scholarly journals PROFIL KADAR ASAM URAT PADA REMAJA OBES DI KOTA BITUNG

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eggy P. J. Ngantung ◽  
Aaltje E. Manampiring ◽  
Widdhi Bodhi
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Male Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Level ◽  
The City

Abstract: Uric acid is an end product of purine metabolism in humans. Serum uric acid levels increased significantly to those who are obese. In people who have a form of body fat tend to be more easily and have a high risk of gout due to decomposition of food with high level of purine and fats that mixed in blood is difficult to excreted through urine, resulting in the accumulation and clogging fats in the blood. This study aims to describe uric acid in obese adolescents. This research is a descriptive cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used is the technique of random sampling. Samples were taken from the high school students in the city of Bitung that obesity is determined by measuring waist circumference. Then students who are willing to be sampled were asked to sign an informed consent and fasting of at least 10-12 hours, then take the blood for examination of blood uric acid levels. The prevalence of adolescents obesity that have uric acid increased in Bitung is 56%. In research conducted on 50 students of obesity, found 28 (56%) of people have increased uric acid, which consists of 8 (16%) persons of male students and 20 (40%) persons of female students.Keyword : uric acid, obecityAbstrak: Asam urat merupakan produk akhir metabolisme purin pada manusia. Kadar asam urat serum meningkat secara signifikan terhadap mereka yang mengalami obesitas. Pada orang yang memiliki bentuk tubuh gemuk cenderung lebih mudah dan memiliki resiko tinggi terkena penyakit asam urat karena proses penguraian makanan purin yang bercampur lemak dalam darah sulit dikeluarkan melalui urine, sehingga terjadi penumpukan dan penyumbatan lemak dalam darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran asam urat pada remaja obesitas. Penelitian ini berupa cross sectional dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah dengan teknik random sampling. Sampel penelitian diambil dari siswa-siswi SMA dikota Bitung yang obesitas yang ditentukan dengan mengukur lingkar pinggang. Kemudian siswa yang bersedia dijadikan sampel diminta untuk menandatangani informed consent dan melakukan puasa minimal 10-12 jam, kemudian diambil darah untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar asam urat dalam darah. Prevalensi remaja obesitas yang mengalami peningkatan asam urat di Kota Bitung adalah 56%. Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan pada 50 siswa obesitas, didapatkan 28 (56%) orang mengalami peningkatan asam urat, yang terdiri dari 8 (16%) siswa laki-laki dan 20 (40%) siswa perempuan.Kata kunci : asam urat, obesitas

Cyberbullying dan Sikap Pelajar di Kota Medan

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Ressi Dwiana
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Life Meaning ◽  
School Students ◽  
Proportional Allocation ◽  
The City ◽  
Senior High School Students

ABSTRACTThis study examines how strong internet' influence is regarding to intensity and appeal of the message to the attitudes of senior high school students in relation to cyberbullying. Reflecting on some cases abroad and also in Indonesia, can be assumed that the phenomenon of bullying is able to affect the attitudes of students who are searching for their identity related to their beliefs, life meaning, and life purpose. This study uses explanatory survey with a target population of high school’s students in the city of Medan. Sampling technique using simple random sampling with proportional allocation. The research shows that there is linier relation between cyberbullying and students behaviour in Medan.Keywords: cyberbullying, teenager, behaviour ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengkaji seberapa besar pengaruh internet menyangkut intensitas dan daya tarik pesannya terhadap sikap pelajar SMA dalam kaitannya dengan cyberbullying. Bercermin pada beberapa kasus-kasus di luar negeri dan juga dalam negeri dapat diasumsikan bahwa fenomena bullying dapat mempengaruhi sikap pelajar yang sedang mencari identitas diri yang berkaitan dengan keyakinan, pencarian makna kehidupan, dan tujuan hidup. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey eksplanatori dengan populasi sasaran pelajar SMA Negeri di Kota Medan. Penarikan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling dengan alokasi proporsional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang linier antara cyberbullying dan sikap remaja di kota Medan.Kata kunci: cyberbullying, remaja, perilaku

