scholarly journals The effect of the crown shape on the growth and cropping capacity of peach tree (Batsch L. depending on the density of planting

2020 ◽  
pp. 238-241
Author(s):  
Нина Александровна Бабинцева ◽  
Магомедсайгит Расулович Бейбулатов
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Crown Formation ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Productivity Potential ◽  
The Cost

Интенсивное возделывание косточковых культур в Крыму требует разработки и внедрения современных технологий, oдними из основных элементов которой являются схема посадки и форма кроны. В статье освещены результаты многолетнего изучения разных форм кроны персика сорта Редхевен (чашевидная, веретеновидная, безлидерная уплощенная, кустовая) с плотностью посадки от 833 до 2500 деревьев на 1га на подвое миндаль в условиях Крыма. Цель исследований направлена на выделение наиболее эффективных форм кроны и оптимальных схем посадок для создания высокопродуктивных садов персика. Работа проводится по методикам полевых исследований с плодовыми культурами. Установлено, что за счет существенного увеличения количества деревьев на единицу площади и использования технологически простых нетрудоемких форм кроны, обеспечивается высокая продуктивность насаждений и качество плодов. Установлено также, что затраты ручного труда находятся в прямой зависимости от особенностей формирования кроны, схемы посадки и структуры обрастания кроны. Выделены малотрудоемкие формы кроны и эффективные схемы посадки, обладающие высоким потенциалом продуктивности - до 51,2 т/га, имея средний урожай до 21,0 т/га. Качество плодов составляет 99%. Определены биометрические параметры роста деревьев, структура облиственности крон и трудоемкость выполнения обрезки деревьев. Изучение элементов конструкции сада позволило дать разностороннюю оценку формам крон и схемам посадки, отобрать более простые по конструкции и менее трудоемкие в выращивании и рекомендовать для закладки персиковых садов Крыма и юга России на подвое миндаль. Intensive cultivation of stone fruit crops in Crimea requires the development and introduction of modern technologies. Its main elements are the planting scheme and the crown shape. The article highlights the results of many years research of different shapes of ‘Redhaven’ peach crown (cup-shaped, spindle-shaped, leaderless flattened, bushy) with a planting density from 833 to 2500 trees per 1ha on the almond rootstock in the conditions of Crimea. The aim of the research is to highlight the most effective shapes of crown and optimal planting schemes for the creation of high-yielding peach gardens. The work was carried out according to the methods of field experiments with horticultural crops. It was established that due to a significant increase in the number of trees per area unit and the use of technologically simple labor-saving crown shapes, high plantation productivity and fruit quality are achieved. It is also established that the cost of manual labor directly depends on the specific features of crown formation, planting scheme and structure of overgrowing of the crown. Labor-saving crown shapes and efficient planting schemes with high productivity potential of up to 51.2 t/ha, with an average yield of up to 21.0 t/ha are selected. The quality of fruits is 99%. Biometric parameters of tree growth, structure of the crown's leaf coverage and labor intensity of tree pruning are determined. The study of elements of the garden design allows to give a complex judgment of the crown shapes and planting schemes, to select more simple in design and labor-saving in cultivation and recommend for laying peach gardens of the Crimea and the South of Russia on the almond rootstock.

scholarly journals The effect of a crown shape on the activity of the processes of growth and the complexity of apple tree (Borkh) pruning in the conditions of the Piedmont zone of Crimea

2020 ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Виктория Сергеевна Кириченко ◽  
Нина Александровна Бабинцева ◽  
Надежда Александровна Тихомирова
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Dense Distribution

