scholarly journals TINGKAT PERUBAHAN KESEJAHTERAAN EKONOMI KELUARGA BURUH MIGRAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-144
Author(s):  
Babun Ni’matur Rohmah ◽  
Riska Ayu Purnama Sari
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Welfare Indicators ◽  
The Status

Gondanglegi sub district is occupying the first position as the largest supplier of migrant workers in the area of ​​South Malang in 2014. This research focuses on Panggungrejo Village as the object of research. A village with area of ​​203 km2, population of 1,877 people consisting of 866 men and 1,011 women. This village pervades 12 RTs, and this research took 2 RTs namely RT 5 and 6, with 5 respondents. These five respondents are representatives of various migrant workers. Some represent their wives as migrant workers, husbands and children. This study uses the theory of social mobility; a change, shift, increase or decrease of the status and role of its members. Welfare indicators used are economic, educational, social and health. The result of the research shows that there is a change of the respondents’ life level in terms of economic, social, educational and even health compared to prior becoming migrant worker, although the rate of change is not too significant. Keywords: Welfare, Migrant Worker, Social Mobility.

scholarly journals PERAN ASEAN DAN NEGARA ANGGOTA ASEAN TERHADAP PERLINDUNGAN PEKERJA MIGRAN

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Ade Irawan Taufik
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Current Issue ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Council Meeting ◽  
Textual Study ◽  
Legal Instrument ◽  
Asean Member

Isu pekerja migran bukan hal baru, namun masih isu yang aktual, karena masih banyak terjadinya sisi negatif berupa perlakuan yang tidak manusiawi terhadap pekerja migran. Dalam lingkup ASEAN, Indonesia bukan satu-satunya negara pengirim pekerja migran, namun terdapat negara lain dengan negara tujuan yang hampir sama. Permasalahan yang dialami oleh pekerja migran dari negara-negara tersebut pada dasarnya hampir sama dengan yang dialami oleh pekerja migran dari Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan, yakni bagaimana peran ASEAN dalam melindungi pekerja migran dan bagaimana kesiapan instrumen hukum Indonesia dan negara-negara anggota ASEAN lainnya dalam melindungi pekerja migran. Dengan menggunakan metode studi tekstual, didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa peran ASEAN dalam melindungi pekerja migran telah tertuang di Piagam ASEAN yang dielaborasikan ke dalam 3 (tiga) pilar Komunitas ASEAN, namun peran tersebut tidak dapat maksimal karena tidak terciptanya konsesus dalam penyusunan instrumen perlindungan hak pekerja migran. Rekomendasi terhadap kebuntuan tersebut adalah dengan membawa dan membahasnya ke dalam pertemuan Dewan Komunitas ASEAN, karena isu tersebut merupakan isu lintas komunitas. Peran ASEAN sangat tergantung kepada upaya masing-masing negara anggota ASEAN dalam merumuskan regulasi dalam hukum nasionalnya masing-masing untuk mengimplemantasikan instrumen ASEAN terkait perlindungan pekerja migran, namun hal ini belum didukung dengan peran negara anggota ASEAN yang relatif rendah dalam komitmen perlindungan pekerja migran.<p>The issue of migrant workers is not new, but still the current issue, because there were lots of negative sides in the form of inhumane treatment of migrant workers. Within the scope of ASEAN, Indonesia is not the only sending countries of migrant workers. There were other countries whose sending its migrant workers with similar destinations with Indonesia. Problems faced by migrant workers from those countries are basically the same as experienced by Indonesian migrant workers. This research discusses the problem, namely how ASEAN’s role in protecting migrant workers and how’s Indonesia and other ASEAN member countries legal instrument readiness to protect migrant workers. By using the method of textual study, it was concluded that the role of ASEAN in the protection of migrant workers has been stated in the ASEAN Charter elaborated into three (3) pillars of the ASEAN Community, nevertheless that roles cannot be maximized for there were no consensus in creating the protection of the rights of migrant workers instruments. Recommendation to the impasse is to bring and discuss it in the ASEAN Community Council meeting, because the issue is a cross-community issue. ASEAN’s role in implementing ASEAN instrument on the protection of migrant worker is dependent upon the efforts of each ASEAN member countries in formulating regulations in their respective domestic laws. Nevertheless, their commitments to the protection of migrant workers are relatively poor.</p>

scholarly journals Assitance of Female Migrant Workers (Case Study of the Migrant Workers Care Village Program (Desbumi) in Darek Village, Southwest Praya District, Central Lombok Regency)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Rohimi Rohimi
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Soft Skill ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Village Government ◽  
The Village ◽  
Female Migrant

