scholarly journals MOTIVE AS THE HIGHEST FORM OF NEEDFUL AROUSAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-285
Author(s):  
Yu.T. Glazunov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Binary Relation ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Pragmatic Information ◽  
Binary Relationship ◽  
Motivational Process ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Types Of Information

The definition of motive is considered. The research is based on the information and mathematical approach. The method is based on comparing two types of information available to the decision-maker. Firstly, it is the prognostic information on all means necessary for successful achievement of the goal; secondly, it is the pragmatic information on the means available for this purpose actually. Information has a numerical measure, and thus can be mathematized. Motivation is defined as mental activity to set a goal, formulate a motive and create a program of actions aimed at meeting the need. In the process of motivation the need passes through the stages of a hidden, objectified, specified and actualized need. Ultimately, it becomes an active need. These stages correspond to a needful arousal in the form of attraction, impulse, desire and intention, respectively. Intention turns into a motive that becomes a needful arousal that accompanies an active (motivated) need. The result of motivation is an integral formation called a binary relationship "motive-goal". It is shown that motive does not exist as a separate mental essence. It can be considered only within the framework of this binary relation. The analysis of the motivational process leads to the following definition: motive is the highest form of needful arousal that meets the actual need.

INFORMATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DECISION-MAKING

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243
Author(s):  
Yu.T. Glazunov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Pragmatic Information ◽  
Motivational Process ◽  
Process Studies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the study of the mental components of the decision-making process. Studies are carried out using the information and mathematical method of studying mental phenomena. Analysis of the scientific literature shows the lack of a single interpretation of the concept of "decision". Each decision is aimed at relaxing the tension of any significant situation and is associated with risk. It is established that the risk of making a decision is the higher, the less pragmatic information at the time of making a decision the individual has, and the more serious for him the possible damage from making a decision. The triune essence of decisions and the fact that the concepts of goal-setting and motivation act as an analogue of a decision are revealed. Three points of the bifurcation of the motivational process are established. The definition of a decision is given as a fact of appearance of the binary relation “motive-goal”. The results can be used in psychotherapy, and at the same time when designing machines with anthropomorphic behavior. All this is associated with the high technology of the future.

scholarly journals Object-Free Definition of Categories

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-205
Author(s):  
Marco Riccardi
Keyword(s):  
Binary Relation ◽  
Category Theory ◽  
Final Part ◽  
One To One ◽  
Definition Of

Summary Category theory was formalized in Mizar with two different approaches [7], [18] that correspond to those most commonly used [16], [5]. Since there is a one-to-one correspondence between objects and identity morphisms, some authors have used an approach that does not refer to objects as elements of the theory, and are usually indicated as object-free category [1] or as arrowsonly category [16]. In this article is proposed a new definition of an object-free category, introducing the two properties: left composable and right composable, and a simplification of the notation through a symbol, a binary relation between morphisms, that indicates whether the composition is defined. In the final part we define two functions that allow to switch from the two definitions, with and without objects, and it is shown that their composition produces isomorphic categories.

scholarly journals Unification of Graphs and Relations in Mizar

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Sebastian Koch
Keyword(s):  
Binary Relation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Definition Of

Summary A (di)graph without parallel edges can simply be represented by a binary relation of the vertices and on the other hand, any binary relation can be expressed as such a graph. In this article, this correspondence is formalized in the Mizar system [2], based on the formalization of graphs in [6] and relations in [11], [12]. Notably, a new definition of createGraph will be given, taking only a non empty set V and a binary relation E ⊆ V × V to create a (di)graph without parallel edges, which will provide to be very useful in future articles.

A mathematical approach to the definition of osteoporosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1199-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina C. Elandt-Johnson ◽  
Gayle E. Lester
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Definition Of

A Theory of Narrow Thinking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Lian
Keyword(s):  
Decision Maker ◽  
Mental Accounting ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Main Application ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
Smooth Model ◽  
Imperfect Knowledge ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Unlike in standard models, decision makers often “narrowly bracket” and make each decision in isolation. I develop a new approach, which I term narrow thinking, to systematically model narrow bracketing. The definition of narrow thinking is that different decisions are based on different, non-nested, information. As a result, the narrow thinker makes each decision with imperfect knowledge of other decisions and faces difficulties coordinating her multiple decisions. The narrow thinker effectively cares less about her other decisions when making each decision. The main application of narrow thinking is to provide a “smooth” model of mental accounting without requiring the decision maker to have explicit budgets. My approach generates unique predictions about how the degree of mental accounting depends on expenditure shares and cognitive limitations. It also illustrates how narrow bracketing and mental accounting can be explained by the same underlying friction.

scholarly journals What, where, when, what for and how? (Reflections on Pragmatic Adaptation)

2021 ◽  
pp. 266-279
Author(s):  
Olga V. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Language Text