scholarly journals A STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF MENTAL HEALTH ON RESILIENCE AND HAPPINESS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Holden Malambo ◽  
Chitinti Hachombwa
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Private School ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Scholarly Work ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of the present scholarly work was to test the relationship between mental health, resilience, and happiness among the high school students. The study was conducted in a private school student from Tanzania. The sampling was based on random sampling technique. The design of the study is survey based cross-sectional research design. The correlation results show that mental health, happiness, and resilience are positively associated. The findings lead to the conclusion that if an individual possess sound mental health, so his/her resilience will be improved and he/she will be in better position to adjust in different situations.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN ASAM URAT PADA REMAJA OBES DI KABUPATEN MINAHASA

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vindy G. N. Wurangian
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Uric Acid ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: Uric acid is an end product of purine metabolism and is also associated with obesity. Most people with this condition are overweight and have a tendency of hyperuricemia which is associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is the basis of metabolic abnormalities that could explain the relationship between the various components of the metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to determine the profile of uric acid in obese adolescent.This was a descriptive study with cross sectional design. Sampling technique used was random sampling method. Samples consisted of obese students determined by measuring their waist circumferences. The students had to fast for at least 8 hours, and then their blood was taken for examination of blood uric acid level. The results showed that there were 54 obese students as samples, and 8 students (14.28%) with hyperuricemia. Of those with hyperuricemia, there were 3 male students (5.56%) and 5 female students (9.26%). Conclusion: Although a large part of obese students in Minahasa had normal blood uric acid levels, some of them showed hyperuricemia.Keywords: uric acid, hyperuricemia, obeseAbstrak: Asam urat merupakan hasil akhir metabolisme purin. Asam urat sering dikaitkan dengan obesitas. Orang dengan kegemukan mempunyai kecenderungan mengalami peningkatan kadar asam urat dalam darah. Asam urat berhubungan dengan resistensi insulin. Resistensi insulin merupakan dasar kelainan metabolik yang dapat menjelaskan hubungan antara berbagai komponen sindrom metabolik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran asam urat pada remaja obes. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel diperoleh dengan tekhnik random sampling. Sebagai sampel penelitian diambil siswa-siswi SMK Negeri Tondano yang obes yang ditentukan berdasarkan lingkar pinggang. Siswa yang bersedia dijadikan sampel diminta untuk berpuasa minimal 8 jam, kemudian diambil darahnya untuk pemeriksaan kadar asam urat. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan dari 54 siswa obes diperoleh prevalensi siswa obes yang mengalami hiperurisemia di Kabupaten Minahasa 8 orang (14,82%), yang terdiri dari 3 siswa laki-laki (5,56%) dan 5 siswa perempuan (9,26%). Simpulan: Walaupun sebagian besar siswa obes mempunyai kadar asam urat darah yang normal, beberapa di antaranya memperlihatkan hiperurisemia.Kata kunci: asam urat, hiperurisemia, obesitas

scholarly journals Analysis of Students' Creative Thinking Ability with Problems Solving in Terms of Adversity Quotient

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-225
Author(s):  
Buchori Muslim ◽  
Siti Suryaningsih ◽  
Rizqa Fadhila Aprianti
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
School Students ◽  
Thinking Ability ◽  
Research Students ◽  
High Level ◽  
Creative Thinking Ability