<p><em>In this study, researchers examined the role of the Village Care for Migrant Workers (Desbumi) program in mentoring female migrant workers in Darek Village, Praya Barat Daya District, Central Lombok Regency. This research is field research with data collection steps, namely interviews, documentation and observation. Therefore, this research aims o find out female migrant worker assistance patterns through the Desbumi program in Darek Village, Praya Barat Daya District, Central Lombok Regency. The results and discussion in this study are that the Desbumi program has three roles. First. Information center provides information to migrant workers about safe and legal migration (safety migrations). Second is the mobility data center, which assists prospective migrant workers in arranging migration filings at the village office. Third, the center for case advocacy, namely the role in providing protection and assistance to migrant workers who experience problems abroad.</em> <em>Meanwhile, the pattern of assisting female migrant workers in the Desbumi program approach is namely. First, pre-work mentoring, namely conducting socialization to the community by bringing migration flyers that have been given by Migrant Care and from the BNP2TKI office in Central Lombok Regency. It then provides an opportunity for people to ask questions about safe migration. Second, after work assistance, the Desbumi program can carry out consolidation and integration with Migrant Care, PPK and BNP2TKI if they encounter problems with migrant workers abroad. Furthermore, they confirm through social media with the Desbumi program in Darek Village, Praya Barat Daya District, Central Lombok Regency. Third, post-work mentoring, where former migrant workers are empowered in the village with various empowerment approaches. These approaches included making crackers, chips, sewing training and soft skills activities supported by the village government, Migrant Care, the Mataram City Panca Karsa Association (PPK), and BNP2TKI Central Lombok Regency </em></p><p> </p><p>Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengkaji peran dari program Desa Peduli Buruh Migran (Desbumi) dalam pendampingan buruh migrant perempuan di Desa Darek Kecamatan Praya Barat Daya Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dengan langkah pengumpulan data yakni wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi. Oleh karenaitu, tujuan dalam penelitian ini yakni untuk mengetahui bagaimana pola pendampingan buruh migrant perempuan melalui program Desbumi di Desa Darek Kecamatan Praya Barat Daya Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Hasil dan pembahasan dalam penelitian ini yakni, bahwasannya program Desbumi memiliki tiga peran seperti. Pertama. Pusat Informasi yakni untuk memberikan informasi pada buruh migrant tentang bermigrasi yang aman yang legal. Kedua, pusat data mobilitas yakni untuk membantu calon buruh migrant mengurus pemberkasan migrasi di kantor desa. Ketiga, pusat advokasi kasus yakni peran dalam memberikan perlindungan dan pendampingan pada buruh migran yang mengalami permasalahan di luar negeri. Sedangkan pola pendampingan buruh migrant perempuan dalam pendekatan program Desbumi yakni. Pertama, pendampingan sebelum bekerja yakni melakukan sosialisasi ke masyarakat dengan membawa pamphlet migrasi yang sudah diberikan oleh pihak Migrant Care serta dari kantor BNP2TKI Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Kemudian memberikan kesempatan bagi masyarakat untuk bertanya tentang migrasi yang aman. Kedua, pendampingan setelah bekerja yakni program Desbumi dapat melakukan dengan konsolidasi dan integrasi dengan Migran Care, PPK dan BNP2TKI jika menerima problematika buruh migran di luar negeri, dan melakukan konfirmasi melalui media social dengan adanya program Desbumi di Desa Darek Kecamatan Praya Barat Daya Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Ketiga, pendampingan purna bekerja yakni mantan buruh migrant diperdayakan di desa dengan berbagai pendekatan pemberdayaan yakni pembuatan kerupuk, keripik, pelatihan menjahit dan kegiatan soft skill yang di dukung oleh pemerintah desa, pihak Migran Care, pihak Perkumpulan Panca Karsa (PPK) Kota Mataram, dan BNP2TKI Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengkaji peran dari program Desa Peduli Buruh Migran (Desbumi) dalam pendampingan buruh migrant perempuan di Desa Darek Kecamatan Praya Barat Daya Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dengan langkah pengumpulan data yakni wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi. Oleh karenaitu, tujuan dalam penelitian ini yakni untuk mengetahui bagaimana pola pendampingan buruh migrant perempuan melalui program Desbumi di Desa Darek Kecamatan Praya Barat Daya Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Hasil dan pembahasan dalam penelitian ini yakni, bahwasannya program Desbumi memiliki tiga peran seperti. Pertama. Pusat Informasi yakni untuk memberikan informasi pada buruh migrant tentang bermigrasi yang aman yang legal. Kedua, pusat data mobilitas yakni untuk membantu calon buruh migrant mengurus pemberkasan migrasi di kantor desa. Ketiga, pusat advokasi kasus yakni peran dalam memberikan perlindungan dan pendampingan pada buruh migran yang mengalami permasalahan di luar negeri. Sedangkan pola pendampingan buruh migrant perempuan dalam pendekatan program Desbumi yakni. Pertama, pendampingan sebelum bekerja yakni melakukan sosialisasi ke masyarakat dengan membawa pamphlet migrasi yang sudah diberikan oleh pihak Migrant Care serta dari kantor BNP2TKI Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Kemudian memberikan kesempatan bagi masyarakat untuk bertanya tentang migrasi yang aman. Kedua, pendampingan setelah bekerja yakni program Desbumi dapat melakukan dengan konsolidasi dan integrasi dengan Migran Care, PPK dan BNP2TKI jika menerima problematika buruh migran di luar negeri, dan melakukan konfirmasi melalui media social dengan adanya program Desbumi di Desa Darek Kecamatan Praya Barat Daya Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Ketiga, pendampingan purna bekerja yakni mantan buruh migrant diperdayakan di desa dengan berbagai pendekatan pemberdayaan yakni pembuatan kerupuk, keripik, pelatihan menjahit dan kegiatan soft skill yang di dukung oleh pemerintah desa, pihak Migran Care, pihak Perkumpulan Panca Karsa (PPK) Kota Mataram, dan BNP2TKI Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. </p>