Основным направлением повышения продуктивности насаждений плодовых культур будет смена технологических подходов по эксплуатации садовых экосистем, основой которых является загущенное размещение плодовых деревьев, изменение формы кроны с ограничением их размеров, подбор сортов, подвоев, отвечающих требованиям плотного размещения деревьев с высокой продуктивностью, хорошим качеством плодов. Цель исследований - изучение влияния формы кроны на структурные параметры, степень облиственности и трудоемкость затрат труда при обрезке для создания интенсивных садов на слаборослых подвоях. Были проведены трехлетние полевые опыты по схеме: 1 вариант - стройное веретено (контроль); 2 вариант - безлидерная уплощенная крона; 3 вариант - трёхлидерная крона; 4 вариант - французская ось при плотности посадки 2500 дер./га (4 х 1 м). Объектом исследований являлись сорта яблони Бреберн, Джалита, Ренет Симиренко на подвое ЕМ IX в саду с капельным поливом. Работа проводилась по методикам полевых опытов с плодовыми культурами. Установлено, что высокая ростовая активность наблюдалась у сорта Ренет Симиренко независимо от формы кроны, где параметры варьировали от 0,71 м до 1,06 м. Структура плодообразующей древесины дерева зависит от биологических особенностей сорта и формы кроны. На третий год после посадки сада в кронах деревьев свободного веретена и французской оси сформировано наибольшее количество генеративных образований от 20,3 и 24,7% (Джалита, Бреберн) до 23,3 и 25,6% (Ренет Симиренко). Трудоемкость обрезки зависит от сорта, формы кроны и структуры обрастающей древесины. Максимальные затраты труда применяет один человек на обрезку деревьев сорта Джалита с трехлидерной кроной (25,6 чел.-час./га) и безлидерной уплощенной кроной (22,9 чел.-час./га). На обрезку сада деревьев с кроной по типу французской оси требуется 1,0 и 1,4 дня одному человеку или 7,2 (Джалита) и 9,5чел.- час./га (Ренет Симиренко), что в 1,9 и 2,2 раза меньше, чем на обрезку деревьев по типу стройного веретена (контроль). Область применения - садоводческие с.-х. предприятия всех форм собственности, садоводы - любители, специалисты The main direction of improving the productivity of plantations of fruit crops will be a change of technological approaches to the use of garden ecosystems, based on dense placement of fruit trees, changing the shape of the crown cap size, selection of varieties, rootstocks, meeting the requirements of a dense distribution of trees with high productivity, good fruit quality. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of crown shape on structural parameters, the degree of foliage and labor coefficient of pruning for the creation of intensive gardens on dwarf rootstocks. We carried out three-year field experiments according to the scheme: option 1 - slender spindle (control); option 2 - leaderless flattened crown; option 3 - triple leaders crown; option 4 - French axe, when planting density was 2500 trees/ha (4 х 1 м). The varieties ‘Braeburn’, ‘Dzhalita’, ‘Renet Simirenko’ on the rootstock EM IX in the garden with drip irrigation were the object of research. The study was performed according to the techniques of field experiments with fruit crops. It was found that high growth activity was observed for the variety ‘Renet Simirenko’, regardless the form of the crown, with parameters ranged from 0.71 m to 1,06 м. The structure of carpogenous wood depended on the biological characteristics of variety and crown shape. In the third year after planting the garden in the trees of control and French axe the greatest number of generative formations from 20.3 and 24.7% (‘Dzhalita’, ‘Braeburn’) to 23.3 and 25.6% (‘Renet Simirenko’) were developed. The complexity of pruning depended on the variety, the crown shape and the structure of the overgrown wood. Maximum labor cost one person spends for pruning the variety ‘Dzhalita’ with triple leader crown (25.6 man-hour/ha) and leaderless flattened crown (22.9 man-hour/ha). Pruning trees with French axe type of crown required 1.0 and 1.4 days per one person or 7.2 (‘Dzhalita’) and 9.5 man-hour/ha (‘Renet Simirenko’), which was 1.9 and 2.2 times less than the pruning according to the control. The scopes of the research are horticultural agricultural enterprises of all forms of ownership, gardener amateurs and experts.