AbstractStudents’ difficulties in chemistry subject are the main cause of their low rate to think creatively. Students with high adversity quotient are most likely to overcome the difficulties in finding a solution to answer the creative thinking problems. The objective of this research is to analyze the creative thinking ability in chemistry from the perspective of adversity quotient. The subjects of the study are 72 senior high school students from XII grade in Tangerang. The sampling applies a random sampling technique. Data collection technique is carried out by giving a test about chemical creative thinking skills in the form is essay question with 0,727 realibility scale. Adversity quotient data is obtained using a questionnaire scale with 0,652 realibility scale. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative and quantitative method. The result indicates that camper and quitter subjects are classified as creative and climber subjects are classified as very creative. The different aspects of students’ ability in solving problems can be used in mapping students' creative thinking abilities. As a recommendation, to improve creative thinking ability requires a high level of adversity quotient. Therefore, in this research students are expected to explore their creative thinking abilities in the learning process.AbstrakKesulitan siswa pada mata pelajaran kimia menjadikan rendahnya kemampuan berpikir kreatif. Siswa yang memiliki adversity quotient tinggi maka dapat mengatasi kesulitan untuk menemukan solusi jawaban dari soal berpikir kreatif. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis kemampuan berpikir kraetif kimia ditinjau dari adversity quotient. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XII SMA di Kabupaten Tangerang yang  sebanyak 72 orang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melaksanakan tes kemampuan berpikir kreatif kimia berupa soal uraian dengan realibilitas sebesar 0,727. Data adversity quotient, diperoleh dengan menggunakan skala angket dengan realibilitas sebesar 0,652. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa subjek camper dan quitter tergolong kreatif dan Subjek dengan climber tergolong sangat kreatif. Perbedaan aspek kemampuan siswa dalam mengatasi kesulitan dapat digunakan dalam memetakan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa. Sebagai rekomendasi, dengan memiliki tingkat adversity quotient yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatifnya. Oleh karena itu, Penelitian ini diharapkan siswa dapat mengeksplorasi kemampuan berpikir kreatifnya dalam proses pembelajaran. How to Cite:  Muslim, B., Suryaningsih, S., Aprianti, R. F. (2020).  Analysis of Students' Creative Thinking Ability with Problems Solving in Terms of Adversity Quotient. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 7(2), 217-225. doi:10.15408/tjems.v7i2.15234.

scholarly journals Hubungan antara Status Kebersihan Mulut dengan Karies Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Manado

e-GIGI ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia E. Wowor
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
P Value ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Individual

Masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut terbesar yang umum dihadapi yaitu karies. Karies merupakan penyakit universal yang dapat terjadi pada semua usia, ras, sosial-ekonomi dan jenis kelamin. Salah satu faktor penting penyebab terjadinya karies yaitu kurangnya menjaga kebersihan gigi dan mulut.Nilai kebersihan gigi dan mulut penting untuk diketahui tiap individu, hal tersebut berperan dalam upaya pencegahan terhadap terjadinya karies.Status kebersihan mulut dan karies dinilai dengan menggunakan indeks OHI-S dan DMF-T menurut WHO.Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional dan dilakukan pada siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 1 Manado kelas X yang pada umumnya merupakan kelompok remaja umur 14-15 tahun dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 83 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan proportional random sampling. Hasil penelitian dianalisis secara univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan program SPSS 20.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan indeks OHI-S rata-rata sebesar 1,6 dalam kategori WHO termasuk sedang dan DMF-T rata-rata sebesar 4,6 dalam kategori WHO termasuk tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil uji chi-square menggunakan program SPSS 20 didapatkan p value 0,117 (p>0,005).Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan status kebersihan gigi dan mulut termasuk kategori sedang dan status karies termasuk kategori tinggi dan tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara status kebersihan gigi dan mulut dengan karies siswa SMA Negeri 1 Manado.Kata kunci:Kebersihan gigi dan mulut, KariesABSTRACTOral health problems most commonly faced by caries. Caries is a universal disease that can occur at any age, ethnic, socio-economic and gender. One important factor is the lack of cause of caries and oral hygiene. Value of oral hygiene is important to know the individual, it contributes to the prevention of caries. Oral hygiene and caries status was assessed by using an index OHI-S and DMF-T according to the WHO.This is a descriptive analytic study using cross-sectional approach and performed in high school students of class X in SMA Negeri 1 Manado which is generally a group of adolescents aged 14-15 years with a total sample of 83 students. Sampling technique using proportional random sampling. The results were analyzed using univariate and bivariate using SPSS 20.The results showed OHI-S index by an average of 1.6 in the WHO category includes medium and DMF-T by an average of 4.6 in the high category, including WHO. Based on the results of the chi-square test using SPSS 20 obtained p value 0.117 (p>0.005). Based on these results, we can conclude the status of oral hygiene including medium category and caries status were high and there was no significant association between oral hygiene status with caries students of SMA Negeri 1 Manado.Keywords :Oral hygiene, Caries

