scholarly journals Modeling of Motors for Electric Vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S4) ◽  
pp. 587-591
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Switched Reluctance Motors ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Application Specific

In the present scenario, the reduction of greenhouse gases is mandatory in order to create a better environment. Since the pollution levels are rising at an alarmingly high rate the need to reduce the green-house emissions is of utmost importance, to make the earth a better place to live in. usage of fossil fuels for transportation is a major cause for pollution and emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere. Studies show that in 2017 alone an average of 1873 metric tons of Greenhouse gases was released into our atmosphere by the transportation sector alone. This level of pollution continues to accumulate over the years causing devastating changes to our atmosphere and in turn gravely affect our climate destroying our habitat and threatening our survival. The resulting climate changes and its unprecedented fluctuations that have been observed stand to prove that pollution is not something to be ignored the slightest. To overcome this, one of the best first steps to start with prefers Electric vehicles over the conventional Internal Combustion Engines. By switching over to Electric vehicles the pollution levels can be controlled to a greater extent. Due to the relative ease of manufacturing and application specific interest cause the electric drives to be used in different applications and over the years various electric drive systems like DC, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(PMSM),Brushless Direct Current Motors (BLDC)and switched reluctance motors (SRM)were developed. But each motor had its own advantages like better torque curve, better efficiency, lower power consumption and limitations like commutation issues, triggering, shorter life-span, high maintenance, more cost etc. which made it application specific rather than being all purpose. Different type of electric motor systems had different advantages that made it a better choice in specific applications. Even though this limited the use of these systems, this situation allowed the electric motor system to evolve into many types, each with their unique application in mind. This gives us an opportunity to have a vast selection of systems in front of us and enable us to choose the best system that meets our requirements. This paper reviews the different types of motors used in Electric vehicles based on the discussions and conclusions of various reputed journals consumption.

scholarly journals The Study Influences the Jatropha-Diesel Mixing Ratio to the Formation of Soot Emissions in Diesel Exhaust Gases

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Van Quy Nguyen ◽  
Huu Cuong Le
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Jatropha Seeds

To cope with the depletion of fossil fuels and the threat of exhaust pollution from internal combustion engines, research finds alternative fuels. Step by step to completely replace fossil fuels that will be exhausted in the future and environmentally friendly due to internal combustion engines is an urgent and important issue. Diversify fuel sources used for internal combustion engines and environmentally friendly when using Jatropha - Diesel fuel mixture. The paper focuses on studying the ability to use biodiesel derived from Jatropha seeds with the volume ratios of 5%, 10% and 15% on experimental engines. Thereby, it will analyze and evaluate the technical features and pollution levels of engines compared to pure fuels. Experimental study assessing the effect of Jatropha - Diesel mixing ratio on the emission formation compared with emissions in Vikyno EV2600 engines.

scholarly journals Impact study of the fuel type used on the energy efficiency costs values and harmful emissions generation for small, medium and large container vessels

2021 ◽  
Vol 327 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Viktor Nikiforov ◽  
Irina Kostova
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Large Container ◽  
State Of The Environment ◽  
The Impact

Annually a large amount of goods has been transported over the world and the most of the transportation is carried by seaborne. Although the seaborne trade is considered to be the most efficient – economically and environmentally friendly way of transportation an enormous amount of fossil fuels is used to fulfil the operation of the merchant fleet. Although we are living in times where efforts are directed to improvement of the state of the environment and reduction of the negative impact of the Greenhouse Gases, the fossil fuels still remain the main energy source used to run the internal combustion engines widely used in the ships nowadays. A well-known fact is that the fuel burning leads to significant harmful emissions generation causing a serious negative effect on the surrounding us environment. The introduced by IMO and MEPC requirements regarding the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) imposes for development and application of new criteria when selecting the ship’s propulsion plant. In the current article will be observed three ship groups consisting of real container vessels. The purpose is to analyse the impact caused by the fuel type used in the ship’s engines on the GHG generation and the economic indicators related with fuel costs

scholarly journals The Subsidized Green Revolution: The Impact of Public Incentives on the Automotive Industry to Promote Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) in the Period from 2010 to 2018

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5765
Author(s):  
Patrick Reimers
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicles ◽  
The Impact