Scientific achievements and realities of the sweet cherry (Cerasus avium L.) cultivation intensification at the current stage of the horticultural science development

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
O.A. Kishchak ◽  
◽  
Yu.P. Kishchak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Crown Formation ◽  
Cherry Rootstocks ◽  
Productivity Potential ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
First Time

The authors present the results of the comprehensive analysis of the influence of the modern horticultural science achievements on the sweet cherry cultivation intensification. Today in the world’s horticulture practice the main direction of increasing this crop plantations productivity is its comprehensive intensification. Its main link is the type of an orchard, and components – cultivar, rootstock, planting plan and the crown formation methods. In this relation, the major elements of the modern sweet cherry industrial cultivation technologies concerning these components were developed the place of the new inland developments being determined. The analysis of the approaches to the modern intense sweet cherry plantations creation has shown that they do not always correspond to this crop biological characteristics and sometimes are usual adoptions from the similar developments for apple. At the same time the development of the basic elements of the sweet cherry rootstocks and cvs growing intensification lag behing the requirements significantly and cannot be used in apple super-dense orchards. The Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (NAAS) of Ukraine for the first time recommended for the Lisosteppe in of Ukraine three new types of orchards on vigorous, medium-sized and semi-dwarf rootstocks with the tree density placement from 417 to 1250 trees/ha in order to ensure the efficient industrial production of sweet cherries in particular, for the export purposes. These orchards are based mainly on using inland high-productive cvs, rootstocks and crown formation methods. The density of the trees placement in such orchards has been optimized by applying the mathematical modeling and tested in long-term field experiments. That enables to utilize effectively these orchards productivity potential. Their advantage as compared to foreign ones is that these plantations construction takes into account both the rootstocks vigour and the variety biological peculiarities. That is the basis for their application in the technologies for growing valuable sweet cherry cultivars which possess the increased consumers demand. The intensification of the sweet cherry growing should be based mostly on the creation of optimally dense plantations that meet the biological peculiarities of a concrete rootstock-cultivar combination

Determination of optimum tuber planting density in the potato varieties Pentland Squire, Cara, Estima, Maris Piper and King Edward

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. E. Wurr ◽  
J. R. Fellows ◽  
E. J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Seed Tuber ◽  
Tuber Size ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Potato Seed ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Seed Tubers ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Cost

SummaryThirty-two experiments examining the effects of the weight and within-row spacing of potato seed tubers on graded tuber yields of five varieties were conducted on eight sites from 1980 to 1985. A complex analysis technique was used to combine these data and estimate the optimum tuber planting densities for different ratios of seed cost to small (40–60 mm) and large (60–80 mm) ware value. The same technique could be applied to any other combination of seed cost, ware size and ware value.The optimum tuber planting density decreased with increasing seed-tuber weight. Differences in optimum planting density between varieties were much greater with small (35 g) than with large (105 g) seed tubers and decreased as the cost of seed increased relative to the value of ware. As large ware became worth more than small ware the influence of increasing seed cost on the optimum density was reduced. As the value of large ware increased, net returns increased and the effect of seed cost on net returns was reduced. Mean tuber size decreased with increasing stem density at harvest and at the same stem density was lower in varieties producing more daughter tubers/stem. Changes of mean tuber size (μ) and the spread of yield across size grades (σ) with time were well described by parallel curves in different varieties. It is suggested that in future it may not be necessary to determine optimum tuber planting densities by complex experiments involving several seed-tuber weights and spacings. Instead μ and σ could be estimated from simple experiments and tuber spacings determined by comparison with control varieties.

The use of natural conditions of the high alpine province of Dagestan for reproduction of prospective varieties and hybrids of potato

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
В.К. Сердеров ◽  
Д.В. Сердерова
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Caspian Lowland ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mountain Province

