scholarly journals Pembuatan film plastik biodegradable dari limbah kulit kopi dengan penambahan kitosan/gliserol

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Edwin Rizki Safitra ◽  
Idra Herlina
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biodegradable Plastic ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Waste Glycerol ◽  
Chitosan Concentration ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Materials Used

Biodegradable plastic production has been developed for a long time by researchers. Data from Ministry of Industry in 2017 stated Indonesia's plastic production reached 3.9 million tons/ year. In this study, the raw materials used came from untapped waste, namely coffee skin, biodiesel-waste glycerol and shrimp-shells chitosan. In this research, biodegradable plastic films have been produced with the addition of glycerol and coffee skin waste with chitosan concentration variations of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%. After the optimum conditions were obtained by comparing the elongation and tensile strength values, then the variations in coffee skin waste were added with a weight of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g. Tensile strength and elongation values with variations of chitosan were 0.2-1.87 MPa and 0.22-0.15%, respectively. Whereas the variation of tensile strength and elongation coffee skins were 1.8-0.27 MPa and 0.14-0.2%, respectively. The optimum conditions for producing biodegradable plastic films were obtained with variations of chitosan 4% and 2 g coffee skin with tensile strength and elongation values of 0.98 MPa and 0.16%. The tensile strength and elongation data produced from biodegradable plastic was still below the standard value of commercial plastic or synthetic plastic (HDPE) with values of tensile strength and elongation of 28.64 MPa and 6.5186% respectively.

scholarly journals Pengujian Mekanik dan Biodegradabilitas Plastik Biodegradable Berbahan Baku Pati Bonggol Pisang dengan Penambahan Kitosan, Sorbitol, dan Minyak Kayu Manis

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewi Oetary ◽  
Syaubari Syaubari ◽  
Medyan Riza
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Biodegradable Plastic ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Complete Degradation ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Break Water

<p>Biodegradable plastic is an alternative to conventional plastic which has been very difficult to degrade and causes environmental pollution. Biodegradable plastic raw materials come from plants or plant wastes, so they are easily degraded by the environment and the utilization of waste becomes more efficient. The general objective of this study is to obtain the characteristics of plastics that meet the standards by varying the concentration of the materials used. This study used Kepok banana hump starch with variations in the concentration of chitosan, sorbitol, and cinnamon oil. The variable used is the ratio of weight of starch and water (1: 5). The concentration of chitosan nanoparticles was 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%, sorbitol concentrations were 2 ml, 4 ml, and 6 ml, and the concentration of cinnamon was 0%, 0.5%, and 1%. Tests carried out are tensile strength, elongation of break, water absorption, and biodegradability. The best tensile strength results are 19.6 MPa, the best elongation is 47.69%, the highest water absorption is 53.77% and the lowest is 22.63%, and the complete degradation takes the longest time of 77 days.</p>

scholarly journals Potensi Pemanfaatan Serat Selulosa sebagai Material Bahan Baku dalam Sintesis Filter Udara Non-Woven sesuai Standar TAPPI T 205

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Irwan Suriaman ◽  
Mardiyati ◽  
Jooned Hendrarsakti ◽  
Ari Darmawan Pasek
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ramie Fiber ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Materials Used

Industry 4.0 era materials used by entrepreneurs should be recycled, environmentally friendly, renewable with less chemical content. Indonesia as a tropical country has a large land area with the potential to produce the largest natural fiber in the world. One opportunity that can be applied to the utilization of natural fibers in air filters that currently use dominant materials is synthetic fibers. natural fiber has the advantage because it does not contain toxic chemicals, local raw materials, and is easily produced. This research will analyze the mechanical and morphological characteristics of biological fibers that have great potential as pre-filter raw material. Analysis of mechanical properties through tensile strength testing for single fibers and morphological analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile testing was the results are; palm oil has a tensile strength of 620 MPa; 998 MPa and 213 MPa flax coconut fiber. For the morphological test results from SEM analysis for ramie fiber, it looks solid without fiber holes; The fibers appear to be many small fibers bound to one another while coir fibers have many pore holes in one observed fiber.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF RETENTION FORMS ON ACRYLIC BASE SURFACES ON ADHESIVE STRENGTH OF DENTURE RELINER MATERIALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Endang Prawesthi ◽  
Handoko Tirta ◽  
Rahmaniawati Rahmaniawati
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Adhesive Strength ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Base Surface ◽  
Long Time ◽  
New Material ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Block Width ◽  
Almost All