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DENGAN SIKAP REMAJA TENTANG SEKS PRANIKAH SMA KARTINI KOTA BATAM TAHUN 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Ibrahim ◽  
Sukma Sahreni
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Premarital Sex ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Premarital Sexual ◽  
Sex Knowledge

Various factors causing premarital sexual behavior are loosening of supervision from parents and schools, lack of faith in God, low education in religious values, social influences, easy to absorb western cultures that are currently rife in Indonesia, mass media as well as the internet that provides a variety of positive and negative information. This type of research is a descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional approach, which was conducted in February 2017. The population of this study was students of class XII Natural Sciences and Social Sciences of Kartini High School in Batam City, totaling 111 people. Sampling with random sampling technique, as many as 84 people. Data obtained from filling out the questionnaire to respondents, then the data were analyzed univariately and bivariate by computer using the Chi-Square Statistical Test. The results showed that students who had good knowledge about premarital sex were 32 students (38.1%), students who had sufficient knowledge about premarital sex were 24 students (28.6d%) and students who had less knowledge about premarital sex as many as 28 students (33.3%). The results showed that students who had good attitudes about premarital sex were 44 students (52.4%), students who had sufficient attitudes about premarital sex were 21 (25.0%) and students who had fewer attitudes about premarital sex were 19 students (22.6%). Statistical test results show (P = 0,000) meaning that there is a relationship between knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about premarital sex in Batam City Kartini High School in 2018. From the results of the study it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between Premarital Sex Knowledge and Premarital Sexual Attitudes in Kartini High School students in Batam City in 2018.

scholarly journals The Effect of Addiction Online Game Factor by Private High School Students in Padang City

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Nela Sari Yolanda ◽  
Yessy Marzona ◽  
Lailatul Husna ◽  
Safinah Azmir
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Online Game ◽  
School Students ◽  
Private High School ◽  
The City ◽  
Senior High School Students

Online Game is a game that entertain which is by connected by a network, so that it can be played between one player and another player in different places. As a matter of fact, Online Game can have a negative impact, that is an addiction. Students who are addicted to play online game have been influenced by several factors, the factor of facility, individual factors, family factors, social factors, and the online game itself. An analysis that can be used to look at the factors that influence addiction online game in private senior high school students in the city of Padang is a logistic regression analysis.This type of research is experimental research and the population in this study are private senior high school students in Padang City who play online game on a smartphone. The sample in this research are about to 96 respondents and the sampling technique used was technique non probability sampling with the sampling method accidental sampling and using a questionnaire. Based on the research results, we obtained the factors that influence it and factors that significantly influence addiction online game in students private SMA is a facility, family, and types game online.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Jenis Pembalut Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Keputihan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Windatania Mayasari ◽  
Nety Taribuka ◽  
Zubaedah Zubaedah ◽  
Hawa Warhangan
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

The use of pantyliner is one of the causes of vaginal discharge because pads use dangerous chemicals for the bleaching process, which produce dioxins that can trigger vaginal discharge. This study aims to determine the relationship between the use of sanitary napkins during menstruation in SMA. This study used a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were 144 high school students, the sample in this study were 105 female students. The sampling technique used was proposive sampling. Data collection was done by using questionnaires and forms related to data recording. Bivariate analysis using the chi squre statistical test. 105 respondents using herbal sanitary napkins in the highest normal incidence was 35 (70%) and the lowest normal use of abnormal sanitary napkins was 12 (21.8%). The incidence of abnormal vaginal discharge in ordinary sanitary napkins 55 (100%) and the incidence of vaginal discharge in 50 (100%) herbs napkins. There was a relationship between the use of this type of pantyliner and the incidence of flour albus in SMA, Waplau Subdistrict, Buru Regency.

