scholarly journals Food consumption and nutritional and biochemical status of 0·5–12-year-old Indonesian children: the SEANUTS study

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (S3) ◽  
pp. S11-S20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandjaja Sandjaja ◽  
Basuki Budiman ◽  
Heryudarini Harahap ◽  
Fitrah Ernawati ◽  
Moesijanti Soekatri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Indonesia is currently facing the double burden of malnutrition. While undernutrition is still a major public health problem, the prevalence of overnutrition is increasing. The objective of the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) was to provide up-to-date data on nutritional status, food consumption and biochemical parameters related to nutrition for children aged 0·5–12 years. The SEANUTS study in Indonesia was conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 7·211 children using multistage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size, stratified for geographical location, in forty-eight out of 440 districts/cities. The results show that the growth (weight for age, height for age, weight for height and BMI for age) of Indonesian pre-school- and school-aged children is below the WHO standards. The older the children, the more the deviation from the WHO standard curves. Underweight was more prevalent in rural areas (28·9 v. 19·2 %) and overweight/obesity was observed to be more widespread in urban areas (5·6 v. 3·2 %). The prevalence varied with age groups and sexes. The overall prevalence of stunting was 25·2 and 39·2 % in urban and rural areas, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia was nearly 55 % in children aged 0·5–1·9 years and ranged from 10·6 to 15·5 % in children aged 2–12 years. Fe deficiency was observed in 4·1–8·8 % of the children. The percentage of children with dietary intakes of energy, protein, and vitamins A and C below the Indonesian RDA was high and differed across urban and rural areas and age groups.

scholarly journals Urban-Rural Differences in Nutritional Status and Dietary Intakes of School-Aged Children in Cambodia

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Horiuchi ◽  
Kaoru Kusama ◽  
Sar Kanha ◽  
Nobuo Yoshiike ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Urban Rural

: This study aimed to describe the nutritional status and dietary patterns of Cambodian school-aged children compared with those in the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS; Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam in 2011) and to clarify the urban-rural differences using data from a nationally representative sample. The survey was conducted in 2014/2015 with a sample of 2020 children aged 6–17 years from 136 randomly selected schools. Standardized anthropometric measurements and a 1-day dietary survey by 24-hour recall method were conducted. Extended analyses in the present study revealed that the difference between rural and urban areas was similar to that of the SEANUTS; the overall prevalence of stunting remained high (33.2%). Stunting was more prevalent in children living in rural areas than in those in urban areas (total: 36.4% vs 20.4%). In contrast, the overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was not as high (3.1%), but was higher among urban children in all age groups compared with those living in rural areas (total: 6.4% vs 2.3%). Overall, the dietary intake of children did not meet the local recommended dietary allowances, which was similar to the results of the SEANUTS and differed across urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake and Prevalence of Dental Caries among Five-Year-Old Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillary K. Wakhungu ◽  
Gertrude M. Were ◽  
Charlotte A. Serrem ◽  
Caroline J. Kibosia
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Dental caries is a major public health problem associated with diet and nutrition affecting 60-90% of children globally with the burden in both industrialized and less industrialized countries undergoing nutrition transition. The aim of this study was to assess the relation between the dietary intake and nutritional status on dental caries prevalence of 5-year-old school children in urban and rural areas of Uasin-Gishu County.  In this study, 382 five year old children and their parents/caregivers were sampled from urban and rural schools in Uasin-Gishu County to participate in the study. Dental caries status was assessed based on the criteria proposed by WHO for oral health surveys. Structured questionnaires was used to gather information on demographic and socio-economic status. A quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect data on dietary intake. Dietary intake data was analyzed using ENA for SMART computer programmes and the rest of the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21 (2007). The prevalence of dental caries stood at 39.3% with a mean dft of 1.55 and 60.7% being dental caries free. Children met their nutrient requirements for protein, vitamin C, calcium, and phosphorus, but did not meet the requirements for energy, folate, vitamin A, and iron. Many children from urban than rural areas consumed sweets/candies at 33.5% and 15.3% respectively.  Children from urban areas (288) had the highest mean dft of 1.83±1.37 while those from rural areas (154) had a mean dft score of 1.16±1.13. This was significantly different (p<0.05). Overweight was higher in the urban population compared to the rural population at 13.64% and 8.96% respectively. The prevalence of underweight was higher in rural areas at 10.7%, stunting at 14.6% and wasting at 6.8%. There is inadequate intake of Energy, Vitamin A and Iron in the diet consumed by the 5-year-old which might be contributing to dental caries prevalence both in the urban and rural areas of Uasin – Gishu County, Kenya. Children should be fed on nutrient rich foods and cariogenic foods should be consumed occasionally.