Background: Acrylic prosthesis that are used for a long time are often not sticky anymore and easy off. Treatment that can be done is relining, which is resurfacing with new material addition to prosthesis surface in contact with mucosa. One of materials used is denture reliner made of acrylic material (heat and self cured acrylic). The successful use of this reliner material depends on the retention of acrylic base surface. There is some retentions namely bur strokes, ethyl acetate and Al2O3 sandblast. Purpose: To determine effect of retention in form of bur strokes, Ethyl Acetate and Al2O3 sandblast on acrylic bases surface on adhesive strength of reliner denture material. Method: Research using samples in form of acrylic blocks with a length of 80mm, a large block width of 10  x10 mm and small block of 10 x 8 mm, reliner material thickness is 3 mm. Total of 64 samples were divided into 2 groups based on reliner materials (heat and self) and each group was divided into 4 groups based on treatment (control, bur stroke, ethyl acetat and Al2O33 sandblast).  All samples were subjected to tensile test using UTM to obtain tensile strength values. Result: Heat CA tensile strength value was greater than self CA and the two groups were significantly different (p<0.05), while lowest tensile strength value in control group followed by  ethyl acetate and  largest value in Al2O3 sandblast  and almost all groups were significantly different (p<0.05). Conclusion: Heat CA is more adhesive than self CA and  retention on acrylic surface is proven to be effective in increasing adhesive strength of acrylic surface against denture reliner.

PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI CAMPURAN LIMBAH ROTAN DAN PENYULINGAN KULIT KAYU GEMOR (Alseodaphne spp)

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Budi Tri Cahyana
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Materials Used

Utilization of rattan waste and gemor bark (Alseodaphne spp) distillation  for particle board had been carried out. The aim of this research was to know physical mechanical particle board from rattan waste mixed with gemor bark distillation. The raw materials used were cut-rattan waste of 2 cm and gemor bark distillation mashed in 16 mesh. The adhesive used were starch and PVAC. Composition variety of the mixture of rattan waste and gemor bark distillation particle were 50%: 50%, 60%: 40%, 70%: 30% and 5% adhesive. The results showed that highest average of modulus of rupture (26,62 kg/cm2) was obtained in 60% : 40% comparison of rattan waste and gemor bark distillation with starch adhesive (a2b1) and the density was 0.75 gr/cm3. The highest average of modulus of elasticity (633,76 kg/cm2) was in composition of 60%: 40% with PVAc adhesive (a2b2) and the density was 0,71 gr/cm3. The highest average of tensile strength (3,15 kg/cm2) was obtained in composition of 60%: 40% with starch adhesive (a2b1) and the density was  0.75 gr/cm3.Keywords: rattan waste, gemor bark distillation, particle board

scholarly journals Tapioca Waste-Methyl Methacrylate Irradiation for Biodegradable Plastic Raw Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Akhmad Rasyid Syahputra ◽  
Tita Puspitasari ◽  
Santoso Prayitno ◽  
Ade Lestari Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Biodegradable Plastic ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Polymer Reaction ◽  
Gel Fraction ◽  
Dog Bone

Nuclear technology can be applied not only as an energy (electricity) but also in industry as as an initiator on polymer reaction. Tapioca waste is used due to its biodegradability properties. Tapioca waste gel is formed by adding equal aquades ratio to waste weight. After gel formed, several concentrations of methyl methacrylate (w/w) is added to the gel then packed into 150 mL ampule. Using Co-60 gamma irradiation source, gel is irradiated at 5 kGy absorbed dose. Gel is extracted using acetone to get rid of sample from impurities. Glycerol as a plasticizer is added to the gel to increase polymer flexibility. Gel-Glycerol mixing is done at 60ºC, 250 rpm for one hour by adding aquadest. To analyze mechanical properties, firstly, we need to mold samples using pressurized-hot press machine. Film is formed to type 5 specimen (dog bone, astm d638-14). Specimen is tested by analyzing tensile strength characteristics. Fabrication of biodegradable plastic based packaging by using starch has an increasement of mechanical and thermal properties at 5 kGy absorbed dose. Methyl methacrylate 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% addition to the solution has 10-24 MPa tensile strength. Gel fraction has range between 88-100%. Even the lowest ratio of monomer addition can provide highest gel fraction to improve mechanical properties of tapioca waste. 

scholarly journals The Fabrication of Roof Tiles Utilizing Palm Oil Boiler Ash and Used Rubber Thread Fibers Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Achiruddin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
Physical Density ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Boiler Ash

