scholarly journals Borneo – trudna przeszłość, poplątane tożsamości. Indonezyjsko-malajska konfrontacja 1963–1966

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-296
Author(s):  
Andrzej Połosak
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Territorial Status ◽  
Commonwealth Of Nations

Borneo, the largest of the Sunda Islands, was already divided during the colonial period. Its southern part belonged to the Dutch East Indies. To the north, there were the territories of North Kalimantan, part of the British Federation of Malaya. The President of the Republic of Indonesia, Ahmed Sukarno, supported anti-colonial movements around the world. Moreover, in 1962, Indonesia launched a military operation that attached West Irian, a Dutch overseas territory in the eastern tip of New Guinea. This operation gained international support.When Great Britain revised its Far East policy in the late 1950s, London gave independence to the Federation of Malaya, known as Malaysia since that time. From then on, the country was part of the Commonwealth of Nations. President Sukarno, remembering the success of the 1962 operation, considered newly established Malaysia to be only a new incarnation of English colonial politics. In April 1963, Jakarta began invading northern Borneo to annex these lands to Indonesia. The invasion met with strong resistance from the Commonwealth of Nations. After three years of struggle, the territorial status quo from before the conflict was re-established. The invasion and its high costs shook President Sukarno’s position. As a result, he was overthrown by General Suharto and the previously pursued policy of supporting anti-colonialism ended, although Indonesia remained a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, one of whose spiritual fathers was Ahmed Sukarno.

scholarly journals History of World and Russian Mammoth Studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 1163-1181
Author(s):  
Vladimir S. Luzan ◽  
Alexandra A. Sitnikova ◽  
Anastasia V. Kistova ◽  
Antonina I. Fil’ko ◽  
Julia S. Zamaraeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Far East ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Art Collectors ◽  
The North ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Comparative

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of the mammoth in regulatory documents and cultural practices. The analysis of both Russian and international experience allowed to generalise the existing legal provisions regarding the regulation of mammoths, as well as to determine the role of mammoths in the world and Russian culture, including the culture of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East. The methodological basis of the study is represented by the comparative analysis of sources and materials, historical-comparative and chronological methods, the historiographic method, as well as methods of philosophical and art history analysis. The study revealed the fact that in the field of legislation and legal regulation of extraction and sale of mammoth ivory in the world, the issue of the status of mammoths is raised only in connection with a discussion of the survival of rare species of elephants. Measures to prevent extermination of elephant population, encompassing a ban on trade, including trade of mammoth ivory, cause heated discussions and are controversial for craftsmen, antique dealers and art collectors. The issue of legal regulation in this area is particularly acute for the Russian Federation, due to the lack of a finalised legal and regulatory framework, both at the federal, regional and municipal levels. The image of the mammoth in the world and Russian culture is embodied in a number of visual practices. These are heraldry, animation, book graphics, sculpture and fine art. Sign and symbolic forms of the mammoth embody religious and mythological characteristics of the animal, demonstrating its significance in people’s worldview, as well as indicating of the “living” memory of it in the modern world

Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Schneider ◽  
Vanessa Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The West ◽  
Artificial Reservoir ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of Ghana is a country located on the west coast of Africa on the Gulf of Guinea, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, and Togo. Ghana has a total area of 238,535 square kilometres (km), a coastline of 539 km in length, and a population of 29.6 million. Ghana is home to Lake Volta, the largest artificial reservoir in the world in terms of surface area, situated approximately 200 km from Ghana’s border with Burkina Faso.

II. Dutch Views and Uses of British Policy in India around 1800

Itinerario ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Robert van Niel
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
The State ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Total Change ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

On August 31, 1803, a group of seven men, comprising the Commission for East Indies Affairs (Commissie tot de Oost-Indische Zaken), submitted the final report of its deliberations to the Government of the State of the Batavian Republic (Staatsbewind der Bataafsche Republiek) in The Hague. This Commission had been called into existence in November 1802 to make recommendations on how best to administer and conduct trade with the nation's possessions in the East Indies in a fashion that would render the greatest advantage to the nation's finances and profit to its commerce. Only a couple of years earlier Holland's monopolistic United East Indies Company (VOC) had been terminated by the Republic, and its assets and liabilities assumed by the State. The liabilities were immediately identifiable, for they consisted of debts which had to be paid in hard cash. The assets, on the other hand, consisted of territories – most of which had fallen under English control – and factories that somehow had to be made profitable, but seemed, given the then-existing conditions in the world, to be almost out of reach. The Commission was supposed to make recommendations as to how the remaining, territories of the VOC should be managed and how the trade with the East Indies and Asia in general was to be made profitable. This was no small task, so it may appear somewhat wondrous that the Commission was able to complete its work in less than ten months. The dispatch with which the Commission's work was completed, however, is more understandable if it is realised that the financial collapse of the VOC had been openly recognised since 1786, and various proposals for either reform or total change of the Company's system had been presented and discussed. These alternative proposals were well known to the members of the Commission. Their work, therefore, involved striking a balance among these proposals rather than creating a system de novo.

