scholarly journals Evaluación de la Viabilidad Técnica para la Captación del Agua Atmosférica acorde a las Condiciones Climatológicas del Municipio de Facatativá / Evaluation of the Technical Viability for the Atmospheric Water Capture according to the Climatological Conditions of Facatativá, Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 5690-5702
Author(s):  
Danilo A. Hernández Peñuela ◽  
Jhonathan Ramírez Bohórquez ◽  
Rolando Mendoza Rincón
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Technical Feasibility ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Electronic Sensors

The aim of this work was to determine the technical feasibility to obtain atmospheric water according to the weather conditions in Facatativá, Colombia. Atmospheric water capture is an alternative source for a population with limited access to water resources. This problem is especially serious for vulnerable communities that require the development of new sources of water supply. For the development of this work, three phases were considered: Climatological dataset related with relative humidity and temperature in Facatativá were obtained from the IDEAM Villa Inés Station for the period 2006 - 2016. With these data the maximum amount of condensable water per kilogram of air and operating ranges for the experimental setup were calculated. The second phase involved of an experimental setup consisting of a glass chamber connected to two Peltier cells. Saturated air was fed into the chamber. A 24 factorial design was carried out where the factors were the air inlet flow and the temperature. The humidity and temperature data of the outlet air were obtained by means of electronic sensors. Finally, the interpretation of data and results of the water obtained were used to calculate the efficiencies of the process. The results of this work demonstrate the technical feasibility of obtaining water from humid air and propose improvements for the establishment of future assemblies. 

Weather effects on intrahabitat movements of the western green lizard, Lacerta bilineata (Daudin, 1802), at its northern distribution range border: a radio-tracking study

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1831-1839 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Sound ◽  
M Veith
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Northern Distribution ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Movement Parameters ◽  
Bad Weather

Daily activity patterns of male western green lizards, Lacerta bilineata (Daudin, 1802), at the edge of their northern distribution range in western Germany after the breeding season from June to October were recorded using implanted radio transmitters. Different activity indices discriminating between stimulation, duration, and length of movement were correlated with actual weather conditions (d0) and with weather conditions on the 2 previous days (d-1 and d-2). The lizards' dependence on weather showed two different phases throughout the study period. During the first period and in the period preceding a drastic change of weather in midsummer, weather had no significant influence on movement parameters. After that event, temperatures dropped and a strong dependence on weather of all movement parameters except those indicating displacements became apparent. Thresholds for 50% activity during this second phase were a maximum temperature of 17°C and a minimum humidity of 35%. Two days after periods of bad weather, the influence of weather conditions increased again. This can be explained by physiological deficits that require compensation during the period of marginal weather conditions prior to hibernation. Displacement movements were significantly longer than home-range movements and were neither triggered nor modulated by the weather. They must therefore represent activities such as patrolling territory boundaries.

scholarly journals Spectrally-Resolved Raman Lidar to Measure Atmospheric Three-Phase Water Simultaneously

2020 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 06017
Author(s):  
Fuchao Liu ◽  
Fan Yi
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cloud Microphysics ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Phase Water ◽  
Spectrally Resolved ◽  
Ice Water

We report on a spectrally-resolved Raman lidar that can simultaneously profile backscattered Raman spectrum signals from water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals as well as aerosol fluorescence in the atmosphere. The lidar emits a 354.8-nm ultraviolet laser radiation and samples echo signals in the 393.0-424.0 nm wavelength range with a 1.0-nm spectral resolution. A spectra decomposition method is developed to retrieve fluorescence spectra, water vapor Raman spectra and condensed (liquid and/or ice) water Raman spectra successively. Based on 8 different clear-sky nighttime measurement results, the entire atmospheric water vapor Raman spectra are for the first time obtained by lidar. The measured normalized water vapor Raman spectra are nearly invariant and can serve as background reference for atmospheric water phase state identification under various weather conditions. For an ice virga event, it’s found the extracted condensed water Raman spectra are highly similar in shape to theoretical ice water Raman spectra reported by Slusher and Derr (1975). In conclusion, the lidar provides an effective way to measure three-phase water simultaneously in the atmosphere and to study of cloud microphysics as well as interaction between aerosols and clouds.

scholarly journals Application of Infrared Digital Holography for Characterization of Inhomogeneities and Voluminous Defects of Single Crystals on the Example of ZnGeP2

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Dyomin ◽  
Alexander Gribenyukov ◽  
Sergey Podzyvalov ◽  
Nikolay Yudin ◽  
Mikhail Zinoviev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Digital Holography ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Holographic Method ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

In this work, the method of IR digital holography intended for detection of volumetric defects in ZnGeP2 single crystals has been tested. The holographic method is verified by a comparison of the results obtained with the data obtained by other methods. The spatial resolution of the experimental setup is ~15–20 µm. The volumetric defects of the ZnGeP2 crystal structure (in samples with thickness up to 50 mm) such as growth striations, dislocation chain, and inclusions of the second phase (Zn3P2) shaped as needles up to ~100 µm long and ~10 µm wide have been visualized by the method of IR digital holography.