Translating People and Policy: The Role of Maid Agents in Brokering between Employers and Migrant Domestic Workers in Singapore’s Migration Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 992-1015
Author(s):  
Kellynn Wee ◽  
Charmian Goh ◽  
Brenda S.A. Yeoh
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Labor Market Intermediaries ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Language Brokers ◽  
Working And Living Conditions ◽  
Migrant Domestic Workers

There has been a surge of recent interest in the migration industries that facilitate the movement of migrants, particularly that of low-waged laborers engaged in temporary contracts abroad. This article extends this research to include migration brokers working in destination contexts, thus drawing analytical attention to the arrival infrastructures that incorporate migrants into host societies. Based on ethnographic research involving the employment agents who recruit women migrating from Indonesia to work as migrant domestic workers in Singapore, we use the concept of “translation” as a broad theoretical metaphor to understand how brokers actively fashion knowledge between various actors, scales, interfaces, and entities. First, we argue that through the interpretation of language, brokers continually modulate meaning in the encounters between potential employers and employees at the agency shopfront, reproducing particular dynamics of power between employers and workers while coperforming the hirability of the migrant worker. Second, we show how brokers operate within the discretionary space between multiple sets of regulations in order to selectively inscribe the text of policy into migrant workers’ lives. By interrogating the process of translation and clarifying the latitude migration brokers have in shaping the working and living conditions of international labor migrants, the article contributes to the growing conceptual literature on how labor-market intermediaries contour migration markets.

Musical resistance and musical bodies in the making: A worker-band from southern China

2021 ◽  
pp. 136787792110117
Author(s):  
Vincent Guangsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Southern China ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Musical Production ◽  
And Performance

This study explores the role of the body in the making of a migrant worker-band and the potential for musical production and performance activities to reshape workers’ cultural subjectivities. A framework of reflexive embodiment is used to understand how musical production and performance activities shape the cultural subjectivities of migrant workers through three bodily processes: body as text/text as body, body as instrument and body in performance. By highlighting the bodily dimension, this article seeks to broadly engage with and advance scholarship on the nexus between cultural practices and the formation of working-class subjectivity, and to specifically enrich our understanding of the migrant workers in contemporary China. This alternative musical practice is a form of ‘musical resistance’ that is not only culturally remaking working-class bodies but also providing cultural resources for the solidarity of the working-class community.

