (96%) and nitrofurantoin (19.5%) showed the highest and lowest drug resistance, respectively. A total of 156 isolates (78%) were identified as ESBLs using the phenotypic method. Moreover, 76 (38%), 90 (45%), and 123 (61.5%) isolates consisted of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of this study showed that blaTEM was the most common gene with a frequency of 61.5% in ESBL E. coli.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infections in Children and Changes in Sensitivity to Antibiotics of E. coli Strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 3788-3792
Author(s):  
Adrian Hasegan ◽  
Maria Totan ◽  
Elisabeta Antonescu ◽  
Adrian Gheorghe Bumbu ◽  
Carmen Pantis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Positive Urine ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial pathologies in children, but they are difficult to spot. The diagnosis relies on urine culture in order to measure the prevalence of the infection, to identify the etiology and the sensitivity of the germs to different antibiotics. Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains are the most common uro-pathogen germs. The change in sensitivity to antibiotic of these uro-pathogen bacteria should be closely monitored because the physicians should be informed about the evolution of the antibiotic resistance of E coli, for a more effective treatment in their fight against diseases. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of UTIs and the evolution of antimicrobial sensitivity for E. coli. This retrospective study was performed over a period of 4 years, 2013-2016, and included all the patients admitted in the Children�s Hospital, aged 0-18 years, with the suspicion of UTIs; also, the standard culture techniques for urine samples, the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method for the antibiotic sensitivity testing, and the disk diffusion method to confirm the ESBL production by the clinical isolates of E. coli in urine were used. The statistical analysis was performed using the proportions of sensitive, resistant and intermediates. Descriptive statistics like the total, mean and percentage were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 15.0 and Microsoft Excel. From 15389 urine cultures processed in 4 years, 1530 were positive (9.9 %). Among these positive urine cultures, 1056 (69 %) were positive for E. coli. Testing the E. coli to a range of antibiotics, according to CLSI standard, a high resistance to Ampicillin (69-96%), Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (32-70%), Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (36-42%) was observed and low levels of resistance to Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Cefpodoxime, Gentamycin, Nalidixic acid. Among E. Coli strains, 9-9.6 % were ESBL positive. Despite the low number of positive urine cultures in a paediatric population, it is very important to perform the urine culture in order to correctly identify the etiology of UTIs, recommend the right antibiotic, and avoid the wrong use of the antibiotics in children.

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