scholarly journals Producing Safe Drinking Water Using an Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) in an Urban Environment

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2940
Author(s):  
Offir Inbar ◽  
Igal Gozlan ◽  
Stanislav Ratner ◽  
Yaron Aviv ◽  
Roman Sirota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Dew Water

Alternative new technologies are urgently needed to overcome the rapidly increasing global water scarcity. Atmospheric dew water is a potential source of potable water, as the earth’s atmosphere contains billions of tons of fresh water (98% in a vapor state). The atmospheric water generator (AWG) converts water vapor into liquid water and is a promising solution for water scarcity. We provide the first comprehensive analysis of the chemical profiles of water produced for several months by an AWG in the city of Tel Aviv, Israel. Metals, inorganic ions, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and semi-VOCs were analyzed in the dew water. The main elements found were ammonium, calcium, sulfate, and nitrate. Location of the sampling site in an urban residential area, between major traffic routes, likely affected the chemical composition of the produced dew water. Nevertheless, the produced water nearly always (day and night in different seasons) met the WHO and Israeli drinking water standards. Thus, even in a highly developed urban environment, the AWG offers an excellent alternative source of safe drinking water throughout the year.

scholarly journals Fractional dynamics in liquid manipulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-560
Author(s):  
M. Lima ◽  
J. Machado
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Control System ◽  
Fractional Calculus ◽  
Trajectory Planning ◽  
Fourier Spectrum ◽  
Fractional Dynamics ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Analysis Package

Fractional dynamics in liquid manipulationThis paper presents a fractional calculus perspective in the study of signals captured during the movement of a mechanical manipulator carrying a liquid container. In order to study the signals an experimental setup is implemented. The system acquires data from the sensors, in real time, and, in a second phase, processes them through an analysis package. The analysis package runs off-line and handles the recorded data. The results show that the Fourier spectrum of several signals presents a fractional behavior. The experimental study provides useful information that can assist in the design of a control system and the trajectory planning to be used in reducing or eliminating the effect of vibrations.

scholarly journals PV Benefits Assessment for PV-Powered Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4127
Author(s):  
Youssef Krim ◽  
Manuela Sechilariu ◽  
Fabrice Locment
Keyword(s):  
Power Grid ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Grid Connection ◽  
Local Stakeholders ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Charging Stations

Recently, the lift off point for the sales of electric vehicle (EV) was started with a significant increase. Therefore, convenient access to charging station infrastructure is required. The purpose of this work is to assess the role and benefits of photovoltaic (PV) for PV-powered charging infrastructures for EVs by a better energy management. This management is performed by a microgrid based on PV panels installed on roofs or car parking shades, EVs charging terminals, electrochemical stationary storage, and public grid connection. The aim is to define the economic aspects, feasibility and preliminary requirements for this system, in order to avoid overloading the power grid and guarantee a higher percentage of clean energy. The proposed methodology is presented through the modeling and development of a techno-economic tool for local stakeholders, allowing to manage and size EV charging stations, which is divided into three phases. The first phase informs local stakeholders on the necessary space and the maximum sizing as well as the generated cost to install a PV-powered charging station (PVCS). During the second phase, the total cost of the PVCS is adjusted according to the users’ budgets and needs. The third phase presents a detailed qualitative analysis of the user-defined configuration. In this phase, the main objective is to assess the performance of the PVCS, and then, to improve its sizing and its operating modes aiming at increasing the use of PV energy, while minimizing energy supplied by the power grid. In addition, it allows evaluating the PVCS performance by proposing an energy balance according to different charging scenarios (virtuous scenario, critical scenario, realistic scenario, and personalized scenario) and weather conditions. Moreover, this tool is reproducible in peri-urban area since it is able to handle any location.

InterFrost Project Phase 2: Updated experiment results for the validation of Cryohydrogeological codes (Frozen Inclusion)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Grenier ◽  
Francois Costard
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Implementation Phase

<p>Recent field and modelling studies indicate that a fully-coupled, multi-dimensional, thermo-hydraulic (TH) approach is required to accurately model the evolution of permafrost-impacted landscapes and groundwater systems. However, the relatively new and complex numerical codes being developed for coupled non-linear freeze-thaw systems require validation. This issue was first addressed within the InterFrost IPA Action Group, by means of an intercomparison of thirteen numerical codes for two-dimensional TH test cases (TH2 & TH3). The main results (cf. Grenier et al. 2018 and wiki.lsce.ipsl.fr/interfrost) demonstrate that these codes provide robust results for the test cases considered.</p><p>The second phase of the InterFrost project is devoted to the simulation of a cold-room reference experiment based on test case TH2 (Frozen Inclusion). In a first implementation phase of the experimental setup, the initial frozen inclusion was inserted in the setup prior to the complete filling of the porous medium and the flow initiation. The thermal evolution of the system was monitored by thermistors located at the center of the initial inclusion and along the downgradient centerline. This setup provided optimal conditions to control the initial experiment geometries but resulted in slight differences in the initialization time for different experiments.</p><p>In a second implementation strategy, we now consider “in place” generation of an initial frozen inclusion through a cooling coil. The initial frozen inclusion is obtained after the initial cooling time and its initial thermal state is measured by means of an array of thermistors. In a second step, the flow is initiated, and the thermal evolution is monitored through an array of 11 thermistors (within the initial position and downgradient).</p><p>The experimental setup and an overview of all monitoring results as well as preliminary numerical simulations are presented. In an attempt to prevent formerly observed drifts in total water flowrates, the porous medium is renewed for each single experiment considering some key experimental conditions (full-flow vs. no-flow). A repetition of experiments provides an estimation of experimental uncertainty bounds. Derived results and conclusions from this experiment will form the basis for the next phase within the InterFrost validation exercise.</p>