The article discusses the problem of choosing ways and means of pragmatic adaptation in translating a text. The relevance of the topic is due to the necessity to facilitate cross-cultural communication in view of the increased intensity and diversity of forms of international contacts. The definition of pragmatic adaptation as the actions of a translator aimed at adapting the source language text to its perception by a recipient belonging to a different culture, does not answer the questions of when and how a translator can and should change the text in order to preserve the pragmatic potential of the original. The aim of the article is to analyze the problems arising in translating texts requiring pragmatic adaptation and evaluate the impact of different types of pragmatic adaptation on reproducing the pragmatic potential of the original and achieving the possible purposes of translation. In order to do it an experiment was carried out: a text was translated in four different ways with different means used for its pragmatic adaptation, and the translations were compared. The results of the experiment show that the choice of pragmatic adaptation methods and techniques is determined not by the type of text or the type of adaptation, as is usually believed, but by the specific purpose for which the text is translated. Thus, when translating a literary text, which always contains factual, conceptual, emotional, aesthetic, and cultural information, the choice between the naturalness of the text, the preservation of the author’s style, the completeness of the content and the communication of culturally relevant information means, in fact, setting different accents. The means of pragmatic adaptation used by the translator depend entirely on the prioritization of these types of information, in other words, on the purpose of translation.

scholarly journals Dysmetabolic circulating tumor cells are prognostic in metastatic breast cancer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Brisotto ◽  
Eva Biscontin ◽  
Elisabetta Rossi ◽  
Michela Bulfoni ◽  
Aigars Piruska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Circulating Tumor Cells ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe prognostic value of the circulating tumor cells (CTCs), defined as EpCAM+, Cytokeratin (8, 18, 19)+ and CD45-nucleated cells, has been provided in metastatic breast cancer (mBC), with Level I of evidence. However, CTCs belong to a heterogeneous pool of rare cells, and there isn’t consensus on an univocal definition of CTCs. Here, we present a definition of metabolically altered CTCs (MBA-CTC) as CD45-negative cells with an increased extracellular acidification rate (iECAR), supported by the presence of iECAR among the hallmarks of cancer. We tested the prognostic value of MBA-CTC present in mBC patients before starting a new systemic therapy (T0) and 3-4 weeks after (T1). Samples were analyzed in parallel with CellSearch platform (CS). Standard RECIST criteria were used to determine patients’ responses to treatment.In our cohort of n=31 mBC patients, a level of MBA-CTCs above the cut-off was associated with: i) a shorter median PFS both pre-therapy (123 days vs 306; p<0.0001) and during therapy (139 vs 266 days; p= 0.0009); ii) a worse OS both pre-therapy (p=0.0003, 82% survival vs 20%) and during therapy (p=0.0301, 67% survival vs 38%); iii) good agreement with therapy response (kappa=0.685). Both the trend of MBA-CTCs over time and the combined results of the two assays (MBA and CS) enabled more accurate stratification. MBA and CS results showed fair (K=0.33) and poor (K=0.077) agreement at T0 and T1, respectively. This fact and the increased accuracy in combining results suggest that the assays detect different CTC subsets. In conclusion, MBA-CTCs does provide prognostic information at least equivalent to CS, and are even more informative when analyzed over time or combined with CS-CTCs.

scholarly journals ЛІНГВОФІЛОСОФСЬКІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ КОНЦЕПТІВ “РОЗУМОВА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ”

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9(77)) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Oksana I. Hrom
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Philosophical Concept ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Philosophical Reflection ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Units

This article describes the definition of the concept, investigates and analyzes the linguistic and philosophical concept of the concepts of Mental Activity in English. This article introduces the linguistic and philosophical content of the concepts of Mental Activity. The concepts of mental activity have and reflect their linguistic and philosophical reflection and reflection in English. The article also deals with current issues of cognitive studies of the linguistic picture of the world, and describes the structure and semantics of linguistic units for the notion of concepts of Mental Activity, to denote concepts of Mental Activity in order to understand more broadly and more, and more deeply, to understand the peculiarities and properties of these concepts, as well as to analyze the interconnection of its components, and also to research its structure, their similar and their distinctive features in English language. The research investigates semantic peculiarities of the lexemes that represent the concepts and the logical development of them. The scientific article shows the nature, relations and the implications of the most fundamental mental concepts in English language. Some typical concepts of Mental Activity in English language, like thinking, contemplation, thought and so on are analyzed in this article.

scholarly journals Mind as a behavioral inhibition network

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Moriyama ◽  
Kohei Sonoda ◽  
Hanna Saito ◽  
Masao Migita
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Mind

This study reconsiders the conventional definition of mind as “a part of a person that makes mental activity” and proposes an additional definition of mind as “the internal other”. In this paper, we investigate the substance of the internal other from the perspectives of comparative psychology, ethology, and neurophysiology, and propose the hypothesis that “behavioral inhibition network” corresponds with the internal other. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because the authors investigate whether the behavioral inhibition network matches the mind that one experiences in their daily life.The behavioral inhibition network is a promising candidate for the source of endogenous fluctuations observed in animal behavior. In this paper, we introduce studies illustrating that the ability to generate behavioral fluctuation generates “emergent behavior”.We believe that this paper will be of interest to the readership of psychological journals because the authors introduce experimental results suggesting the possibility that plants and materials such as stones have a behavioral inhibition network. Approaching the substance of mind not only reveals that mind exists in all living things and materials, but also brings a new worldview that all living things and materials have creativity of generation of emergent behavior.

scholarly journals Terrorism: informational and legal dimension

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
B. LEONOV
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Information Space ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Definition Of Information ◽  
Types Of Information

The article highlights the theoretical and legal aspects of information terrorism. The classification of types of information terrorism in the information space is given. The analysis of regulatory acts of Ukraine in the field of information security is provided. The definition of information terrorism is offered.

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