Throughout decades, conflicts related to the access and usage of various energy sources have caused political tensions between nations and confederations of states. Thus, partially to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels, a thorough transition towards renewable energies has been promoted by several regional and national governments as well as by multinational institutions such as the European Union. In this context, the automotive industry has particularly been held responsible for the production of negative externalities, such as global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions), noise and air pollution. To a notable extent, these externalities were caused by vehicles running on fossil fuels such as petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil. Accordingly, it is often argued that replacing vehicles run by internal combustion engines (ICEs) with so-called alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), particularly with plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), is crucial to increase the sustainability of the transport sector. Moreover, several EU-member states aim to reduce the vehicle-related petrol and diesel demand to decrease their dependence on foreign energy sources. However, one must consider that there are important economic costs related to such a transition process. This paper evaluates the short-term and long-term effects of fiscal policies on the European automotive market in the period from 2010 to 2018, focusing on the impact of mentioned public incentives for AFVs. This public interventionism will be critically evaluated to examine the effectiveness of government incentives in promoting AFVs, particularly for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). The author argues that the rather positive sales evolution of AFVs was not caused by corresponding actual customer demand but mainly by governmental policies in an increasingly interventionist market. He acknowledges that the growing variety of available PEV models, the increasing driving range of electric vehicles, as well as their decreasing production costs due to economies of scale, have helped PEVs to become more competitive. However, the concern should be raised that mentioned public interventionism is unsustainable from a macroeconomic perspective, possibly leading to significant market distortion and a new artificial market bubble. The narrowed focus on battery electric vehicles prevents the market from further elaborating on other potentially more sustainable technologies. Moreover, from a geostrategic perspective, the transition of the European automotive industry towards electrification is likely to reduce the EU’s dependency on imported fossil fuels but enables several non-European automotive brands to conquer a significant market with their new competitive plug-in electric vehicle technologies.

A Swappable Battery Pack for Short-Range Electric Vehicles

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Choate ◽  
Jake Meeth ◽  
Caleb Christianson ◽  
Patrick Collins ◽  
Christopher Depcik
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Benefits And Costs

As the flaws of fossil fuels become more ever-apparent, alternatives are being developed to fill the gap. There has been a large initiative to produce electric vehicles (EVs) to replace internal combustion engines (ICE) that currently populate the roads. However, EVs are less capable of traveling greater distances and providing as much power as ICE vehicles; but when used at slow speeds and for short commutes, EVs are operationally cheaper and a more effective means of transportation. By utilizing a Global Electric Motorcar (GEM) that is currently in disrepair on a university campus, an analysis of benefits and costs of replacing the conventional lead acid batteries with lithium batteries can be done. To improve the utility of the vehicle, the batteries were placed in a removable battery pack to promote ease of battery exchange. In addition, a battery drawer was added to the vehicle providing the ability to rapidly exchange battery packs to facilitate a longer working day. The renovation will increase battery and usage efficiency, ameliorating the effectiveness of the vehicle in transporting personnel and recycling while improving the campus environmental impact and outlook. This effort, as part of an undergraduate capstone design class, describes the theory that went into designing the pack capacity, the design of the battery drawer and pack, along with the construction of the system. Preliminary results of driving the upgraded GEM vehicle are also presented.

scholarly journals Why we should invest further in the development of internal combustion engines for road applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luka Lešnik ◽  
Breda Kegl ◽  
Eloísa Torres-Jiménez ◽  
Fernando Cruz-Peragón
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Battery Capacity

The majority of on-road vehicles today are powered by internal combustion engines, which are, in most cases, burning petroleum-derived liquid fuels mixed with bio-components. The power to weight ratio of internal combustion engines combined with the high energy content of conventional fuels, which can be refilled easily in matter of minutes, makes them ideal for all kinds of road transportation. Since the introduction of EURO emissions norms, the emissions from the Transport sector in the European Union have undergone significant reduction. There are several alternatives to fossil fuels with similar properties, which can replace their usage in the Transport sector. The main focus of research in recent decades has been on biofuels, which can be produced from several sources. The production of biofuels is usually energy more intensive than production of fossil fuels, but their usage can contribute to emission reduction in the Transport sector. In recent years, a lot of effort was also put into promotion of electric vehicles as zero emissions vehicles. This statement should be reconsidered, since the greenhouse impact of electrical vehicles is not negligible. Conversely, in some cases, an electrical vehicle can have an even higher emission impact than modern vehicles with sophisticated internal combustion engines. This is characteristic for countries where the majority of the electricity is produced in coal power plants. With the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions in the Electricity Production sector, and with the increase of battery capacity, the role of electric vehicles in the Transport sector will probably increase. Despite significant research and financial investments in electric vehicles development, the transport sector in near future will be mostly powered by internal combustion engines and petroleum-derived liquid fuels. The amount of pollution from transport sector will be further regulated with stricter emission norms combined with smaller amount of alternative fuel usage.

scholarly journals An overview of the research work at the Electric Motor Technology Research Center

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Mi-Ching Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Technology Research ◽  
Global Companies ◽  
Efficient Mechanisms

With the current need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, vehicles and other forms of machine that rely on gas, fossil fuel powered engines has become a key target for electrification. Building electric vehicles or machineries powered by electric motors is now under the spotlight than ever, and a symbol of a new and greener future. The Electric Motor Technology Research Center (EMTRC) was established in 1999 to develop motor-related technologies and support the automation industry in Taiwan. The Center focuses on multiple projects falling under three broad themes – motor technologies, magnetic 3D printing and providing motor and magnetic characteristics measurement services. The EMTRC aims to provide efficient mechanisms for the smooth transfer of motor related technologies from academia to industry; assisting local or global companies in building their own expertise, developing technical collaborations with industry and other research institutes in Taiwan and strengthening the relationships with other international organizations.