scholarly journals Assessment of multiple factors affecting intelligence quotient of children of rural and urban areas of Rajasthan, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2557
Author(s):  
Shreyans D. Singhvi ◽  
Preksha T. Singh ◽  
Gautam Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Children are the future of our country and hence their mental and physical wellbeing should be our upmost priority. Undernutrition is a major public health problem in our country and is one of the most common reasons for morbidity and mortality in children under 5yrs of age. The first few years of life are particularly important because vital development occurs in all domains. Therefore, this study has aimed to study the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of the children of the age group 3-5 in urban and rural areas and study the factors associated with it.Methods: A cross section study of the children group of population was performed. Two sections of the children group were taken for the study- children population residing in an urban area and children population residing in a rural community of Rajasthan, India. The data was compiled and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.Results: In our study, we have found that The following chosen demographic factors were found associated with children Intelligence quotient (IQ) - nutritional status, socioeconomic status, and age, while gender was not found to be associated with IQ.Conclusions: As, cognitive development is fairly important to children and their future, it should be paid more acknowledgment, as well as early preventive methods of it’s associated factors. 

scholarly journals Isolation and Immunological Detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis from HIV and Non-HIV Patients in Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Enenche Ejeh1 ◽  
Ann Undiandeye ◽  
Kenneth Okon ◽  
Haruna Moshud Kazeem ◽  
Ayuba Caleb Kudi
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Rifampicin Resistance ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Lowenstein Jensen

BACKGROUND: Immunological techniques are important tools for tuberculosis epidemiology; although its use is underutilized in Nigeria. In this study, we report the epidemiological outlook of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV patients in Benue State, Nigeria.METHODS: Sputum samples were collected from 425 suspected TB patients from July 2016 to February 2018 and subjected to acid-fast microscopy, GeneXpert MTB/RIF, processed using NALC-NaOH and cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen media. The isolates obtained were identified by SD-Bioline® assay.RESULTS: The prevalence of TB by acid-fast microscopy was 35(15.9%). The prevalence of TB by acid-fast bacilli was significantly (χ2 = 8.458; P = 0.003) highest among the 15-34 years age group (22.0%) compared with other age groups. TB prevalence was significantly (χ2 = 4.751; P = 0.029) higher among patients from rural areas than those from urban center (23.8% vs 14.1%). GeneXpert assay detected 64(15.1%) TB cases of which patients from rural areas had significantly (χ2 = 8.104; P = 0.017) higher prevalence of TB than patients from urban areas (23.8% vs 12.9%). The overall rifampicin resistance TB was 3.1%. Also, patients from rural areas had significantly (χ2 = 10.625; P = 0.005) higher rifampicin resistance compared with patient from urban areas (8.3% vs 1.3%). Of the 126(29.7%) mycobacterial isolates, 42(33.33%) were identified as MTBC and 84 (66.67%) as NTM by SD-Bioline®assay.CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is still a major public health problem, with relatively high prevalence rate of rifampicin resistance among HIV positive patients. Further studies are needed for early detection and treatment intervention necessary for infection control.

scholarly journals SEANUTS: the nutritional status and dietary intakes of 0.5–12-year-old Thai children

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (S3) ◽  
pp. S36-S44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nipa Rojroongwasinkul ◽  
Kallaya Kijboonchoo ◽  
Wanphen Wimonpeerapattana ◽  
Sasiumphai Purttiponthanee ◽  
Uruwan Yamborisut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Serum Retinol

In the present study, we investigated nutritional status and health-related factors in a multistage cluster sample of 3119 Thai urban and rural children aged 0·5–12·9 years. In a subsample, blood samples were collected for the measurement of Hb, transferrin receptor, vitamin A and vitamin D concentrations. The prevalence of stunting and underweight was higher in rural children than in urban children, whereas the wasting rate was similar in both rural and urban areas. Among children aged 3·0–5·9 years, the prevalence of overweight was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas and so was the obesity rate in children aged 6·0–12·9 years. Protein intakes of all age groups were relatively high in both the areas. Intakes of Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamin C were significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The prevalence of anaemia in rural areas was twice as high as that in urban areas, particularly in infants and young children. However, the prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia was similar in both urban and rural areas. While the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (by serum retinol cut-off < 0·7 μmol/l) seemed to be very low, vitamin A insufficiency (by serum retinol cut-off < 1·05 μmol/l) was more prevalent (29·4–31·7 %) in both the areas. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency ranged between 27·7 and 45·6 % among the children. The present study indicates that the double burden of malnutrition is still a major public health problem in Thailand. Further studies need to explore the associated risk factors for these nutrient deficiencies. Effective strategies and actions are needed to tackle the nutritional problems in Thai children.

