Prenatal growth of live weight and coat color of the mini pigs of ICG SB RAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Sergei V. Nikitin ◽  
Sergei P. Knyazev ◽  
Kirill S. Shatokhin ◽  
Vera I. Zaporozhets ◽  
Dar`ya S Bashur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coat Color ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Prenatal Period ◽  
Large White ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mini Pigs

The article considers the possibility of connection of KIT and MC1R loci with prenatal growth of mini pigs of the breeding group of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS). It is assumed that this relationship may be the result of increased variability of the sign – the mass of the newborn pig in heterozygous according to the loci of individuals. Since prenatal growth is affected by a number of factors that affect the weight of the newborn pig, instead of the absolute value of the sign – the mass of the individual in kilograms, a relative one was used, which is the ratio of the mass of a particular individual to the average mass of the individual in the nest in which it was born. The study showed that mini-pigs of ICG SB RAS have a relationship between heterozygosity at MC1R and KIT loci and increased concentration of individuals in the modal class of relative weight distribution at birth. The discovered relationship is the result of the interaction of increased variability of mass at birth in individuals’ heterozygous loci, controlling intracellular metabolism, with the vector of phenotypic realization of the genetic potential of growth of individuals in the prenatal period. The decomposition of the specified vector into components showed that optimizes forming the kurtosis variation of the number of components dominate in individuals with domestication coat color, while in individuals with pseudoagouti coat color – biasing, forming the asymmetry of the distribution. The results of the study also showed that the genotypes at the loci MC1R and KIT do not affect the competitive relationship between the fetuses during the prenatal period . In addition, the analysis of the consistency of the estimates of individual classes of variational series of individuals of different races to a normal distribution showed that the mini pigs of ICG SB RAS alleles present low weight at birth, inherited from the Vietnamese breeds , and alleles of the high mass at birth, inherited from the Large White and/or Danish Landrace breed.

Studies on milk production of Large White pigs

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Large White ◽  
Average Interval ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Individual

1. A review of the literature relating to the frequency at which pigs suckle under natural conditions was made. The evidence indicated that the average interval between successive sucklings is approximately 1–1¼ hr.2. A number of sows and their litters were continuously observed for varying periods of time under natural conditions and a similar average interval between sucklings was observed.3. A review of the literature relating to the determination of milk production of sows was made. This showed that the majority of previous workers imposed, during the periods when the litters were being weighed before and after every suckling, a suckling frequency that did not simulate the natural behaviour of the animals. Evidence suggesting that the imposition of such unnatural conditions invalidated the findings, in so far as they might indicate the true milking capacity of the animals, was discussed.4. An experiment to obtain direct evidence on the importance of the suckling interval in relation to the milk obtained by the pigs was carried out. Conclusive evidence was obtained that when suckling was allowed every hour, both the quantity of milk obtained by the litters and their live-weight gain in 24 hr. periods were much greater than was the case when suckling was allowed only every 2½ or 3 hr. In addition, the pigs on the hourly suckling frequency utilized their milk intake more efficiently.5. An experiment was carried out in which an attempt was made to obtain, under natural conditions, a valid estimate of the 56 days' lactation yield of three Large White gilts. The method of weighing the individual pigs before and after suckling was used, and the animals were allowed to suckle every hour.6. The estimated average lactation yield was 768 lb., with a range of from 882 to 655 lb., although it was suggested that the true yield might be some 5–10% higher. The figures obtained in this work were shown to be very much higher than the yields reported by most of the previous workers.7. The nursing and suckling behaviour of the dams and their litters was studied. Observations of significance in relation to the variation in growth of pigs within a litter were made.8. Data were obtained concerning the average amount of milk obtained by individual pigs at a suckling, the total amount ejected at a suckling, the effect of daylight and of darkness on the amount of milk obtained, the relative productivity of the individual mammary glands and the efficiency with which the milk intake was utilized by the individual pigs in the litter.9. A close positive relation between milk intake and live-weight gain during the first 3 weeks of life was found. During the last 5 weeks of lactation, when supplementary food was available, this close relationship was not seen.10. The growth rate of the suckling pig, as related to the supply of food, was discussed. The evidence available suggested that the supply of sow's milk was frequently insufficient to meet the requirements of the pigs for optimum growth.11. The chemical composition of sow's milk in relation to the stage of lactation was studied.