scholarly journals Determination of Characteristics of Dc Motors used in Light Motor Electric Vehicles usingInter-Operable Cad & Femm

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Dc Motors ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Power Utilities ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies

Electric vehicles (EV’s) were invented and had been a part of transportation industry before 1900’s. Being popular, they had good turn outs in the market till 1918. As the inventions of internal combustion engines grew in the transportation industry, EV’s usage started to die. The usage of EV’s was totally zero by 1933, due to slow response and high expenses. The shortcomings faced by EV’s then, are not overcome totally till date. Advancement in the field of Microelectronics and power electronics have made EV power trains competitive with ICE power trains. The developments in the materials and manufacturing technologies provide optimistic battery. The vital factors that revive EV’s: cost of energy, energy independency, pollution free operation. The upcoming shortage of fossil fuels, shortage of supply, growing demands and their cost have made people look around for an alternative mode of transportation. As electricity production can be made from different energy resources, EV’s promise to be a future of vehicles. However the recharging can be done when there is excess energy in power utilities. The biggest reason of interest towards EV’s is environmental factors such as reduction in air pollution in congested traffics thereby meeting national energy strategy policies

scholarly journals Real-Time Quantitative Assessment of Transport Induced Greenhouse Gases Emissions Profile in Lagos, Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinenye Lilian Okafor ◽  
Michael A Ahove ◽  
Samuel G Odewumi ◽  
Michael MacCracken ◽  
Babatunde Odesanya
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Volatile Organic Hydrocarbons

Abstract Over the years, scientists have established that when fossil fuels are burnt, the resultant effect is pollution of the ambient air with pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), oxides of sulfur (SOX), volatile organic hydrocarbons and particulate matter and atmospheric greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) and heat-warming or cooling aerosols such as black soot and sulfate aerosols, respectively. These pollutants become present in the atmosphere at a concentration that can affect human health, the environment, and even society as a whole. Since around 1750, human activities have increased the concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by many tens of percent over the last two centuries. The Federal Government of Nigeria, through the office of National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA), established guidelines and standards (limits) for the abatement and control of all forms of pollution through the establishment of Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Different studies on the impacts of urban road transportation on ambient air quality carried out by scholars have suggested that most pollutant gases in the atmosphere are traffic-related as a result of the combustion of petroleum-based products like gasoline and diesel in internal combustion engines. This study deployed a quantitative technique to determine the emissions profile of transport nodes in Ikeja, Lagos through the use of AEROQUAL 500s portable air monitoring equipment. Results showed that CO, CO2 and CH4 emissions were highest during the AM peak and PM peak periods and lower during the inter-peak period, while NOx emissions were relatively stable throughout the time periods.

scholarly journals A Review on Drive Train Technologies for Passenger Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6742
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizalul Wahid ◽  
Bentang Arief Budiman ◽  
Endra Joelianto ◽  
Muhammad Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Drive Train ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Power Cost ◽  
The Government

Transportation is the second-largest sector contributing to greenhouse gas emissions due to CO2 gas generation from the combustion of fossil fuels. Electric vehicles (EVs) are believed to be a great solution to overcome this issue. EVs can reduce CO2 emissions because the vehicles use an electric motor as a propeller instead of an internal combustion engine. Combined with sustainable energy resources, EVs may become zero-emission transportation. This paper presents an overview of the EV drive train types, including their architecture with the benefits and drawbacks of each type. The aim is to summarize the recent progress of EV technology that always continues to be updated. Furthermore, a comparative investigation on energy density and efficiency, specific energy and power, cost, and application is carried out for batteries as the main energy storage. This discussion provides an understanding of the current development of battery technology, especially the batteries used in EVs. Moreover, the electric motor efficiency, power density, fault tolerance, reliability, and cost are also presented, including the most effective electric motor to use in EVs. The challenges and opportunities of EV deployment in the future are then discussed comprehensively. The government regulation for EVs is still a major non-technical challenge, whereas the charging time and battery performance are the challenges for the technical aspect.

Energy After COVID

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Michael T. Klare
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Business Travel ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Companies

By transforming patterns of travel and work around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the transition to renewable energy and the decline of fossil fuels. Lockdowns brought car commuting and plane travel to a near halt, and the mass experiment in which white-collar employees have been working from home may permanently reduce energy consumption for business travel. Renewable energy and electric vehicles were already gaining market share before the pandemic. Under pressure from investors, major energy companies have started writing off fossil fuel reserves as stranded assets that are no longer worth the cost of extracting. These shifts may indicate that “peak oil demand” has arrived earlier than expected.

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