Family Responsibilities and Silence of Rural Migrant Workers in China: The Role of Town-Fellow Organizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-236
Author(s):  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Fang Lee Cooke ◽  
Teng Zhong ◽  
Fansuo An
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Employee Voice ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Institutional Actor ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dependent Elderly

Employee voice in China remains an under-researched topic from an industrial relations perspective. We investigated the relationship between family dependents (children and elderly) and migrant worker silence, with town-fellow organizations as a moderator, based on the data of the 2014 Guangdong Migrant Workers Survey. The findings reveal that migrant workers with dependent children are more likely to keep silent when their labour rights and interests are violated at the workplace, while family responsibilities for dependent elderly family members do not have significant impacts on migrant workers’ silence. In addition, town-fellow organizations weaken the association between family responsibilities for elderly dependents and silence. Our study contributes to the existing literature on employee voice and provides evidence on the role of town-fellow organizations in China as an informal, emerging institutional actor that regulates labour relations through their involvement in dispute resolution.

The Ideal of the Graduate Worker

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerbrand Tholen
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Symbolic Power ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Ideal

This final chapter concludes the book and reflects on the findings described in the previous chapters. The chapter explains how the idealized version of graduate workers (as being a distinct labour market grouping aligned with high-skilled, high-waged employment) has not really wavered. To understand the status of graduate workers as a group we need to understand the symbolic power graduates hold within the labour market (through symbolic categorization and classification). Yet the case studies also show that the meanings of graduate work, skills, and occupations vary, leaving room for interpretation and contention. The chapter reflects on the role of higher education in the labour market, how we can improve our understanding of graduate work, and what this means for debates about skill policy and social mobility.

scholarly journals Legalizing Unofficial (Sirri) Marriage For Indonesian Migrant Workers In Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afwan Faizin ◽  
Alfitra Alfitra ◽  
Ali Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Birth Certificates ◽  
Qualitative Research Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Marriage Problems ◽  
The One

Abstracts:In recent decades, there has been a massive influx of Indonesian migrant workers or TKI (Tenaga Kerja Indonesia) in Malaysia, both legally and illegally. Unfortunately, both the legal and illegal migrant workers faced unofficial (sirri) marriage problems and their children. This study will analyze the legalization process for the Indonesian migrant worker marriage in Malaysia. The research was done in the region of Peninsular Malaysia, using qualitative research method. The result shows that the legalization process faced some obstacles such as; (1) Malaysian regulation which forbid marriage while under working contract for migrant workers; (2) The difficulty to fulfill the requirements for itsbat nikah (legalizing marriage) because of the distance factor to the Indonesian embassy, hard to get the leaving permit from the employer, and the strict administration for the itsbat nikah program such as the requirements of reference that the applicant has not been married yet in their place of  origin.The sirri marriage that is performed by TKI in Malaysia caused many problems such as the one regarding the status of their children’s nationality.  They can not be documented by giving them birth certificates, passport, and other documents. Also, their rights are unprotected by the law. This study will have implications on Indonesian government’s policy regarding the protection of TKI’s rights and his family.Keywords: Sirri Marriage, chidren status, Indonesian migrant workers, itsbat nikah Abstrak:Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, telah terjadi gelombang besar pekerja migran Indonesia atau TKI (Tenaga Kerja Indonesia) di Malaysia, baik secara legal maupun ilegal. Sayangnya, baik pekerja migran legal maupun ilegal menghadapi masalah perkawinan tidak resmi (sirri) dan anak-anak mereka. Studi ini akan menganalisis proses legalisasi perkawinan pekerja migran Indonesia di Malaysia. Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah Semenanjung Malaysia, menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses legalisasi menghadapi beberapa kendala seperti; (1) Peraturan Malaysia yang melarang pernikahan saat berada di bawah kontrak kerja untuk pekerja migran; (2) Kesulitan untuk memenuhi persyaratan untuk itsbat nikah (melegalkan pernikahan) karena faktor jarak ke kedutaan Indonesia, sulit untuk mendapatkan izin cuti dari majikan, dan administrasi yang ketat untuk program itsbat nikah seperti persyaratan referensi bahwa pelamar belum menikah di tempat asal mereka. Pernikahan sirri yang dilakukan oleh TKI di Malaysia menyebabkan banyak masalah seperti yang menyangkut status kewarganegaraan anak-anak mereka. Mereka tidak dapat didokumentasikan dengan memberi mereka akta kelahiran, paspor, dan dokumen lainnya. Juga, hak-hak mereka tidak dilindungi oleh hukum. Studi ini akan memiliki implikasi pada kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia mengenai perlindungan hak TKI dan keluarganya.Kata kunci: Pernikahan Sirri, status anak, pekerja migran Indonesia, itsbat nikah  

scholarly journals Evaluation of Placement and Protection Programs of Indonesian Migrant Worker