scholarly journals Problems of mini-pig breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-291
Author(s):  
K. S. Shatokhin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
Mini Pigs ◽  
Close Inbreeding

This article provides an overview of some problems of the breeding and reproduction of laboratory minipigs. The most obvious of these are the lack of centralized accounting of breeding groups, uniform selection standards for reproduction and evaluation of breeding animals, as well as minimizing the accumulation of fitness-reducing mutations and maintaining genetic diversity. According to the latest estimates, there are at least 30 breeding groups of mini-pigs systematically used as laboratory animals in the world. Among them, there are both breed formations represented by several colonies, and breeding groups consisting of a single herd. It was shown that the main selection strategy is selection for the live weight of adults of 50–80 kg and the adaptation of animals to a specific type of biomedical experiments. For its implementation in the breeding of foreign mini-pigs, selection by live weight is practiced at 140- and 154-day-old age. It was indicated that different herds of mini-pigs have their own breeding methods to counteract inbred depression and maintain genetic diversity. Examples are the maximization of coat color phenotypes, the cyclical system of matching parent pairs, and the structuring of herds into subpopulations. In addition, in the breeding of foreign mini-pigs, molecular genetic methods are used to monitor heterozygosity. Every effort is made to keep the number of inbred crosses in the breeding of laboratory mini-pigs to a minimum, which is not always possible due to their small number. It is estimated that to avoid close inbreeding, the number of breeding groups should be at least 28 individuals, including boars of at least 4 genealogical lines and at least 4 families of sows. The accumulation of genetic cargo in herds of mini-pigs takes place, but the harmful effect is rather the result of erroneous decisions of breeders. Despite the fact that when breeding a number of mini-pigs, the goal was to complete the herds with exclusively white animals, in most breeding groups there is a polymorphism in the phenotype of the coat color.

scholarly journals Y chromosome effect on prenatal live weight growth of laboratory minipigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Kirill Shatokhin ◽  
Sergey Nikitin ◽  
Sergey Knyazev ◽  
Vera Zaporozhets ◽  
Sergey Pashkovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Gene Complex ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
Mini Pigs ◽  
Selection Group

This paper describes the results of the influence of Y-chromosome gene complex on pre- and postnatal growth of piglets of laboratory mini-pigs ICG SB RAS. Breeding group includes four genealogical lines of boars united by a successive father-son relationship. Three lines: MS2853, MS2987, and VTN300 inherited their Y chromosomes from boars of Vietnamese-South Asian breed. The fourth line (LNDR07) received Y chromosome from the Landrace boar. This study revealed that all three lines of boars carrying Asian Y chromosome did not differ in weight of newborn offspring, while the weight and, correspondingly, prenatal growth of newborns of boars carrying European Y chromosome were statistically significantly less. Thus, at this stage of research, there is reason to believe that the selection group of mini-pigs ICG SB RAS contains polymorphism in the complex of Y-chromosome genes involved in the control of prenatal growth process. An assumption was considered that growth retardation during prenatal and early postnatal periods, as well as an increased proportion of culled offspring of boars carrying European Y chromosome can be caused by poor compatibility of its gene complex with the allele pool inherited from the mini pigs ICG SB RAS from Vietnamese breed.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 1. Response to protein intake on a high-energy diet