Comparison of vertical and horizontal flow planted and unplanted subsurface flow wetlands treating municipal wastewater

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Pandey ◽  
P. D. Jenssen ◽  
T. Krogstad ◽  
Sven Jonasson
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Media ◽  
Better Than

In the search for design criteria for constructed wetlands (CWs) in Nepal a semi-scale experimental setup including horizontal flow (HF) and vertical flow (VF) CWs was developed. This paper compares the performance of HF and VF wetlands, and planted with unplanted beds. The experimental setup consists of two units of HF and VF beds of size 6 m × 2 m × 0.6 m and 6 m × 2 m × 0.8 m (length × width × depth) respectively. For both HF and VF systems, one unit was planted with Phragmites karka (local reed) and one was not planted. The systems were fed with wastewater drawn from the grit chamber of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The media consisted of river gravel. In the first phase of the experiment the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) was varied in steps; 0.2, 0.08, 0.04 m3/m2/d and the percent removal increase with decrease in HLR for all beds and parameters except for total phosphorus. In the second phase the loading rate of 0.04 m3/m2/d was run for 7 months. In both parts of the experiment the planted beds performed better than the unplanted beds and the VF better than the HF beds. To meet Nepalese discharge standards HF beds are sufficient, but to meet stricter requirements a combination of HF and VF beds are recommended.

scholarly journals Experimental and Modeling Dynamic Study of the Indirect Solar Water Heater: Application to Rabat Morocco

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Ouhammou Badr ◽  
Azeddine Frimane ◽  
Aggour Mohammed ◽  
Brahim Daouchi ◽  
Abdellah Bah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Solar Water Heater ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Forced Circulation ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Temperature Output

The Indirect Solar Water Heater System (SWHS) with Forced Circulation is modeled by proposing a theoretical dynamic multi-node model. The SWHS, which works with a 1,91 m<sup>2</sup> PFC and 300 L storage tank, and it is equipped with available forced circulation scale system fitted with an automated sub-system that controlled hot water, is what the experimental setup consisted of. The system, which 100% heated water by only using solar energy. The experimental weather conditions are measured every one minute. The experiments validation steps were performed for two periods, the first one concern the cloudy days in December, the second for the sunny days in May; the average deviations between the predicted and the experimental values is 2 %, 5 % for the water temperature output and for the useful energy  are 4 %, 9 % respectively for the both typical days, which is very satisfied. The thermal efficiency was determined experimentally and theoretically and shown to agree well with the EN12975 standard for the flow rate between 0,02 kg/s and 0,2kg/s.

scholarly journals Rain attenuation prediction model for satellite communications based on the Météo-France ensemble prediction system PEARP

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 3327-3341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Dahman ◽  
Philippe Arbogast ◽  
Nicolas Jeannin ◽  
Bouchra Benammar
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Satellite Communications ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Ensemble Prediction ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Mitigation Techniques

Abstract. This paper presents an example of the usage of ensemble weather forecasting for the control of satellite-based communication systems. Satellite communication systems become increasingly sensitive to weather conditions as their operating frequency increases to avoid electromagnetic spectrum congestion and enhance their capacity. In the microwave domain, electromagnetic waves that are conveying information are attenuated between the satellite and Earth terminals in the presence of hydrometeors (mostly rain drops and more marginally cloud droplets). To maintain a reasonable level of service availability, even with adverse weather conditions considering the scarcity of amplification power in spacecraft, fade mitigation techniques have been developed. The general idea behind those fade mitigation techniques is to reroute, change the characteristics or reschedule the transmission in the case of too-significant propagation impairments. For some systems, a scheduling on how to use those mechanisms some hours in advance is required, making assumptions on the future weather conditions affecting the link. To this aim the use of weather forecast data to control the attenuation compensation mechanisms seems of particular interest to maximize the performances of the communication links and hence of the associated economic value. A model to forecast the attenuation on the link based on forecasted rainfall amounts from deterministic or ensemble weather forecasting is presented and validated. In a second phase, the model's application to a simplified telecommunication system allows us to demonstrate the valuable contribution of weather forecasting in the system's availability optimization or in the system's throughput optimization. The benefit of using ensemble forecasts rather than deterministic ones is demonstrated as well.

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