scholarly journals Using RFLP-PCR Technique in Determining Genotypes of Giardia lamblia from Diarrhea Cases in Children in AL-Diwaniyah City, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Hadi M. Hamza AL-Mayali ◽  
Lubna Abdul-Kadir AL-Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Dehydrogenase Gene ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Child Hospital ◽  
Genotype A

Introduction: Giardia lamblia is one of the most prevalent intestinal protozoa in the world, which affect children in both undeveloped and developing countries. This study aimed to determine genotypes of the Giardia lamblia using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR techniques. Additionally, the relationship between genotype patterns and their geographical distribution, gender, and age was investigated. Methods: The current study included 926 samples of faeces of children suffering from diarrhoea, who visits the internal clinics at Teaching Hospital, and Child Hospital in AL- Diwaniyah City from November 2012 - Jun 2013. For age groups of 1-12 years exclusively. The samples were examined using a direct mount wet smear, The positive samples were preserved without adding preservatives at a temperature of -20°C until the DNA extraction for G. lamblia genotyping by using PCR and RFLP-PCR technique. Results: Giardia lamblia was detected in 2.15% (20/926) of samples from diarrhea cases in children by amplification of glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) using two specific primers GDHiR and GDHiF. It was revealed that 7 samples belonged to genotype A (35%) and 13 samples belonged to genotype B (65%). All genotype A samples belonged to subgenotype AII (100%), while genotype B samples belonged to subgenotypes BIII (53.61 %) and BIV (47.38 %). Genotype A was detected in children of 1-6 years of age while B genotype was detected in all age groups. Both of the genotypes have been detected in both genders (male and female) and genotype B was found in both urban and rural areas; however, its prevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (100% and 30%, respectively). Conclusion: There are two genotypes of Giardia lamblia, genotype A and genotype B, each of which has secondary genetic patterns which include AII, BIII, and BIV.

scholarly journals Changing Food Consumption and Nutrition Intake in Kazakhstan

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Jia ◽  
Lin Zhen ◽  
Yu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Food resource is an important bond that connects human beings and nature. In this study, we investigated the changes in food consumption and nutrition intake in Kazakhstan from a spatial and temporal perspective, from 2001 to 2018. The data were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, international organizations and our social interview work. After the start of the 21st century, it was found that per capita food consumption significantly increased; however, the consumption of crop, vegetables and milk decreased. Per capita meat consumption was similar in both urban and rural areas. However, some food consumption showed differences between urban and rural areas. Changes of food consumption quantity and structure also had some effects on nutrient intake and the proportion of nutrients. Per capita energy intake in the national, urban and rural areas all increased remarkably. The energy intake changes in eastern states increased much more than that in western states. Protein intake in rural and urban areas was similar; however, the gap between carbohydrates and fat intake in urban and rural areas increased. The intake of protein, carbohydrates and fat in different states showed the same trend. Food consumption and nutrition intake are affected by economic, social and ecological factors.