scholarly journals PARASITES AND PARASITIC DISEASES IN DOMESTIC REINDEER OF YAKUTIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 254-260
Author(s):  
Kokolova ◽  
Gavrilieva ◽  
Stepanova ◽  
Dulova ◽  
Sivtseva
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Further Development

Reindeer husbandry is the basis of the economy and way of life, the traditional occupation of the indigenous inhabitants of the North, Siberia and the Far East, and the most important branch of animal husbandry in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Reindeer husbandry is associated with the cultural traditions, lifestyle and economy of the small national communities of the north. Yakutia is the traditional centre and the region of breeding domestic reindeer. Further development of reindeer husbandry, and increasing of the productivity and profitability of reindeer husbandry in Yakutia are impossible without proper organization and effective protection of domestic reindeer from various diseases, including parasitic ones, which cause significant damage to reindeer farms in the Republic. Reindeer are infected with 37 species of helminths. The results of the research of the authors of the article showed that all the studied deer had different types of helminths, and 100% were infected with gadfly larvae. The most frequent parasitic diseases in deer are monieziasis, larval echinococcosis, parenchymal, muscular and serosal cysticercosis, dictyocaulosis, nematodirellosis and elaphostrongylosis; moreover other parasitoses – edemagenosis and cephenomyosis – are recorded in 100% of deer. The authors of the article consider the infection of deer with larvae of subcutaneous and nasopharyngeal gadflies to be the number one problem.

New cryptogamic records. 6

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Czernyadjeva ◽  
T. Ahti ◽  
O. N. Boldina ◽  
S. V. Chesnokov ◽  
E. A. Davydov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
New Siberian Islands ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
The North ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Pskov Region ◽  
The Republic ◽  
North Western ◽  
North Ossetia

First records of chrysophytes for the North-Western Russia and the Leningrad Region, fungi for the Pskov Region, lichens for Svalbard and the Altai Territory, bryophytes for the Far East, Arkhangelsk, Saratov, Voronezh and Sakhalin regions, the Karachayevo-Circassian Republic, Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, the Republic of Altai, the New Siberian Islands Archipelago, the Kuril Islands, the Republic of South Ossetia. The data on its localities, habitats and distribution are provided.

scholarly journals The Northern Sea Route as a New Route for Maritime Transport between the Far East and Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. A74-A79
Author(s):  
Andrej Dávid ◽  
Andrea Galieriková ◽  
Jiří Tengler ◽  
Vlatka Stupalo
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Trade ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
The North Pacific

Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, India or Bangladesh belong to the largest producers of consumer goods in the world that is mainly transported by container vessels to other parts of the world. One of the busiest maritime trade route is the route between Europe and Asia. It leads through the North Pacific, Indian and the North Atlantic Oceans and their seas. There is also an alternative trade route that runs along the coast of the Russian Federation across the Arctic Ocean. On one hand the ice in this area is gradually declining due to global warming, on the other hand the duration of navigation times is being extended for several months of the year. One of the advantages of this route is the reduction of sailing times between Asian and European maritime ports. The basic goals of the paper are to focus on the current transport situation on this trade route and a new trade route that leads along the coast of Russia.

scholarly journals ADA YANG MANIS DI TIMUR NUSANTARA? KOSMOPOLITANISME TANAMAN TEBU DALAM HISTORIOGRAFI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Ronal Ridhoi
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Industry ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Massive Development

This paper tries to remind readers about the history of sugarcane in the archipelago and its transnationalization. This crop, which is actually endemic on Eastern Indonesia, was famous in the market world since Europeans "introduced" it to the archipelago, especially in Java. So, a simple questions, is the sugarcane originated from Indonesia? Where did it come from? To what extent this crop become cosmopolitan and what are the socio-ecological impacts in Indonesia? By using historical methods and a cosmopolitanism point of view, the author finds the fact that the mainland of Papua (Indonesia and New Guinea) had been domesticated sugarcane for thousand years Before Christ. Sugarcane was transnationalized to various parts of the world until it was brought back to the archipelago by European traders. Later, this crop became the largest funds contributor to the Dutch East Indies during the colonial period due to the massive development of the sugar industry in Java Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengingatkan kembali para pembaca tentang sejarah tanaman tebu di Nusantara dan proses transnasionalisasinya. Tanaman yang sebenarnya endemik di Indonesia bagian Timur ini kemudian menjadi primadona di pasaran dunia sejak orang-orang Eropa “memperkenalkan” di Nusantara, khususnya di Jawa. Pertanyaan yang muncul, apakah tebu bukan tanaman asli Indonesia? Dari mana asal tanaman tersebut? Sejauh mana tanaman ini menjadi kosmopolit dan apa implikasinya terhadap kondisi sosio-ekologi di Indonesia? Dengan menggunakan metode sejarah dan sudut pandang kosmopolitanisme, penulis menemukan fakta bahwasanya daratan Papua (Indonesia dan New Guinea) sudah melakukan domestifikasi tebu sejak ribuan tahun sebelum Masehi. Tebu mengalami transnasionalisasi ke berbagai belahan dunia sampai kemudian dibawa kembali ke Nusantara oleh para pedagang Eropa. Tanaman ini kemudian menjadi penyumbang devisa terbesar untuk negara Hindia Belanda masa kolonial karena perkembangan industri gula yang masif di Jawa.