Большое значение в увеличении продуктивности картофеля имеет внедрение в производство перспективных высокоурожайных сортов и гибридов, приспособленных к местным природно-климатическим условиям возделывания, от чего зависят эффективность отрасли и себестоимость продукции. Цель работы – изучить влияние климатических условий на продуктивность и качественные показатели сортов и гибридов картофеля, а также использование ими благоприятных почвенно-климатических условий высокогорья Республики Дагестан, для размножения и внедрения в производство новых перспективных, высокоурожайных, приспособленных к условиям среды выращивания сортов картофеля с комплексом хозяйственно-ценных признаков. Объектом изучения послужили сорта картофеля раннего, среднераннего и среднего сроков созревания российской, белорусской и иностранной селекции. Полевые опыты закладывали в 2014–2017 годах на высоте 2000–2200 м, на землях горного опорного пункта «Курахский» Курахского района и на равнинной провинции (Прикаспийской низменности) на территории дачного массива «Наука» Махачкалинского района Республики Дагестан. Схема посадки – 70×30 см, повторность – четырехкратная. Технология выращивания картофеля – гребневая. При проведении полевых опытов использовали общепринятые методики. Практически все сорта картофеля, выращенные на равнинной провинции, сформировали высокий урожай в первый год и при дальнейшем размножении в результате развития вирусных болезней резко снизили свои продуктивные качества. Наиболее высокая урожайность в среднем за три года отмечена у сортов Жуковский ранний (20,8 т/га), Импала (20,5 т/га), Невский (17,8 т/га), Предгорный (16,9 т/га) и Удача (16,3 т/га). В свою очередь, горная провинция Дагестана характеризовалась благоприятными почвенно-климатическими условиями для возделывания как продовольственного картофеля, так и для организации первичного семеноводства на безвирусной основе и размножения перспективных сортов этой культуры. В среднем за годы исследований в горной провинции по урожайности выделились сорта Сильвана (37,4 т/га), Удача (37,6 т/га), Рокко (33,3 т/га), Импала (31,7 т/га), Жуковский ранний (29,0 т/га), Предгорный (27,7 т/га) и Примобелла (27,7 т/га), а также гибриды № 12.40/17 (43,1 т/га) и № 13.61/61 (38,8 т/га). The introduction of promising high-yielding varieties and hybrids adapted to the local natural and climatic conditions of cultivation is of great importance in increasing the productivity of potatoes, which determines the efficiency of the industry and the cost of production. The aim of the work is to study the influence of climatic conditions on the productivity and quality indicators of potato varieties and hybrids, as well as their use of favorable soil and climatic conditions in the highlands of the Republic of Dagestan, for breeding and introducing into production new promising, high-yielding, adapted to the growing environment of potato varieties with a complex of economically valuable characteristics. The object of the study was potato varieties of early, mid-early and medium maturation periods of Russian, Belarusian and foreign selection. Field experiments were conducted in 2014–2017 at an altitude of 2000–2200 m, on the lands of the mountain stronghold Kurakhsky of the Kukhar district and on the plain province (the Caspian lowland) on the territory of the suburban area Nauka of the Makhachkala district of the Republic of Dagestan. The landing scheme is 70×30 cm, the repeatability is four times. The technology of growing potatoes is combed. When conducting field experiments, generally accepted methods were used. Almost all potato varieties grown in the lowland province formed a high yield in the first year and, with further propagation, as a result of the development of viral diseases, sharply reduced their productive qualities. The highest yield on average for three years was observed in the varieties Zhukovskiy ranniy (20.8 t/ha), Impala (20.5 t/ha), Nevsky (17.8 t/ha), Predgornyy (16.9 t/ha) and Udacha (16.3 t/ha). In turn, the mountain province of Dagestan was characterized by favorable soil and climatic conditions for the cultivation of both food potatoes, and for the organization of primary seed production on a virus-free basis and the reproduction of promising varieties of this crop. On average, over the years of research in the mountain province, the varieties Silvana (37.4 t/ha), Udacha (37.6 t/ha), Rocco (33.3 t/ha), Impala (31.7 t/ha), Zhukovskiy ranniy (29.0 t/ha), Predgornyy (27.7 t/ha) and Primobella (27.7 t/ha), as well as hybrids No.12.40/17 (43.1 t/ha) and No.13.61/61 (38.8 t/ha) were distinguished by yield.

Methods for reducing the cost of production of commercial carp when feeding grain crops

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
G. E. Servetnik ◽  
E. V. Pishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Pond Aquaculture ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
The Cost