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Wahab ◽  
Billy Tunas ◽  
Muchlis R. Ludin
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Model Method ◽  
One Stop ◽  
Integrated Service

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the placement and protection programs of Indonesian migrant worker that they run by the Ministry of Manpower and The National Agency of Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Worker. This research is done by observation, interview and documentation with Discrepancy Evaluation Model method. The method is to evaluate design, installation, process and the Implementation of the Placement and Protection programs of Indonesian migrant worker  against the Employment Placement Private Company to provide Indonesian Migrant Workers services licensed by the Ministry of Manpower and placement permits from The National Agency for Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migran Workers, the role of local government on one-stop integrated service, the role of labor attaches in Indonesian embassy from the Ministry of Manpower and supervision of The Nasional Agency for Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Worker. The conclusion of this study indicates that there is a gap in discrepancy at 16.01% from the target to be achieved.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF IMMIGRATION POLYTECHNIC CADETS IN PREVENTING NON-PROCEDURAL PMI (INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKER) SOCIALIZATION WITH IMMIGRATION OFFICE CLASS II OF NON-BORDER CONTROL MADIUN IN MAGETAN REGENCY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Ale Alfero Deputra ◽  
Respati Triana Putri ◽  
Sri Kuncoro Bawono
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Border Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Economic Needs

Nowadays, in order to meet the increasing economic needs, one of the attractive jobs for Indonesians because of their promising income is working abroad as Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI). However, due to the lack of understanding and knowledge of the community as well as several other limitations, many of the people who are interested in becoming PMI use channels that are not in accordance with the applicable administration. The presence of Non-Procedural PMI can actually endanger the safety of the person and give a bad image to other countries. Therefore, taking advantage of the Latjapura moment in 2021, the Immigration Polytechnic Cadets took the initiative to take part in socializing the prevention of Non-Procedural PMI together with the Madiun Immigration Office in Magetan Regency. With this socialization method, this activity went smoothly and resulted in an understanding to the public of the dangers of becoming a Non-Procedural PMI and the ease of making passports for PMIs through proper administration.

scholarly journals On the theoretical-methodological aspects of studying the influence of professional education on social stratification

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Ekaterina S. Popova
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Sociology Of Education ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Educational Trajectories

This article presents an attempt to define the framework and the possible guidelines for analyzing the influence of professional education on social stratification given the current conditions of social reality. The author points out that the structural changes in all social institutions (including professional education and the labor market), the fluidity and dynamism of modern social reality, and conserving a dichotomy of fluidity when speaking of the Russian context – rigidity, the expansion and inflation of professional education combined with the preservation of inequality when it comes to implementing educational trajectories – all of this makes studying the connection between social stratification, professional education and social mobility ever the more relevant. Researchers face the following acute questions: what sort of role is played by professional education in promoting or restricting an individual’s social mobility? How has the expansion and inflation of education redefined the selection and allocation of human capital? In which way does the connection change between social stratification, professional education and social mobility, what are the foundations, the sociological study tradition and the theoretical-methodological prospects for the future? In order to find answers, the author examines both traditional theoretical-methodological approaches, and ones that are new to sociology of education. The article substantiates the notion that structural-functional theory does not possess a comprehensive explanatory potential in the study of the socio-structural role of professional education in regards to social mobility. The author substantiates the following thesis from a conflict analysis standpoint: democratizing access to professional education does not mean the reduction of class inequality or the emergence of a society of equal opportunity. Within the paradigm of an activity-related approach in sociology of education, where education is viewed not just as a separate social institution, but as part of a larger system of social action and social inequality, the definitive role of motivation and proactiveness is emphasized, with them producing a positive effect when it comes to attaining higher professional status. The accelerating rate of change in society, the multidimensionality and polyvariance in implementing educational and professional trajectories in modern society indicate the need for a multidimensional evaluation of social mobility. In regards to the topic of education, and when it comes to analyzing the implementation of educational trajectories, professional education represents a vital condition and a necessary prerequisite for an individual to exercise social mobility both in terms of objective and subjective coordinates of mobility, and in regards to research methods and methodology, this demands synthesizing quantitative and qualitative research strategies, and, consequently, opens up new opportunities for interpreting results and perceiving social reality.

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