scholarly journals Investigation of the Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases in Terms of Road Traffic Gradients

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-301
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Multiple Sampling ◽  
Road Gradient ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
So2 Concentration

This research reflects on the impacts of traffic factors, car acceleration, volume of traffic, road gradient and the resulting sum of air pollutants, with a significant impact on the emissions of the vehicles. The general and detailed urban plans are normally addressed to these factors. Such considerations usually determine the adverse effects of motor vehicles, and environmental hazards, such as air pollution and vibration, which affects highways and bridges. However, the effect of road transport and preparation on the ecosystem is described. The research focuses on climate aspects that can be identified and designed so that all generic proposals can include them. In this study, CO, NO2, TVOC’s and SO2 concentration at multiple sampling sites were screened regularly. The study revealed that air pollutant rates are highly correlated with traffic movement and prevailing gradients. The SO2, NO2, CO and TVOC’s concentrations were very much associated to significant road flow parameters such as traffic elevation, intensity and amount of transport.

scholarly journals Primary Air Pollutants Emissions Variation Characteristics and Future Control Strategies for Transportation Sector in Beijing, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifeng Xue ◽  
Xizi Cao ◽  
Yi Ai ◽  
Kangli Xu ◽  
Yichen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Freight Transportation ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Railway Transportation ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
Beijing China

Air pollutant emissions from vehicles, railways, and aircraft for freight and passenger transportation are major sources of air pollution, and strongly impact the air quality of Beijing, China. To better understand the variation characteristics of these emissions, we used the emission factor method to quantitatively determine the air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector. The emission intensity of different modes of transportation was estimated, and measures are proposed to prevent and control air pollutants emitted from the transportation sector. The results showed that air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector have been decreasing year by year as a result of the reduction in emissions from motor vehicles, benefiting from the structural adjustment of motor vehicles. A comparison of the emission intensity of primary air pollutants from different modes of transportation showed that the emission level of railway transportation was much lower than that of road transportation. However, Beijing relies heavily on road transportation, with road freight transportation accounting for 96% of freight transportation, whereas the proportion of railway transportation was low. Primary air pollutants from the transportation sector contributed significantly to the total emissions in Beijing. The proportion of NOX emissions increased from 54% in 2013 to 58% in 2018. To reduce air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector, further adjustments and optimization of the structure of transportation in Beijing are needed. As for the control of motor vehicle pollutant emissions, vehicle composition must be adjusted and the development of clean energy must be promoted, as well as the replacement of diesel vehicles with electric vehicles for passenger and freight transportation.

scholarly journals The Efficiency of Economic Performance, Electricity Consumption, and Environmental Pollutants in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Wen-jie Zou ◽  
Tai-Yu Lin ◽  
Yung-ho Chiu ◽  
Ting Teng ◽  
Kuei Ying Huang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Overall Efficiency

Finding the balance between economic development and environmental protection is a major problem for many countries around the world. Air pollution caused by economic growth has caused serious damage to humans’ living environment, and as improving energy and resource efficiencies is the first priority, many countries are targeting to move towards a sustainable environment and economic development. This study uses the modified dynamic SBM (slack-based measure) model to explore the economic efficiency and air pollutants emission efficiency in Taiwan’s counties and cities from 2012 to 2015 by taking labor, motor vehicles, and electricity consumption as inputs and average disposable income as output. Particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen oxide emissions (NO2), and sulfur oxide emissions (SO2) are undesirable outputs, whereas factory fixed assets are a carry-over variable, and the results show the following: (1) the regions with the best overall efficiency between 2012 and 2015 include Taipei City, Keelung City, Hsinchu City, Chiayi City, and Taitung County; (2) in counties and cities with poor overall efficiency performance, the average disposable income per household has no significant relationship with air pollutant emissions; (3) in counties and cities where overall efficiency is poor, the average efficiency of each household’s disposable income is small; and (4) except for the five counties and cities with the best overall performance, the three air pollutants in the other fourteen counties and cities are high. Overall, the air pollution of most areas needs improvement.