Feeding is one of the main methods of intensification of agricultural fish farming. Based on FAO reports, the share of aquaculture products grown with feed is gradually increasing. In pond farms with medium and high degree of intensification, up to 80% of fish products are produced due to feeding. Moreover, in the structure of the cost of fish production, compound feeds account for up to half of the total costs, and in industrial aquaculture up to 65–70%. It is shown that it is Known that feeding and growing technology account for about 55% of the success rate of increasing fish productivity, while the genetic potential is only about 25%, and the share of veterinary and sanitary well-being of fish accounts for about 20%. In Russia and many other countries, cereals are used to reduce the cost of carp farming products, as a relatively cheap and affordable source of energy compared to granulated feed. The availability and low cost of such feed is of paramount importance in pond aquaculture and currently all cereal species are used for artificial feeding. Information about feeding carp with grain crops, as well as requirements for the quality and safety of feed is provided. It is indicated that feeding carp with whole grains is advisable if the natural food base is well developed. Traditional fish farming experience shows that feeding carp with whole wheat grain is advisable when the planting density of two-year-olds is up to 3.5 thousand / ha and mainly in August-September. Before eating fish, the grain must necessarily swell in water, otherwise it injures the intestines and is excreted from the digestive tract poorly digested.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF TABLE GRAPEVINE VARIETIES’ CULTIVATION

Russian vine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
N.A Tikhomirova ◽  
◽  
M.R. Beibulatov ◽  
N.A. Urdenko ◽  
R.A. Buival ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Care Technology ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Intensive Development

The economic efficiency of the cultivation of grapes as a branch of agriculture depends on the adaptation of grape varieties to the soil and climatic conditions of the place of growth. When developing new agricultural practices and technological solutions for the cultivation of grapes, it is necessary to assess the econom-ic efficiency of the proposed innovative ap-proaches. The cultivation of such grape varie-ties is becoming important and relevant, which, with high productivity and the use of differen-tiated care technology, require minimal costs when servicing the bushes and harvesting. In-creasing labor productivity in the viticulture industry is the most important condition for the intensive development of production. One of these conditions today is the formation of a bush according to the technology element, the shape of a bush AZOS-1, which allows to re-duce the cost of care and harvesting of grapes. The conducted research on the technology of cultivation of table grape varieties in connec-tion with the use of a new form of bush made it possible to economically substantiate the economic efficiency of growing grapes.

scholarly journals Variability assessment of productivity traits and quality of berries in the genetic collection of garden strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) in the Orenburg region

2021 ◽  
Vol 845 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
E V Aminova ◽  
R R Salimova ◽  
O E Merezhko
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Productivity Potential

Abstract Nowadays the study of the interrelation of the genotype of strawberry plants in garden and climatic conditions is extremely relevant. Due to the various systems of genetic control and the modifying effects of growing conditions on the manifestation of quantitative traits, there is the need to assess the genotypic variability of economically valuable features, focused on the identification of genotypes characterized by stability and adaptive qualities in growing conditions. The study examined 15 varieties of garden strawberries of domestic and foreign selection. The field experiments and surveys were carried out according to the Program generally accepted in the Russian Federation and methodology for the variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops. We studied such features as the number of peduncles (pcs/bush), number of berries (pcs/bush), average weight of berries (g), total and marketable yield (g/bush), sugar content in berries, soluble solids and ascorbic acid. The purpose of this work was to assess the genotype-year interrelation in terms of the variability of productivity features and berry quality and to identify strawberry varieties with a stable genotype. As a result of two-way analysis of variance for the variety-year interrelation, the obtained values were 1.10-8.50 at standard Fst. - 1.24. Statistically important differences had indicators of productivity of a bush between the first and second clusters (t = 5.89 at p <0.01), the first and third (t = 15.83 at p <0.01), the second and third clusters (t = 8.13 at p <0.01), as well as the average berry weight between the first and third, second and third clusters (t = 15.50 and 6.99 at p <0.01, respectively). Significant differences in the value of the Euclidean distance were revealed for varieties Mishutka (54.5), Daryonka (54.5), Pervoklassnitsa (58) realizing their productivity potential in different years of cultivation.

scholarly journals Solar Radiation Effects on Dry Matter Accumulations and Transfer in Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunshan Yang ◽  
Xiaoxia Guo ◽  
Guangzhou Liu ◽  
Wanmao Liu ◽  
Jun Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Weak Light