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cooke ◽  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYSixty gilts by Landrace sires out of Large White × Landrace females were allocated on the basis of litter relationship and initial weight to six treatments involving the individual feeding of six dietary protein levels, 15·5%, 17·4%, 20·2%, 22·3%, 25·3% and 27·3% crude protein (CP), at a common energy level of approximately 3500 kcal/kg DE, from 23 to 59 kg live weight. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. There were significant increases in growth rate and efficiency of feed conversion from the 15·5% to the 17·4% CP diets and significant reductions in both from the 25·3 % to the 27·3 % CP diets. Carcass lean by dissection increased linearly (r = 0·976) and fat decreased linearly (r = −0·992) with dietary protein increment over the full range studied. As best growth performance and maximum lean content were attained at different dietary CP levels, a combined measure of daily lean deposition was calculated; this indicated that maximum rate of lean growth and efficiency of feed conversion to lean were reached on the 22·3% CP level. In terms of efficiency of utilization of nutrients, maximum retentions of both DE and DCP in the edible part of the carcass appeared to be attained on the two lowest dietary protein levels.

Indexes of reproductive ability and their repeatability in sows of different genotypes, taking into account the polymorphism g.1426g> a of the Mc4r gene

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Khalak ◽  
Vasyl Voloshchuk ◽  
Konstiantyn Pochernyaev ◽  
Serhii Smyslov ◽  
Maria Ilchenko
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Large White ◽  
Mc4r Gene ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Consolidation Coefficient

The results of studies of the reproductive ability of sows of different genotypes are given taking into account the polymorphism g.1426G> A of the MC4R gene, the factor of repeatability of characters is determined, and the economic efficiency of the research results is calculated. The experimental part of the research was carried out in the conditions of the «Druzhba-Kaznacheevka» LTD in Dnipropetrovsk region. The objects of research were sows of the Large White breed. It was determined that sows of the main herd, according to signs of reproductive ability, belong to class I and class elite. The experiment showed that sows of genotype AG exceeded their peers of others (GG and AA) in terms of “born piglets total, heads” by 1.6 and 0.7 heads, “Live piglets born (multiple births), heads - by 1 6 and 0.9 heads, “the mass of the litter at the time of birth, kg” - by 2.7 - 1.3 kg., “the mass of the litter at the time of weaning at the age of 28-35 days, kg” - by 5, 1 - 3.9 kg. The difference between animals of the indicated genotypes is: for large-foetus - 0.06-0.01 kg, the index "evenness of the sow’s litter in live weight of piglets at birth, points" - 1.05-1.84 points, index of N. D. Berezovsky - 3.75 -2.36 points. The index of the safety of piglets before weaning ranged from 84.4 to 93.0 %. It was proved that the minimum value of the index “evenness of the sow’s littar in live weight of piglets at the time of birth, points (7.76 ± 1,082 points) are characterized by sows of genotype AA, in which the rate of multiple pregnancy ranged from 8 to 14 pigs, and the value of the sign“ large-foetus, kg "equaled 1.37 kg. The repeatability coefficient for sows of the main herd and sows of the Large White breed of different genotypes for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) receptor gene ranges from -0.916 ± 0.1418 (І-IV farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “piglet safety before weaning, %) to 0.978 ± 0.0738 (I-V farrow, genotype - GG, sign - “large foetus”, kg ”). The maximum value of the phenotypic consolidation coefficient was found in sows of genotype AA according to the following quantitative characteristics: “live piglets (multiple births), heads.”, “litter weight at the time of birth, kg”, “litter weight at weaning age of 28-35 days, kg "," the safety of piglets before weaning ,% ". The sows of the genotype GG belong to the unconsolidated group according to the signs of reproductive qualities. The use of sows of the genotype for the melanocortin 4 (MC4R) AG receptor gene provides additional products at the level of 5.15 %, and its cost is 165.41 UAH /head. Keywords: sow, breed, reproductive ability, MC4R gene, genotypic consolidation coefficient, variability, correlation, repeatability.

scholarly journals Unexpectedly High Allelic Diversity at the KIT Locus Causing Dominant White Color in the Domestic Pig

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-311
Author(s):  
G Pielberg ◽  
C Olsson ◽  
A-C Syvänen ◽  
L Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Coat Color ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
High Allelic Diversity ◽  
Stem Cell Growth Factor ◽  
New Alleles