Aspects of Side Impact Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 896 ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Stefanita Ciunel ◽  
Cristian Klement ◽  
Mihai Constantin Clinciu
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
National Level ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
The Eu

According to official statistics, road transport is one of the most dangerous and costly in terms of life and costs of hospitalization and post-accident medication. Thus, safety is a matter of great interest at national level and, perhaps internationally. Road safety on public roads in Romania is low compared to international standards. The mortality rate is more than twice the EU average. Given that road traffic and victim maintenance costs are a real economic problem, a European harmonization of the recording and assessment of events involving the bodily injuries of those involved in road events is necessary. Road events are one of the main causes of mortality in modern society. For this reason, the safety of motor vehicles has become the most important issue in their development. Road traffic injuries are a problem that can be controlled by proper attention to traffic avoidance strategies. Side impact is the second major cause of mortality and injury after frontal impact in road traffic analysis.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Road Traffic Reorganization on Air Quality: A Street Canyon Case Study

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Marek Bogacki ◽  
Robert Oleniacz ◽  
Mateusz Rzeszutek ◽  
Paulina Bździuch ◽  
Adriana Szulecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
Management Changes ◽  
The Impact

One of the elements of strategy aimed at minimizing the impact of road transport on air quality is the introduction of its reorganization resulting in decreased pollutant emissions to the air. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal strategy of corrective actions in terms of the air pollutant emissions from road transport. The study presents the assessment results of the emission reduction degree of selected pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and NOx) as well as the impact evaluation of this reduction on their concentrations in the air for adopted scenarios of the road management changes for one of the street canyons in Krakow (Southern Poland). Three scenarios under consideration of the city authorities were assessed: narrowing the cross-section of the street by eliminating one lane in both directions, limiting the maximum speed from 70 km/h to 50 km/h, and allowing only passenger and light commercial vehicles on the streets that meet the Euro 4 standard or higher. The best effects were obtained for the variant assuming banning of vehicles failing to meet the specified Euro standard. It would result in a decrease of the yearly averaged PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations by about 8–9% and for NOx by almost 30%.

scholarly journals Influence of Pollutants from Transport on Life Expectancy in the EU Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
Hana Rozehnalová ◽  
◽  
Michal Mádr ◽  
Lucie Formanová ◽  
Břetislav Andrlík
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Sulphur Oxides ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Eu

Road transport has become the major source of environmental pollution and it is also one of the biggest environmental risks in the EU countries. Good air quality is very important for population as pollutants have negative impacts on human health. The paper deals with relationship between air pollutants generated by road transport and the life expectancy in EU countries. At the beginning of the paper the main pollutants from motor vehicles are described and impact on human health is summarized too. We use regression analysis of panel data to analyse the relationship between chosen air pollutants and life expectancy. Our results show negative impacts of nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide, specifically reduction in life expectancy by 1.49 years for nitrogen oxides and 0.28 years for sulphur oxides with an increase of the pollutant by 1%. So according to our findings economic policy makers should focus primarily on the reduction of nitrogen and sulphur oxides.

scholarly journals OLYMPUS v1.0: Development of an integrated air pollutant and GHG urban emissions model – Methodology and calibration over the greater Paris

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Elessa Etuman ◽  
Isabelle Coll
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
European Environmental Agency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract. Air pollutants and greenhouse gases have many effects on health, economy, urban climate and atmospheric environment. At the city level, the transport and heating sectors contribute significantly to air pollution. In order to quantify the impact of urban policies on anthropogenic air pollutants, the main processes leading to emissions need to be understood: they mainly include mobility for work and leisure and household behavior, themselves impacted by a variety of social parameters. In this context, the Olympus modeling platform has been designed for environmental decision support. It generates a synthetic population of individuals and defines the mobility of each individual in the city through an activity-based approach of the travel demand. The model then spatializes road traffic taking into account congestion on the road network. It also includes a module that estimates the energy demand of the territory by calculating the unit energy consumption of households and the tertiary sector. Finally, the emissions associated with all the modeled activities are calculated using the COPERT emission factors for the traffic, and the European Environmental Agency (EEA) methodology for heating-related combustions. The comparison of emissions with AIRPARIF's regional inventory shows discrepancies that are consistent with differences in assumptions and input data, mainly in the sense of underestimation. The methodological choices, as well as the potential ways of improvement, including the refinement of traffic congestion modeling and of the transport of goods, are discussed.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF POLLUTANTS EMISSIONIN RELATION TOROAD TRAFFIC IN THE CITY OF LOME (TOGO) FROM 2010 TO 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Kokou SABI ◽  
◽  
Hezouwe SONLA ◽  
Moursalou KORIKO ◽  
Kokou Eric GBEDJANGNI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Pollutants Emission ◽  
The City