Solar radiation is the energy source for crop growth, as well as for the processes of accumulation, distribution, and transfer of photosynthetic products that determine maize yield. Therefore, learning the effects of different solar radiation amounts on maize growth is especially important. The present study focused on the quantitative relationships between solar radiation amounts and dry matter accumulations and transfers in maize. Over two continuous years (2017 and 2018) of field experiments, maize hybrids XY335 and ZD958 were grown at densities of 4.5 × 104 (D1), 7.5 × 104 (D2), 9 × 104 (D3), 10.5 × 104 (D4), and 12 × 104 (D5) plants/ha at Qitai Farm (89°34′E, 44°12′N), Xinjiang, China. Shading levels were 15% (S1), 30% (S2), and 50% (S3) of natural light and no shading (CK). The results showed that the yields of the commonly planted cultivars XY335 and ZD958 at S1, S2, and S3 (increasing shade treatments) were 7.3, 21.2, and 57.6% and 11.7, 31.0, and 61.8% lower than the control yields, respectively. Also, vegetative organ dry matter translocation (DMT) and its contribution to grain increased as shading levels increased under different densities. The dry matter assimilation amount after silking (AADMAS) increased as solar radiation and planting density increased. When solar radiation was &lt;580.9 and 663.6 MJ/m2, for XY335 and ZD958, respectively, the increase in the AADMAS was primarily related to solar radiation amounts; and when solar radiation was higher than those amounts for those hybrids, an increase in the AADMAS was primarily related to planting density. Photosynthate accumulation is a key determinant of maize yield, and the contributions of the vegetative organs to the grain did not compensate for the reduced yield caused by insufficient light. Between the two cultivars, XY335 showed a better resistance to weak light than ZD958 did. To help guarantee a high maize yield under weak light conditions, it is imperative to select cultivars that have great stay-green and photosynthetic efficiency characteristics.

scholarly journals The productivity of crop rotations on the eroded slope of ordinary chernozems depending on agricultural practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Izida Ilyinskaya ◽  
Emma Gaevaya
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Preservation Of Fertility

Field experiments were carried out in the Rostov region on the slope of ordinary chernozems in the system of contour-strip organization of the territory in 2011-2020. The aim of the research was the development of agrotechnical methods (design of crop rotation, the method of basic tillage and the background of fertilizers), which ensure high productivity of crop rotations on the eroded slope of ordinary chernozems and the preservation of fertility. The experiment included three factors: the design of the crop rotation, the method of the main tillage, the background of mineral fertilizers. It was found that, on average, for the period of research, the level of mineral nutrition has the greatest influence on the productivity of the crop rotation (83.9%), followed by the design of the crop rotation (14.9%). The influence of basic tillage is estimated at only 1.2%. It was found that the introduction of 20% of perennial grasses into the structure of crop rotation reduces soil washout by 19.5-27.7%, and an increase in the proportion of perennial grasses to 40% by 38.3-43.8%. The use of chisel tillage reduces washout by 15.6-24.2%, and with it the loss of humus. In the “C” crop rotation in all variants of the experiment, the humus content increased by 0.010.03%. It was revealed that the productivity of all the studied crop rotations changed under the influence of agrotechnical methods, reaching in the crop rotation “C” with 40% of perennial grasses and 60% of grain crops on average for the studied period the highest value of 3.53 t / ha of grain units, which is 9.3% higher than in the “B” crop rotation and 17.3% higher than in the “A” crop rotation.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Nicoli Nattrass ◽  
Jeremy Seekings
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Surplus Labour ◽  
Wage Increases ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Subsistence Activities ◽  
Intensive Development

In this introduction to our book, Inclusive Dualism, we revisit W. Arthur Lewis’s famous model of development with surplus labour. Lewis emphasized the benefits of dualism, by which he meant economic differentiation and the coexistence of sectors (and of firms within sectors) characterized by different levels of productivity and wages. He proposed an expansion of relatively low-wage, labour-intensive jobs that would raise productivity by drawing ‘surplus’ labour out of subsistence activities. When such surplus labour dried up, wages would rise. In contrast to Lewis, post-2000 advocates of decent work fundamentalism promote wage increases as an instrument to increase labour productivity irrespective of labour market conditions. In the presence of surplus labour, this can have dystopic consequences, as the South African case shows. In South Africa, with its very high unemployment rates, strategies to promote relatively high-wage, high-productivity jobs came at the cost of labour-intensive development and even job destruction, thereby exacerbating poverty and inequality.

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