scholarly journals MONOFINITE COMPLEX CLAUSE IN THE KUMYK LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
U. B. Abdullabekova
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Analytical Form ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Agglutinative Languages ◽  
Adverbial Phrase ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to analyze the monofinite complex clause in the Kumyk language in terms of structure. The originality of the research lies in the fact that the article proposes a different approach than in Russian studies on the analysis of the syntactic structure of a sentence. The relevance of the research is determined by the role of the sentence structure and methods of its study in linguistics in general. The main method used in the study is the method of syntactic modeling, which is used in terms of functions (members of a sentence), in terms of morphological forms of words and the semantic structure of a sentence. Turkic languages are not characterized by properly complex sentences with two formally independent finite parts connected by an analytical form. Case affixes and postpositions form not finite verb forms, but infinite verb forms. Such constructions in agglutinative languages are central and most frequent. The monofinite complex clause, or a sentence complicated by an infinite phrase (participial and adverbial phrase), or “polypredicative construction” according to the Novosibirsk syntactic school is investigated in this article. The author argues that when characterizing a complex clause, it is necessary to take into account such parameters as the finiteness / infiniteness of the dependent predicate, the nature of the means of communication and the referential identity / non-identity of the subjects of the main and dependent parts. The constructive center of a monofinite complex clause is the indicator of connection –analytical, that is, an auxiliary word, or synthetic, that is, a morpheme in the composition of a dependent predicate. Formally, this is a part of the infinite form of such a predicate, but functionally it serves to express the relationship between the predicative parts. Since the dependent predicate in the Kumyk language occupies the final position in the dependent predicative unit, the synthetic link indicator is located on the border between the main predicative unit and the dependent predicative unit.

“POLYPREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION” IN THE KUMYK LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Umsalimat Bagautdinova Abdullabekova
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Form ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Agglutinative Languages ◽  
Finite Verb

The article examines the functioning of the polypredicative construction in the Kumyk language. The notion of a "polypredicative sentence" was introduced by the Novosibirsk syntactic school. Turkic languages are not characterized by properly complex sentences with two formally independent finite parts connected by an analytical form. Case affixes and postpositions form not finite verb forms, but infinite verb forms. Such constructions in agglutinative languages are the most frequent.

scholarly journals A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on metaphor comprehension in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Do task properties matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1421-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Kalandadze ◽  
Valentina Bambini ◽  
Kari-Anne B. Næss
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Response Format ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience difficulty in comprehending metaphors compared to individuals with typical development (TD). However, there is a large variation in the results across studies, possibly related to the properties of the metaphor tasks. This preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis (a) explored the properties of the metaphor tasks used in ASD research, and (b) investigated the group difference between individuals with ASD and TD on metaphor comprehension, as well as the relationship between the task properties and any between-study variation. A systematic search was undertaken in seven relevant databases. Fourteen studies fulfilled our predetermined inclusion criteria. Across tasks, we detected four types of response format and a great variety of metaphors in terms of familiarity, syntactic structure, and linguistic context. Individuals with TD outperformed individuals with ASD on metaphor comprehension (Hedges’ g = −0.63). Verbal explanation response format was utilized in the study showing the largest effect size in the group comparison. However, due to the sparse experimental manipulations, the role of task properties could not be established. Future studies should consider and report task properties to determine their role in metaphor comprehension, and to inform experimental paradigms as well as educational assessment.

scholarly journals The syntactic structure of the initial and final sentences

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
M.K. Zhunusova ◽  
◽  
A.Zh. Sayazhanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
Nominal Structure ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Single Part