Polymer composite roof tiles are produced from palm oil boiler ash and used rubber thread fibers waste. The material was strengthened by asphalt through a molding and pressurized conventional technique of sand, palm oil boiler ash waste, rubber thread fibers waste, asphalt and epoxy resin mixture. The composition of boiler ash and rubber thread fibers varied of 20% : 0%, 18% : 2%, 16% : 4%, 14% : 6%, 12% : 8%, 10% : 10%. The results were tested for physical (density and water absorption), mechanical (compressive, impact and tensile strength) and thermal (Differential Thermal Analysis) properties. The characterization shows that the optimum mixture of sand, ash, thread, asphalt and resin compositions are 55% : 12% : 8% : 10% : 15% respectively, with the highest density of 1.64 gram/cm3, waster absorption value of 1.72%, 77.68 kJ/m2 impact value, 19.373 MPa tensile strength and 360°C for differential thermal analysis temperature. Those results meet the SNI standard for existing roof tiles. This shows that the materials used in the research can be a cheap and environmentally friendly alternative to roof tile raw materials.

Nutrition Components of Dry Noodles From Substitution of Aloe vera Skin Extract and Maize’s Sprout Flour

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-507
Author(s):  
Narsih ◽  
Agato
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Skin Extract ◽  
Materials Used

Background: The dried noodles produced from maize raw materials soaked for 24 hours were germinated for 36 hours and the Aloe vera skin extracted at 80°C for 60 minutes showed high nutrients, proving that this food product has functional properties. Objective: To check the quality of dry noodles produced from the combination of maize sprout flour and Aloe vera skin extract. Subject and Methods: The materials used were maize and Aloe vera skin. Maize was soaked for 24 hours and germinated for 36 hours and the Aloe vera skin was extracted at 80°C for 60 minutes. The maize sprouts obtained were then dried and floured. Then, Aloe vera skin extract was added, followed by other noodle-forming materials for further processing of dried noodles. The nutrient components were analyzed in the produced noodles. Results: The maize sprout flour had 11.35% protein, protein digestibility 84.84%, starch 37.63%, phytate compound 131.09 mg/g, organic compounds 11 mg/g, and functional compounds 22 mg/g, while the noodle product had elongation of 96.15%, swelling index of 19.64%, tensile strength of 2.01 Nmm, 18 organic acids compounds (lactate, oxalate, succinic, malic, mevalonic, p coumaric, ascorbate, ferulic, panthotenic, myristic, hexadecanoic, palmitic, α-linoleic, linoleic acid, oleic, stearate, isobehenate and folic) and 23 functional groups in the range 527.29 - 3354.74 cm-1. Conclusion: Dry noodles produced from Aloe vera skin extract and maize sprout flour have functional properties.

scholarly journals Variasi Volume Gliserol terhadap Sifat Fisis Plastik Biodegradable Berbahan Dasar Pati Ubi Kayu (Manihot Esculenta Cranz)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Marsi D.S Bani
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Biodegradable Plastic ◽  
Main Ingredient ◽  
Steel Mold ◽  
Plastic Films

Abstract:The use of starch as the main ingredient in making plastic has great potential especially in Indonesia with various starch-producing plants. To obtain bioplastics, starch is added with glycerol plasticizer, so that the plastic is more flexible and elastic. In this study, cassava starch (Manihot esculenta cranz) was used and the volume of glycerol as plasticizer was varied by 2 ml, 3 ml and 4 ml. The aim to be achieved in this study was to determine the volume variation of glycerol against the tensile strength of environmentally friendly biodegradable plastic films made from cassava starch. In addition, to find out what is the density of environmentally friendly biodegradable plastic films made from cassava starch. Cassava starch was obtained by isolating cassava starch 15 grams and then mixed with 2 ml glycerol (varied 3 ml and 4 ml) and 50 ml of aquades then heated while stirring with magnetic stirrer to form a thick dough. The mixture is then printed on a stainless steel mold. The results obtained in the form of thin sheets of plastic film that has been tested for tensile strength and density. After that followed by morphological analysis. The results of the biodegradable plastic characterization for tensile strength of plastic films with volume variations of glycerol 2 ml, 3 ml and 4 ml respectively as follows: 0.001 Mpa 0.069 Mpa 0.005 Mpa. For the density of biodegradable plastics for variations in volume of glycerol 2 ml, 3 ml and 4 ml respectively 0.0009 g / mm3, 0.0015 g / mm3 and 0.0014 g / mm3.Abstrak:Penggunaan pati sebagai bahan utama pembuatan plastik memiliki potensi yang besar terlebih lagi di Indonesia terdapat berbagai tanaman penghasil pati. Untuk memperoleh bioplastik, pati ditambahkan dengan plastisizer gliserol, sehingga diperoleh plastik yang lebih fleksible dan elastis. Pada penelitian ini digunakan pati ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta cranz) dan volume gliserol sebagai plastisizer divariasikan sebanyak 2 ml, 3 ml dan 4 ml. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui variasi volume Gliserol terhadap kuat tarik film plastik biodegradable ramah lingkungan berbahan dasar pati ubi kayu. Selain itu untuk mengetahui berapa densitas film plastik biodegradable ramah lingkungan berbahan dasar pati ubi kayu. Pati ubi kayu diperoleh dengan mengisolasi pati ubi kayu 15 gram kemudian dicampurkan dengan 2 ml gliserol (divariasikan 3 ml dan 4 ml) dan 50 ml aquades kemudian dipanaskan sambil diaduk dengan magnetik stirerr hingga berbentuk adonan yang kental. Campuran tersebut kemudian dicetak pada cetakan stainless steel. Hasil yang diperoleh berupa lembaran tipis film plastik yang telah diuji kekuatan tarik dan densitasnya. Setelah itu dilanjutkan dengan analisa morfologi. Hasil karakterisasi plastik biodegradable untuk kuat tarik film plastik dengan variasi volume gliserol 2 ml, 3 ml dan 4 ml berturut-turut sebagai berikut: 0.001 Mpa 0,069 Mpa 0.005 Mpa. Untuk densitas dari plastik biodegradable untuk variasi volume gliserol 2 ml, 3 ml dan 4 ml berturut-turut adalah 0.0009 g/mm3, 0.0015 g/mm3 dan 0.0014 g/mm3.