The automobile fleet in Togo has increased in the last decades with a patchwork of vehicles that are in majority older than ten (10) years. Until 2019, the car fleet in Togo was almost dependent upon petroleum products, and was consequentlya source of air pollutants emission. Lome is the capital city of Togo with the characteristic of having the highest road traffic volume that significantly impacts air quality. In accordance with the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guide and the COPERT method, emissions of carbone monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and particulate matter (PM) are respectively estimated to: 2621.674 tCO 82.444 tNOx 558.778 tNMVOC and 7.241 tPM. In the time series 2010-2019, emissions of CO, NMVOCs and NOx fell overall with average yearly rates by respectively 83,0234 66,4888 and 0,8073 t/year whereas the PM emission rose(0,8208 t/year).

scholarly journals OLYMPUS v1.0: development of an integrated air pollutant and GHG urban emissions model – methodology and calibration over greater Paris

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5085-5111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Elessa Etuman ◽  
Isabelle Coll
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
European Environmental Agency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract. Air pollutants and greenhouse gases have many effects on health, the economy, urban climate and atmospheric environment. At the city level, the transport and heating sectors contribute significantly to air pollution. In order to quantify the impact of urban policies on anthropogenic air pollutants, the main processes leading to emissions need to be understood: they principally include mobility for work and leisure as well as household behavior, themselves impacted by a variety of social parameters. In this context, the OLYMPUS modeling platform has been designed for environmental decision support. It generates a synthetic population of individuals and defines the mobility of each individual in the city through an activity-based approach of travel demand. The model then spatializes road traffic by taking into account congestion on the road network. It also includes a module that estimates the energy demand of the territory by calculating the unit energy consumption of households and the commercial–institutional sector. Finally, the emissions associated with all the modeled activities are calculated using the COPERT emission factors for traffic and the European Environmental Agency (EEA) methodology for heating-related combustion. The comparison of emissions with AIRPARIF's regional inventory shows discrepancies that are consistent with differences in assumptions and input data, mainly in the sense of underestimation. The methodological choices and the potential ways of improvement, including the refinement of traffic congestion modeling and of the transport of goods, are discussed.

scholarly journals Source apportionment using LOTOS-EUROS: module description and evaluation

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kranenburg ◽  
A. J. Segers ◽  
C. Hendriks ◽  
M. Schaap
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Brute Force

Abstract. To design effective mitigation strategies, the origin of emissions which produce air pollutants needs to be known. Contributors to air pollutants can be emission sources, like road traffic or industry, but also be more specified to emission from one location or from a specified time. Chemistry transport models can be used to assess the origin of air pollution across a large domain. However, in traditional simulations the information on origin is lost and brute force scenario studies are performed to assess the origin. Alternatively, one can trace the origin of air pollutants throughout a simulation using a labeling approach. In this paper we document and demonstrate a newly developed labeling module for the chemistry transport model LOTOS-EUROS which tracks the source allocation for all particulate matter components and precursor gases. Dedicated simulations confirmed that the new module functions correctly. The new module provides more accurate information about the source contributions than using a brute force approach with scenario runs as the chemical regime remains unchanged. An important advantage of the new module is the reduction of computation costs and analysis work associated with the calculations. The new module was applied to assess the origin of particulate nitrate across the Netherlands. Averaged across the Dutch territory, the main contributions to nitrate are derived from road and non-road transport as well as power plants. Overall, only one-fifth of the concentration derived from sources located inside the country. The new technology enables new research directions as improved information on pollution origin is desired for policy support as well as scientific applications.

Air quality inside motor vehicles' cabins: A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Xu ◽  
Xiaokai Chen ◽  
Jianyin Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Air Filter ◽  
Effective Measure

Among many environments, the motor vehicle cabin microenvironment has been of particular public concern. Although commuters typically spend only 5.5% of their time in vehicles, the emissions from various interior components of motor vehicles as well as emissions from exhaust fumes carried by ventilation supply air are significant sources of harmful air pollutants that could lead to unhealthy human exposure due to their high concentrations inside vehicles' cabins. This review summarizes significant findings in the literature on air quality inside vehicle cabins, including chemical species, related sources, measurement methodologies and control measures. More than 90 relevant studies performed across over 10 countries were carefully reviewed. These comprised more than 2000 individual road trips, where concentrations of numerous air pollutants were determined. Ultrafine particles, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyls, semi-volatile organic compounds and microbes have been identified as the primary air pollutants inside vehicle cabins. Air recirculation with high-efficiency air filter has been reported as the most effective measure to lower air pollutant concentrations. Future work should focus on investigating the health risks of exposure to various air pollutants inside different vehicles and further developing advanced air filter to improve the in-cabin air quality.

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