The article analyzes the key role of syntactic features in the composition of the text. It was determined that the first and last sentences of the text are syntactically diverse. Sentence words, simple, introductory, and complex sentences perform communicative, expressive, and stylistic functions in the text. The semantic and compressed structures, modality, expressiveness, and stylistic skills that are based on various structures of these sentences were studied to reveal the clarity and comprehensibility of the idea of sentences. It is emphasized that with the help of syntactic laws, by means of one-or two-part sentences that convey the idea of the text, the features of the character are briefly and concisely revealed. The features of the formation of various initial sentences are defined. The syntactic structure of initial and final sentences is different: simple, ambiguous, complete, incomplete, positive, negative. All types of single-part components are nominal, vocative, and non-articulate sentences. However, such sentences are not complex, they are mostly simple short sentences. Semantic and syntactic characteristics of initial and final sentences are described in their idiomatic, narrative, interrogative, and complex forms. It was determined by the semantic properties of rhetorical questions in the initial proposals. It should be noted that the nominal structure of the initial sentences of the text is used not only for ease of description but also for emotionality as if it is related to certain aspects of the plot or the general content of the story and affects the reader's feelings. It is believed that the authors in the initial sentences not only indicate the time or place of the event, but also describe human behavior in relation to the environment and nature, and thus allow the reader to predict the end of the story. It was ascertained that the initial and final sentences, depending on the historical period, can be used in both positive and negative meanings.

scholarly journals Two cases of prominent internal possessor constructions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Control Object ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Object Agreement

This paper outlines a new analysis of the syntactic structure and discourse function of a ‘prominent internal possessor construction’ (PIPC) in Chimane (unclassified, Bolivia) and compares it with an existing analysis of a different kind of PIPC found in Maithili (Indo- Aryan, India/Nepal). PIPCs in Chimane and Maithili involve an apparently non-local agreement relation between verbs and possessors which are internal to possessive NPs. In Chimane, it is argued that internal possessors are able to control object agreement via a clause-level ‘proxy’ of the internal possessor – see also Ritchie (under review). The paper goes on to compare this construction with PIPCs in Maithili, and shows that speakers use PIPCs in discourse to indicate the information structure role of the internal possessor. In the case of Chimane, it seems that internal possessors which bear the secondary topic role are more likely to control object agreement, while in Maithili, other semantic and information structural features of internal possessors are at play. The contributions of the various levels of sentence structure are modelled using the LFG architecture developed in Dalrymple & Nikolaeva (2005; 2011).

Poetry, language, and ritual performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Haverkort ◽  
Jan H. de Roder
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Structural Principles ◽  
New Perspective

In line with the proposal of de Roder (1999), we will draw an analogy between the structure of ritual, poetic language and natural language, exploiting Frits Staal’s conception of ritual as a set of recursively applicable formal procedures, and the biological ramifications of the Chomskyan postulate of Universal Grammar. The central hypothesis is that, in terms of evolution, poetry takes a position between age-old rituals and natural languages, as a sort of missing link. We will argue that the building blocks and mechanisms of natural language developed out of ritual acts and the associated rhythmic sound sequences. The formal principles underlying rituals turned out to be useful for communication and thus natural language could evolve, an example of exaptation in the sense of Gould and Vrba (1982). Under this view, the rhythmic layer of poetry — like syntactic structure — is a semantically empty, autonomous pattern, going back to the structural principles underlying ritual. Rhythmic patterns in poetry are thus instances of pure acts in the ritual sense, and as a consequence poetry is a form of language use in which the ritual basis of language is experienced. This puts T.S. Eliot’s famous dictum “Genuine poetry can communicate before it is understood” in a new perspective. The paper thus focuses on the ritualistic substrate of language, not on the synchronic role of ritual in language. We will also discuss neurological evidence which independently supports this idea: Broca’s area — an area in the left hemisphere of the brain that has traditionally been associated with language comprehension and production — is activated when syntactically complex sentences are being processed, but it is also activated in tasks involving the perception of rhythmic patterns in music, thus supporting the idea that both (and by implication ritual too) have the same origins evolutionarily.