scholarly journals Mining and Indigenous Peoples of the North: Assessment and Development Prospects

Resources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Evdokia Burtseva ◽  
Anatolii Sleptsov ◽  
Anna Bysyina ◽  
Alla Fedorova ◽  
Gavril Dyachkovskii
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
The North ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Indigenous Minorities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
North Siberia

The main industry in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is the mining industry, which will continue to expand in the future. Already today there are quite a lot of investment projects for the development of minerals in the Arctic, North-West and South Yakutia, which will be implemented in the territories of indigenous minorities of the North. Indigenous Evens, Evenks, Yukaghirs make up 4.2% of the total population of the republic and are characterized by low genetic diversity, which can lead to negative consequences in relation to their health status when exposed to technogenic pollution. Purpose of the study: assessment of the state of life of indigenous minorities of the North in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) under the conditions of a new stage of industrial development of territories of traditional nature management. The planned increasing industrial development of territories of traditional nature management can cause large-scale disturbances of the earth’s surface, depletion of biological resources, environmental pollution, which will ultimately lead to deterioration in the quality of life of the population. In order to take measures to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of industrial development of the territories of residence and traditional activities of indigenous minorities of the North, when implementing new projects, the expert commission recommends concluding a trilateral agreement on cooperation and financing of specific programs between industrial companies, government bodies of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and authorized representatives of indigenous minorities of the North. Research area—the position of indigenous minorities of the North in the conditions of industrial development of the North, Siberia and the Far East. This study looks at the impact of industrial development on the natural environment and the traditional way of life of indigenous population. Compensation for damage to the nomadic tribal communities of reindeer herders has taken place. Only about 250 thousand representatives of 40 indigenous peoples live in these regions, who are included in the official list of indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East.

scholarly journals Benteng Amsterdam di Pesisir Utara Pulau Ambon: Tinjauan atas Aspek Kronologi dan Fungsi

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Syahruddin Mansyur
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The North ◽  
Government Functions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Defense Function ◽  
Coast Region

Fort Amsterdam is one of the fort in the fortifications system that was built by the VOC since the 17th century in the Maluku Islands. This research examines the micro aspects in the fortification system  by focusing on the  aspects of the chronology as well as the functions and roles of Fort Amsterdam. The bibliographical studies and the use of  historical records also adopted in this study.  The reslut of this research shows the chronology of the first fort built in 1629 as a trading post by VOC in the North Coast region of the island of Ambon. This fort then undergoes renovations both aimed to strengthen the defense function as well as trade and government functions in this fort. Amsterdam role both during and future VOC Dutch East Indies governement policies related to the clove monopoly on the Colonial period. Period of receding role of the fort was then happended along with the moment of the abolition of the clove monopoly by the Dutch in 1865.Benteng Amsterdam adalah salah satu benteng dalam sistem perbentengan yang dibangun oleh VOC sejak abad ke-17 di wilayah Kepulauan Maluku. Penelitian ini mengkaji aspek mikro dalam sistem perbentengan tersebut yaitu aspek kronologi serta aspek fungsi dan peran Benteng Amsterdam. Melalui kajian kepustakaan yang bersumber dari catatan-catatan historis, serta hasil penelitian terdahulu. Penelitian ini berhasil mengungkap kronologi benteng yang pertamakali dibangun pada tahun 1629 sebagai pos perdagangan VOC di wilayah Pesisir Utara Pulau Ambon. Benteng ini kemudian mengalami beberapakali renovasi yang bertujuan untuk memperkuat fungsi pertahanan serta fungsi perdagangan dan pemerintahan pada benteng ini. Peran Benteng Amsterdam pada masa VOC dan masa Pemerintah Hindia Belanda berhubungan dengan kebijakan monopoli cengkih pada masa Kolonial. Periode surut peran benteng ini kemudian mulai terjadi pada periode penghapusan monopoli cengkih oleh Belanda pada tahun 1865.

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