scholarly journals Identification of Senior High School Students' Problem-Solving Skill on Static Electricity Based on Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Nurul Atqiya ◽  
Dibyaratna Sy. ◽  
M. Pathurrozi ◽  
Sentot Kusairi
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
P Value ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference

This research aimed to identify differences in problem solving skill between male and female students. The research subjects were 50 students (21 male and 29 female) who were taken by random sampling technique from two high schools in Malang. The research instrument was adapted from problem solving instruments of Maries & Singh (2018). The data was analyzed by statistic descriptive and Kruskall Wallis test (p-value <0.05). The results showed that overall, there was no significant difference between male and female students (p-value>0.05). However male students performed better than female students on preparing the action (p-value<0.05). The results of this research can be a consideration and input for practitioners of education to improve the quality of education, especially in Indonesia.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KESULITAN DAN SELF-EFFICACY SISWA SMP DALAM PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA BERBENTUK SOAL CERITA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novferma Novferma
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Junior High School Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Mathematical Problems

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan letak, jenis, faktor-faktor kesulitan, dan self-efficacy siswa SMP swasta di Kabupaten Sleman, DIY dalam memecahkan masalah matematika berbentuk soal cerita. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian survei dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian adalah 124 siswa SMP swasta di Kabupaten Sleman, DIY yang berasal dari empat sekolah dengan kategori tinggi, sedang, dan rendah. Sampel penelitian ditentukan dengan stratified proportional random sampling technique. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa tes diagnostik terdiri atas 5 butir soal, angket self-efficacy, dan pedoman wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesulitan siswa dalam pemecahan masalah matematika berbentuk soal cerita terletak pada pengetahuan faktual, pengetahuan konseptual, pengetahuan prosedural, dan pengetahuan metakognitif. Jenis kesulitan yang dialami siswa yaitu pada mengingat fakta, mengingat konsep, memahami fakta, memahami konsep, menerapkan konsep, menerapkan prosedur, menganalisis prosedur, mengevaluasi faktual, mengevaluasi konsep, mengevaluasi prosedur, dan mengomunikasikan metakognitif. Faktor-faktor kesulitan yang dialami siswa SMP dalam memecahkan masalah matematika berbentuk soal cerita kelas VIII yaitu siswa merasa waktu yang diberikan tidak cukup, mudah menyerah, kurang teliti, sering lupa, merasa cemas, dan siswa tergesa-gesa untuk mengerjakan soal. Self-efficacy dari 124 siswa berada dalam kategori tinggi dengan rata-rata sebesar 90,4.Kata Kunci: analisis kesulitan siswa, self-efficacy, pemecahan masalah matematika, soal cerita AN ANALYSIS OF DIFFICULTIES AND SELF-EFFICACY OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SOLVING STORY FORM MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS AbstractThis research aimed to describe the positions, types, difficulty factors, and self-efficacy of junior high school students in Sleman, DIY in solving story form mathematical problems. This study was survey research using the quantitative and kualitative approach. The subjects of this research were 124 students of private junior high schools in Sleman, DIY, which were from four different school groups in the high, middle, and low categories. The sample was established using the stratified proportional random sampling technique. The instruments which were used namely diagnostic test that consisted of 5 items, self-efficacy questionnaire, and interview guides. The results indicate that students’ difficulties in solving story form mathematical problems lie on factual knowledge, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge, and metacognitive knowledge. The types of difficulties experienced by students include remembering fact, remembering concept, understanding facts, understanding concept, applying concept, applying procedure, analyzing procedure, evaluating fact, evaluating concept, evaluating procedure, and communicating metacognitive. Difficulty factors that grade VIII students experience in solving story form mathematical problems include: students feel that the time given is not enough, easily give up, are not meticulous enough, oftenly forget, and are anxious and impatient while solving the problems. The self-efficacy of 124 students can be categorized as high with an average score of 90.4.Keywords: analysis of students’ difficulties, self-efficacy, mathematics problem solving, story problem.

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