scholarly journals Compound sentences and syntaxic predicative contructions

2020 ◽  
pp. 210-214
Author(s):  
Sarina Rakhimova
Keyword(s):  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Simple Sentence ◽  
Human Speech ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article highlights the problem of compound sentences in the Turkic languages. Within the framework of this study, the problem of predicativity in complex sentences and the relationship of theoretical linguistics to predicative constructions used instead of a sentence member are investigated. A complex sentence, like a simple sentence, is pronounced with a single intonation, expressing a complete idea. Complex sentences describe more complex phenomena of the world around us than in simple sentences, and therefore these constructions appear as a later, higher expression of human speech. In primitive human speech, to express his feelings or other information, a person mainly used simple sentences. Later, as the connection between events became clearer, their expression in speech became more complex. Although simple sentences as components of a complex sentence, while maintaining intonation, are predicative parts of a certain syntactic construction.

scholarly journals Names Related to Kinship in Dictionary Diwan Lughat at-Turk by M. Kashgari, their Use in the Modern Kyrgyz Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-615
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article is relevant in defining the role of modern Kyrgyz language as one of the ancient Turkic languages and examines the process of the Kyrgyz language development. The purpose of this article is to determine the level of words application related to kinship in the dictionary Diwan Lughat at-Turk by Mahmud Kashgari, a written monument of the 11th century, in comparison with the vocabulary of the modern Kyrgyz language. The object of the research is the Kyrgyz translations in M. Kashgari’s dictionary. The research was carried out on the basis of the historical-comparative method. Words related to kinship studied in the dictionary in comparison with the materials of the modern Kyrgyz language. On this basis, the level of use of the modern Kyrgyz language determined. In some cases, facts from related languages were used for comparison. Therefore, the level of related words use in the modern Kyrgyz vocabulary given in the M. Kashgari’s dictionary determined and distributed as following: Words related to kinship, registered in the dictionary of Diwan Lughat at-Turk by M. Kashgari and used without changes in the modern Kyrgyz language: ата – father, еже – sister, ини – younger brother, еркек – male, атаке – daddy, қыз – girl, киши – human, төркүн – own parents home, келин – bride, қары – old, ак сакал – veteran etc. Words used in the modern Kyrgyz language with phonetic changes in words, related to kinship in the dictionary: уғул – son, уғлан-boy, аба – mother, grandmother, еге – sister, elder sister, өге – brother, өгей уғул – adopted son, қазын – husbands brother, емикдеш – breastfeeding, тун уғул – firt son, йезне – sisters husband, йурығчы – marriage broker, mediator, йеңе – sister in law, савчы – marriage broker,emdiator күни – rival, тағай – uncle, қаңсық ата – stepfather, қаңсық уғул – adopted son, тутунчы уғул – nursed son, ерңен – single (эрен), қаатун – wife etc. Words related to kinship, found in the dictionary by M. Kashgari, but not used in modern Kyrgyz language: үзүк – woman (female), урағут – woman (female), ишлер – wife, woman, (female), ынал – child borned from rich grandmother and poor mother, оғуш – relatives, беки – couples, кис – partner (couple), қузуз – divorced woman, чыкан – cousin, mother sister child, намыжа – brother in law, туғсақ – widow, жамрақ – children, қазнағун – wifes relatives to husband, йурч – wife’s younger brother, husband’s younger brother, йанчы – mediator, қуртға – old woman, туңур – husbands relatives to wife, etc. Thus, most of the words in M. Kashgari’s dictionary used in modern Kyrgyz vocabulary, and this conclusion proves that the Kyrgyz language is one of the ancient Turkic languages. The results of studying the relationship of related words in the dictionary of Diwan Lughat at-Turk by Mahmud Kashgari with the modern Kyrgyz language can be material for a comparative study of the history of the Kyrgyz language, historical lexicology, and names associated with kinship in the Turkic languages.

scholarly journals Compiling of the Electronic Dictionary of Models of the Ukrainian Language Multicomponent Complex Sentences

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
Natalia Darchuk
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Linear Structure ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Multicomponent Complex ◽  
Syntactic Relations