Abstract Mutations in KIT encoding the mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (MGF) are responsible for coat color variation in domestic pigs. The dominant white phenotype is caused by two mutations, a gene duplication and a splice mutation in one of the copies leading to skipping of exon 17. Here we applied minisequencing and pyrosequencing for quantitative analysis of the number of copies with the splice form. An unexpectedly high genetic diversity was revealed in white pigs. We found four different KIT alleles in a small sample of eight Large White females used as founder animals in a wild boar intercross. A similar number of KIT alleles was found in commercial populations of white Landrace and Large White pigs. We provide evidence for at least two new KIT alleles in pigs, both with a triplication of the gene. The results imply that KIT alleles with the duplication are genetically unstable and new alleles are most likely generated by unequal crossing over. This study provides an improved method for genotyping the complicated Dominant white/KIT locus in pigs. The results also suggest that some alleles may be associated with negative pleiotropic effects on other traits.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

The effect on the reproductive performance of sows of dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Pike ◽  
T. G. Boaz
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lower Capacity ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYIn a factorial experiment the effect of two protein intakes and three patterns of feeding in the second pregnancy of 48 Large White x Wessex Saddleback sows was examined. The high protein (HP) diet (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white fish meal. The low protein (LP) diet (10·5% crude protein) contained cereal protein only. Nutrient components of the diets differed in protein only. The pattern treatments involved allowances of 1·8 kg (L), 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy patterns being HL, C and LH with the changeovers made from the 49th to the 63rd day post coitum (p.c). Sows on the three pattern treatments received the same total amount of feed from 0–112 days p.c. and were treated alike at farrowing and during lactation.Fertility and parturition results were similar for all treatments, but the number of piglets alive after birth (when weighed) was least for LP sows on the HL pattern. At 3 weeks of age the size and weight of litters on HP sows were significantly greater than those on LP sows (P < 0·05 and < 0·001 respectively). More piglets were weaned by HP sows than LP sows (P < 0·05). HP sows gained more weight in pregnancy (P < 0·001) which was slightly longer, and lost more weight in lactation (P < 0·05) than LP sows.The HL pattern of feeding was associated with smaller live weight gains in pregnancy than the LH pattern (P < 0·001) and the total birth weight of HL litters was lighter than LH (P < 0·05), mean piglet weights being similar. Lactation performance was unaffected by pattern treatment.The main conclusion is that a low intake, particularly during the latter half of pregnancy, of protein which is of vegetable origin, is associated with decreased viability of the piglets at birth and in early suckling life, and with lower capacity of the sows for milk production.

The use of premix in feeding of young pigs on fattening

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
A. S. Ivanova ◽  
N. V. Dunaeva
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Large White ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Selection Of

Increasing the production of pork meat requires careful work not only in terms of breeding, but also in the organization of complete feeding of animals, the correct selection of feed and feed additives containing the necessary nutrients. The purpose of the work was to analyze the use of premix in feeding young pigs on fattening. Two groups of fattening young pigs (Large White×Landrace) have been selected for the researches using the method of analogous groups, taking into account the breed, age, and live weight per 20 heads in each group with a live weight of 35 kg. Pigs of the control group have received the main economic diet, and animals of the experimental group have received an additional premix Khutorok at the rate of 10 g of premix per 1 kg of feed. The results have shown that the best age to reach 100 kg was in the experimental group of pigs – 215,8 days, which received premix with feed that characterizes their higher precocity by 36,3 days (P < 0,001) than in the control group of animals. The use of this premix had a positive impact on the livability of young animals, in the experimental group it was by 9,3 abs.% more than in the control group of animals. Thus, the best fattening traits have been possessed by young pigl of the experimental group have been received the premix Khutorok in their diet at the rate of 10 g of premix per 1 kg of feed. The obtained data indicate the feasibility of using the premix Khutorok in the feeding pigs for fattening.

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