Anisometropia in the 5th and 6th school years

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A F Nunes ◽  
A S Nunes ◽  
P Monteiro ◽  
C R Martins ◽  
H Forte
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Introduction Anisometropia is characterized by a refractive inter ocular difference greater than 1.00 dioptre (D). It is the main cause of amblyopia and loss of binocular vision. Its prevalence depends on several factors, being different values in different geographical areas of the world and in different age groups. Objectives To estimate the frequency of anisometropia in children of the 2nd cycle of Basic Education. Methodology A total of 519 children attending the 5th and 6th school years, from Covilhã schools, from urban and rural areas, aged between 9 and 14 years (10.8 ± 0.8 years) were enrolled in the study. The refractive error was measured with a paediatric auto refractometer (Plusoptix), without cycloplegic and in binocular conditions. Anisometropia was defined as the inter ocular difference in spherical equivalent or cylindrical, greater than 1.00 D and a separate analysis for values greater than 2.00 D. Results The sample was symmetrically divided into genders (50.9% Male), between school grade (53% 5th year) and higher in urban areas (70.1%). The prevalence of anisometropia with cut-off points of 1.00 D and 2.00 D was 12.3% and 5.0%, respectively. There was a higher prevalence among males, in rural areas and in 6th grade. The Chi-square test (□2) shows that the difference is statistically significant only between years of schooling, with a higher prevalence in the 6th grade (p = 0.001). Conclusion There was a slightly higher prevalence of spherical and cylindrical anisometropia (5% and 12.3%) than is reported in the literature (rates between 4.4% and 9.4%). The 6th school year presented rates significantly higher than the 5th year, which points out that anisometropia increases with age, as was also advocated by other authors. Visual screening programs in adolescence for the detection of anisometropia are fundamental, since their timely correction allows to safeguard the binocular vision.

scholarly journals Examining the Role of Health Facilities in Supporting Iron Folic Acid Supplementation Adherence Among Women in Malawi (OR25-03-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rukundo Benedict ◽  
Wenjuan Wang ◽  
Lindsay Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Health System Strengthening ◽  
Gps Data ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Iron Folic Acid

Abstract Objectives Maternal anemia is a major public health problem in many low and middle income countries. In Malawi, consumption of iron folic acid supplements (IFA) has remained low and unchanged since 2004, even with the support of national policy and programs. To understand program implementation challenges, our study examined the relationship between the IFA-related health service environment (HSE) during antenatal care (ANC) and women's adherence to IFA supplementation guidelines. Methods Data from the 2015–16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 2013–14 Malawi Service Provision Assessment (SPA), both of which collect GPS data of clusters or health facilities, were used. Each DHS cluster was linked to SPA facilities within a specified buffer distance (5 km for urban and 10 km for rural) using GPS data. IFA-related HSE was defined as availability of IFA, observed prescription of IFA, and observed counseling on IFA in health facilities within the buffer. The HSE variables were aggregated to the cluster-level and classified as low, medium, or high. Multilevel logistic regressions, stratified by urban and rural locale, were used to model associations between consumption of IFA and HSE variables controlling for individual-level factors. Results In Malawi 44% of women in urban and 32% in rural areas reported IFA consumption for at least 90 days during their most recent pregnancy. IFA supplements were available in the majority of health facilities (94%) providing ANC. Among clients, 85% received IFA or were given a prescription, 59% were counseled on how to use IFA, and 3% were counseled on side effects. In rural areas, regression models showed that high levels of IFA availability in facilities (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.13–3.80) and IFA counseling (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.12–1.78) were associated with IFA consumption. No associations with any HSE variables were observed in urban areas. Conclusions Despite widespread availability and prescription of IFA supplements from health facilities, receipt of counseling was low, particularly for side effects. Findings in rural areas reinforce the importance of health system strengthening to ensure IFA availability and counseling to support IFA consumption during pregnancy. Further research is warranted to investigate factors that affect IFA consumption in urban areas. Funding Sources United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the DHS Program (7200AA18C00083).

The Comparison of Twinning Rates Between Urban and Rural Areas in China

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Ping Gan ◽  
Zhong-Hua Wu ◽  
Zhi-Ming Tu ◽  
Jian Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBased on the birth record data from the National Vital Statistics in the 1990 Census of China, the present study analyzed the differences between urban and rural areas on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin rates by maternal age in 1989. The twins by zygosity were calculated with Weinberg's differential method. Results show that the MZ and DZ twinning rates in China were associated with maternal age and that there were substantial differences between urban and rural areas. The MZ twinning rates in urban and rural areas were 2.36 pairs and 2.11 pairs per 1000 deliveries respectively, significantly lower than that in most studied populations. Furthermore, our analysis indicated that MZ twinning rates remained relatively constant for mothers under the age group of 36 to 38 years, but rose over this age group in both areas, albeit with a different slope. The DZ twinning rates were strikingly affected by maternal age, but the age for peak DZ rates was found within the age group of 33 to 35 years. In all maternal age groups except for 24 to 26 years, the DZ twinning rates in urban areas were higher than in rural areas. It remains unclear as to why the DZ twinning rates reversed to reach higher values within the older maternal age groups in China, but it is almost certain that the high twinning rates had nothing to do with in vitro fertilization.

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