The purpose of this study is to construct an automatic syntactic analysis (ASA) and, as a result, to compile a dictionary of models of multicomponent complex sentences for studying the fectures of the linear structure of Ukrainian text. The process includes two-stages: the first stage is an automatic syntactic analysis of the hierarchical type which results in building of a dependency tree (DT), in the second stage, the sentence structure information is automatically extracted from the obtained graph. ASA is a package of operations performed with a string of morphological information (the result of AMA work) representing the incoming text for determination of syntactic relations between text units. The outgoing text for the ACA is a string of information reduced after the AMA to wordforms. We have studied features of the linear structure of 2000 Ukrainian language sentences in journalistic genre (selection of 52000 words use). Based on the obtained results, we have constructed the real models of the syntactic structure of sentences, in which the relations between simple clauses were presented. All grammatical situations of the linear context were possible manifestations of models in the text. Based on that data, the algorithm for the automatic generation of a complex sentence model was created. These models are linear syntax grammar. All types of syntactic connection between the main and subordinate clauses are recorded algorithmically. Thus, it is possible to build the interpretations of the linear structure of the Ukrainian language sentence almost not using lexical-semantic information. The theoretical value of the paper is in extension of our knowledge about the structure of the syntactic level of the language and the variety of mechanisms functioning at that level. The applied value, is first of all, in creation of the dictionary of compatibility of compound (coordinated) and complex (subordinated) sentences, and in the possibility of constructing requests to the Ukrainian language Corpus in order to mine from the text definite models sentences, creating own dictionaries of authors and styles.

scholarly journals Syntactic characteristics of final etiquette formulas in the Russian epistolary of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol IX(257) (75) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
A. Podopryhora
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
First Person ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
The 19Th Century

The syntactic structure of the final etiquette formulas in letters (FEF) is analyzed on the basis of the Russian epistolary of the 19th century. It is shown that FEF are diverse in structure, but they are often simple sentences. Typical for FEF is the inclusion of the addressee's self-nomination in the role of the subject; the use of verbs in the first person, indicating the addressee and implementing the textual category of dialogization. Also, FEF in letters are represented by complex sentences of different types, complex syntactic constructions, and overphrasal unities

scholarly journals LOANS OF WORD IN SYNONYMY OF THE TATAR LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasemu Shermaymayti ◽  
Alfiya Sh. Yusupova ◽  
Elvira N. Denmukhametova ◽  
Ayşen Uslu Bayramli
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Semantic Description ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Insight Into

The vocabulary of each language consists of words that enable people to call the things they see and express their attitude towards them, characterize and compare them with the others. To do it, one uses lexical and grammatical means of native language and the borrowed ones from other kindred languages and unrelated languages. If in the beginning these “foreign” words are perceived as exoticisms, with time, without suspecting of their foreign origin, they can enter into its active lexical fund, take a place in dictionaries, be actively used in oral and written speech. However, they may be forgotten, not accepted by the canons of the language, or become archaisms and historicisms. The relevance of the study is explained by the tasks of revealing the role of the activity of loan words with the synonymy of the Tatar language. The article presents the materials that reflect the experience of research of the teachers of the Kazan Federal University in cooperation with the colleagues from other countries on the study of Turkic languages, including the Tatar language in synchrony and diachrony. It is well known that the etymological affinity of the borrowed lexicon from different languages is not the same, as well as their morphological and semantic features. If the most active words are the words related to nouns and adjectives, then verb forms in Turkic languages are rarely borrowed. This paper aim is a lexico-semantic description of the synonymous connections of the verbs with borrowed stems in the Tatar language, as one of the representatives of the Turkic world. During the research, the authors got insight into modern works of Russian and foreign authors on linguistics, philology; analyzed the lexical material fixed in bilingual dictionaries and in “The Dictionary of Synonyms” of the Tatar language; made comparisons of the dictionary fund and practical Tatar speech; revealed the basic tendencies of development of the modern literary language.

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