scholarly journals MAKING NATA DE CASSAVA FROM RENGGINANG LIQUID WASTE USING ACETOBACTER XYLIUM

Neo Teknika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Shobib ◽  
Ery Fatarina ◽  
Jamal Adi Prasetiyo
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Tensile Strength Test ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Unpleasant Odor ◽  
Measured Moisture Content

Processed cassava liquid waste in Nyamok Village causes a decrease in water quality with amarked unpleasant odor. The liquid waste comes from the washing process of raw materials andstarch deposited water containing starch. Glucose in cassava liquid waste can be a source of energyfor Acetobacter Xylinum to form cellulose called nata de cassava. This study examines the potential ofRengginang UKM liquid waste as a substrate / raw material for making nata de cassava as a newmaterial.Based on previous research, it was obtained optimization of various percentages of sugar(carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source). Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimizationof the percentage of sugar and urea given in fermentation by evaluating, among others, the test watercontent (moisture content), tensile strength test and elongation. The study was conducted with wastepreparation and processed into nata de cassava with variations of sugar and urea for 8 days offermentation. Wet nata de cassava thickness is measured to determine the optimal recipe. Thefermentation optimization results measured moisture content, dried and tested the tensile strength andelongation. The data obtained were tested statistically with two-way ANOVA. The results showed thatsugar and urea are very influential in the process of bacterial cellulose formation based on anova test,namely F> Fc (11.8> 2.9). The optimum conditions obtained are the addition of sugar 15 grams / Land urea 2 grams / L, with a thickness of 12.1 mm. Moisture content value of 97.97%, tensile strengthof 14.31 N/mm2 and elongation at 3.83%.Keyword: Nata de cassava, Urea,Sugar,Moisture content, Mensile strengt

scholarly journals Mutual Occurrence and Dietary Exposure to Total Aflatoxin and Fumonisins in Bread: A Major Breakfast Bakery Product in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Apeh Daniel Ojochenemi ◽  
Umoh Patrick Oku ◽  
Makun Hussaini Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Health Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Breakfast Food ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Safe Limit ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract Bread, which is a major breakfast food, has been documented to be susceptible to contamination by toxic fungi metabolites (mycotoxins) in various parts of the world. Total aflatoxins (AfT) and fumonisins (FB) are two important mycotoxins known for their ability to cause health damage to animals and humans when ingested through food over a long time. This study set out to determine the presence and level of these mycotoxins in bread produced and/or consumed within Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. After extraction, ELISA was used to quantify the toxins in 30 samples of bread. The outcome showed 50% (15/30) contamination of bread samples by AfT and 93.3% (28/30) contamination by FB within the ranges 0.1-5.5 μg/kg and 10-220 μg/kg respectively. Three (3) of the bread samples were contaminated by AfT beyond the safe limit, while all the samples contaminated with FB were contaminated within the safe limit. The mutual occurrence of both toxins was recorded at 46.7%. EDI for AfT and FB were estimated to be 0.0048 μg/kg bw/day and 0.3379 μg/kg bw/day respectively while risk characterisation gave an estimated TDI% of 16.896% for FB. The results suggest that chronic toxic effects rather than acute toxicity could occur from long-term exposure to AfT and FB from bread. It is therefore advised that the raw materials used in bread manufacturing should be monitored and regulated for mycotoxins.

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